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JFMS Open Rep 2021 Jan-Jun;7(1):20551169211003806. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Laindon, UK.

Case Summary: An 8-year-old neutered female domestic longhair cat was presented for investigation of a 48 h history of lethargy and pelvic limb ataxia. MRI of the spinal cord and vertebral column (C1 to sacrum) and brain was unremarkable. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed pleocytosis and increased protein concentration. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2021 Mar 31:11206721211006576. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Introduction: Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody used as a treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It decreases T cell count leading to significant immunosuppression, with increased risk of systemic and ocular infections. Herein, we report a unique case of bilateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN) caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in a patient affected by MS under treatment with alemtuzumab. Read More

J Virol 2021 Mar 24. Epub 2021 Mar 24.

Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA.

Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a Betacoronavirus that causes vomiting and wasting disease and/or encephalomyelitis in suckling pigs. This study characterized PHEV infection, pathogenesis, and immune response in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) neonatal pigs. Infected animals developed mild respiratory, enteric, and neurological clinical signs between 2 to 13 days post oronasal inoculation (dpi). Read More

Med J Armed Forces India 2021 Jan 31;77(1):101-104. Epub 2019 May 31.

Resident (Medicine), Command Hospital (Air Force), Bengaluru, India.

Lyme's disease also known as Erythema chronicum Migrans, is a multisystem infectious disease caused by the spirochete "Borrelia burgdorferi" which is transmitted by "Ixodes" tick, with both specific and nonspecific manifestations. Nervous system involvement occurs in 10%-15% of untreated patients and typically involves lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, and/or polyradiculitis. Here, we are reporting an interesting and challenging case of Neuro-Borreliosis in a young officer cadet, meeting the description for Bannwarth's syndrome and presenting initially as a surgical emergency followed by paraparesis. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2020 Nov-Dec;65(6):461-464

Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

The various lesions seen in the clinical presentation of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) are reflected in the histopathology of the type of lesion biopsied. The cells that form the dermal infiltrate include lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells in varying proportions. The infiltrate, which is mild and confined to the superficial dermis in macular lesion becomes denser with the increasing severity of the lesion. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Nov;99(45):e23029

Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Rationale: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, especially those with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity, a water channel expressed on astrocytes, is often accompanied by autoimmune diseases (ADs) including Sjogren syndrome (SS). Here, we report a case of a young Chinese woman with recurrent optic neuritis who was diagnosed with asymptomatic SS and NMOSD.

Patient Concerns: A 22-year-old Chinese woman suffered from optic neuritis for 3 years. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 Oct 22;21(21). Epub 2020 Oct 22.

Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are impaired in patients such as those with glaucoma and optic neuritis, resulting in permanent vision loss. To restore visual function, development of RGC transplantation therapy is now underway. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an important source of RGCs for human allogeneic transplantation. Read More

Open Forum Infect Dis 2020 Oct 19;7(10):ofaa370. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.

Lyme neuroborreliosis is a common feature of infection (as a neurological manifestation occurring in 10%-15% of all Lyme disease cases) and may involve any part of the nervous system, and its coverings, but usually manifests as lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, and/or radiculoneuritis. This review describes the imaging findings in Lyme neuroborreliosis: the focal point is on the manifestations of involvement visible on brain and spine imaging. Read More

Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2020 07 31;4(2):161-167. Epub 2019 Dec 31.

Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan.

A 70-year-old woman was hospitalised due to jaundice and fever. She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at 54 years of age. Treatment with methotrexate (MTX) was successful, and her RA was in remission. Read More

J Immunol 2020 10 16;205(8):2026-2038. Epub 2020 Sep 16.

The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609;

It has become increasingly appreciated that autoimmune responses against neuronal components play an important role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. In fact, a large proportion of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes in the NOD mouse model of T1D produce Abs directed against the neuronal type III intermediate filament protein peripherin. NOD- mice are a previously developed BCR-transgenic model in which virtually all B lymphocytes express the H and L chain Ig molecules from the intra-islet-derived anti-peripherin-reactive hybridoma H280. Read More

J Neuroinflammation 2020 Sep 3;17(1):262. Epub 2020 Sep 3.

Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany.

Background: New-generation, cell-based assays have demonstrated a robust association of serum autoantibodies to full-length human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with (mostly recurrent) optic neuritis, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis, as well as with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-like or acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like presentations. However, only limited data are yet available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD).

Objective: To describe systematically the CSF profile in children with MOG-EM. Read More

J Neuroinflammation 2020 Sep 3;17(1):261. Epub 2020 Sep 3.

Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Background: New-generation cell-based assays have demonstrated a robust association of serum autoantibodies to full-length human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with (mostly recurrent) optic neuritis, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis, as well as with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-like or acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like presentations. However, only limited data are yet available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD).

Objective: To describe systematically the CSF profile in MOG-EM. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020 Nov 20;46:102455. Epub 2020 Aug 20.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Electronic address:

We present a case with an atypical presentation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease (MOGAD) presenting with optic neuritis, short-segment transverse myelitis, and significant lymphocytic pleocytosis. The degree of lymphocytic pleocytosis in this case was unusually high and prompted extensive workup. Broad infectious and neoplastic work-up was unremarkable and raised the concern for aseptic meningitis. Read More

Front Immunol 2020 23;11:1603. Epub 2020 Jul 23.

Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an immune-mediated disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system, is the most common and severe acute paralytic neuropathy. GBS remains to be potentially life-threatening and disabling despite the increasing availability of current standard therapeutic regimens. Therefore, more targeted therapeutics are in urgent need. Read More

J Vet Med Sci 2020 Oct 12;82(10):1502-1505. Epub 2020 Aug 12.

Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.

Dourine is a deadly protozoan disease in equids caused by infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. Neurological signs in the later stage of infection may be caused by peripheral polyneuritis and related axonal degeneration. This neuritis involves T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, and is observed in cases without obvious neurological signs. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020 Oct 7;45:102377. Epub 2020 Jul 7.

Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Castilla- La Mancha, Spain.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can produce neurological features. The most common are headache, anosmia and dysgeusia but patients may also develop other central nervous system (CNS) injuries. We present a patient affected by Covid-19 who initially consulted for decreased visual acuity. Read More

Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2020 Apr;22(4):368-373

Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.

Objective: To study the clinical features and treatment outcome of children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD).

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 28 children with MOGAD (with 38 demyelinating episodes).

Results: Among the disease spectrums of 28 children with MOGAD, optic neuritis was the most common (12 cases, 43%), followed by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (9 cases, 32%). Read More

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020 04 15;117(17):9466-9476. Epub 2020 Apr 15.

Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany;

Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. Read More

Cureus 2020 Feb 7;12(2):e6906. Epub 2020 Feb 7.

Neurology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, PRT.

Lyme disease is a multisystem infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that mainly affects the joints, the heart, and the nervous system. Neurological complications usually manifest in untreated patients and present as meningitis, cranial neuropathies, and radiculoneuritis. The authors present the case of a 48-year-old male who developed loss of vision in the right eye over a period of two months. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020 Jun 12;41:102005. Epub 2020 Feb 12.

Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan.

Background: Patients with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (AQP4-NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) associated disease (MOGAD) often present with similar clinical symptoms, and some cases are hard to differentiate at the time of onset. In this study, we compared the clinical characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis parameters, and peripheral T/B lymphocyte subsets during the active and chronic phases in AQP4-NMOSD and MOGAD.

Methods: A total of 17 MOGAD cases and 24 AQP4-NMOSD cases were studied. Read More

Cells 2020 02 19;9(2). Epub 2020 Feb 19.

Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of axonal myelin in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that is responsible for clinical symptoms such as muscle spasms, optic neuritis, and paralysis. The progress made in more than one decade of research in animal models of MS for clarifying the pathophysiology of MS disease validated the concept that MS is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder caused by the recruitment in the CNS of self-reactive lymphocytes, mainly CD4 T cells. Indeed, high levels of T helper (Th) cells and related cytokines and chemokines have been found in CNS lesions and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, thus contributing to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the activation of resident astrocytes and microglia, and finally the outcome of neuroinflammation. Read More

J Neuroimmunol 2020 04 3;341:577186. Epub 2020 Feb 3.

Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Liverpool Health Service, Liverpool, NSW, Australia. Electronic address:

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) induced by peripheral nerve myelin (PNM) is self-limiting and re-immunization with PNM does not re-activate disease. This study showed inhibition of EAN by CD4CD25T cells both from sensitized hosts or from naïve hosts after ex-vivo activation by PNM and rIL-2. Transfer of naïve CD4CD25T cells has no effect on EAN, nor did naïve CD4CD25T cells activated with rIL-2 and renal tubular antigen. Read More

Braz J Med Biol Res 2020 20;53(1):e8669. Epub 2019 Dec 20.

Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of fasudil on treating experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Twenty-four EAN mice were randomly assigned to fasudil treatment (Fasudil group) or saline treatment (EAN model group) for 28 days. Clinical symptom score was evaluated every other day; inflammatory cell infiltration, demyelination, anti-myelin basic protein (MBP), inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and arginase-1 were detected in sciatic nerves at day 28. Read More

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019 11 26;19(12):95. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Providence Health & Services, 9427 SW Barnes Road, Portland, OR, 97225, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Pediatric central nervous system demyelinating diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). As diagnostic criteria become more inclusive, the risk of misdiagnosis of atypical demyelinating diseases of rheumatologic, infectious, and autoimmune etiology increases.

Recent Findings: We review mimics of multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, including rheumatologic diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus and neuro-Behçet disease; infectious diseases: human immunodeficiency virus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and subacute sclerosis panencephalitis; and autoimmune diseases including X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) and autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) encephalopathy. Read More

Brain Behav 2019 12 19;9(12):e01478. Epub 2019 Nov 19.

Department of Neurology, Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China.

Background: Accumulating evidence has pointed that T helper 17 cells and their cytokines are pathogenic in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, little is known concerning the IL-17 expression change trend during the whole course of disease, and whether drugs specially targeting Th17 cells or their cytokines have potential effects on experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is uncertain.

Methods: We explored the IL-17 and receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma-t (RORγt) expression change trends in EAN rats to identify the stage of effect of Th17 pathway in EAN, and further, we investigated the effect of RORγt inhibitors by assessing clinical score, histological staining, and IL-17 and RORγt expression change trends in serum and tissues. Read More

Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020 01 5;188:105588. Epub 2019 Nov 5.

From the Neuroimmunology, Unit National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico. Electronic address:

Objective: Optic Neuritis (ON) might unfold either as a single intracranial neuritis or as multiple sclerosis, a widespread demyelinating disorder. Different herpes viruses have been proposed as potential participants in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). To analyze the potential presence of herpes viruses in blood and subarachnoid area at the time of ON and contrast the findings according to long-term evolution either as intracranial neuritis or as progression to multiple sclerosis. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Nov;98(44):e17794

Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital.

Rationale: Bing-Neel syndrome (BNS) is a rare manifestation of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) with <200 cases reported in the literature. Herein, we describe a case of newly diagnosed BNS treated with a novel therapeutic strategy.

Patient Concerns: A 67-year-old woman diagnosed with asymptomatic WM 3 years ago presented with gradual vision deterioration the past 3 months. Read More

Front Immunol 2019 10;10:2132. Epub 2019 Sep 10.

Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in the animal model of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. DMF has been shown to modulate gut microbiota in veterinary medicine, however the effects of oral DMF on the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) remain unknown. Lewis rats were treated orally twice daily with DMF up to day 10 after immunization with immunogenic P2 peptide. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019 Nov 10;36:101394. Epub 2019 Sep 10.

University of Health Sciences, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey.

Background: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies-related disease is mainly presented with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), recurrent optic neuritis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), however the complete clinical spectrum has not yet been defined. We describe an unusual presentation of MOG- related disease. A previously well 10-year-old girl admitted with a focal onset seizure. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2019 12 16;70:269. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

University of Health Sciences, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.