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Ann Transl Med 2021 Feb;9(3):272

Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is a developmental anomaly defined as aberrantly located pancreatic tissue with no anatomical, vascular, or neural connection to the pancreas. Bowel intussusception and gastrointestinal bleeding caused by isolated HP is extremely rare. This study explores the clinical, radiographical, pathologic, and treatment features of four patients with intussusception caused by incidental HP, with the aim of providing important insight into the diagnosis and management of these patients. Read More

Bone Joint Res 2021 Mar;10(3):166-172

Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Aims: In recent conflicts, most injuries to the limbs are due to blasts resulting in a large number of lower limb amputations. These lead to heterotopic ossification (HO), phantom limb pain (PLP), and functional deficit. The mechanism of blast loading produces a combined fracture and amputation. Read More

J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021 03;32(3):339-342

Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Electronic address:

An abnormally invasive placenta is an increasing and potentially life-threatening pregnancy complication. The case presented herein is a heterotopic dichorial pregnancy with implantation of 1 placenta within the isthmocervical area, which caused vaginal bleeding during the 20th week of pregnancy, requiring a blood transfusion. To stop the bleeding, a bilateral embolization of the cervical branches of the uterine arteries was performed. Read More

Curr Top Dev Biol 2021 13;141:207-239. Epub 2020 Dec 13.

Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. Electronic address:

Modern vertebrates consist of two sister groups: cyclostomes and gnathostomes. Cyclostomes are a monophyletic jawless group that can be further divided into hagfishes and lampreys, which show conspicuously different developmental and morphological patterns. However, during early pharyngula development, there appears to be a stage when the embryos of hagfishes and lampreys resemble each other by showing an "ancestral" craniofacial pattern; this pattern enables morphological comparison of hagfish and lamprey craniofacial development at late stages. Read More

Front Genet 2021 26;12:633206. Epub 2021 Jan 26.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Heterotopic ossification (HO), the formation of bone outside of the skeleton, occurs in response to severe trauma and in rare genetic diseases such as progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). In POH, which is caused by inactivation of , a gene that encodes the alpha stimulatory subunit of G proteins (Gsα), HO typically initiates within subcutaneous soft tissues before progressing to deeper connective tissues. To mimic POH, we used conditional -null mice which form HO in subcutaneous tissues upon inactivation. Read More

Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021 Feb 9;11(2). Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.

Magnetic hyperthermia can cause localized thermal eradication of several solid cancers. However, a localized and homogenous deposition of high concentrations of magnetic nanomaterials into the tumor stroma and tumor cells is mostly required. Poorly responsive cancers such as the pancreatic adenocarcinomas are hallmarked by a rigid stroma and poor perfusion to therapeutics and nanomaterials. Read More

Sci Signal 2021 Feb 9;14(669). Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common, potentially debilitating pathology that is instigated by inflammation caused by tissue damage or other insults, which is followed by chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and extraskeletal bone accumulation. Current remedies are not very effective and have side effects, including the risk of triggering additional HO. The TGF-β family member activin A is produced by activated macrophages and other inflammatory cells and stimulates the intracellular effectors SMAD2 and SMAD3 (SMAD2/3). Read More

Biomedicines 2021 Feb 5;9(2). Epub 2021 Feb 5.

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Institute for Human Genetics, and the Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare but debilitating disorder characterized by spontaneous, progressive, and irreversible heterotopic ossifications (HO) at extraskeletal sites. FOP is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the Activin receptor Ia/Activin-like kinase 2 gene (), with increased receptor sensitivity to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and a neoceptor response to Activin A. There is extensive literature on the skeletal phenotypes in FOP, but a much more limited understanding of non-skeletal manifestations of this disease. Read More

Front Cell Dev Biol 2020 8;8:605084. Epub 2020 Dec 8.

Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France.

Enamel renal syndrome (ERS) is a rare recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in (family with sequence similarity 20 member A, OMIM #611062). Enamel renal syndrome is characterized by amelogenesis imperfecta, delayed or failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, gingival overgrowth and nephrocalcinosis. Although gingival overgrowth has consistently been associated with heterotopic calcifications the pathogenesis, structure and interactions of the mineral deposits with the surrounding connective tissue are largely unknown. Read More

Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021 Jan 7. Epub 2021 Jan 7.

Institute of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.

Balanced signal transduction is crucial in tissue patterning, particularly in the vasculature. Heterotopic ossification (HO) is tightly linked to vascularization with increased vessel number in hereditary forms of HO, such as Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). FOP is caused by mutations in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 leading to aberrant SMAD1/5 signaling in response to ActivinA. Read More

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2020 Sep-Dec;14(3):609-614. Epub 2020 Nov 11.

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Intussusception is the leading cause for intestinal obstruction in children. However, it accounts for only 5% of bowel obstructions in adults. Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract; nevertheless, its occurrence in the small intestine is rare unless associated with remnants of vitelline duct (Meckel's diverticulum). Read More

World J Clin Cases 2020 Dec;8(23):6009-6015

Center of Digestive Endoscopy, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, Guizhou Province, China.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tissue tumors originating from Cajal cells, presenting diverse clinical manifestations due to the different sizes, locations, and growth patterns of the lesions. Duodenum is an uncommon site of GISTs, more with gastrointestinal obstruction and bleeding as the first symptoms. Ectopic duodenal varix, as a rare varix occurring outside the gastroesophageal region, is the main type of heterotopic varices and an unusual cause of gas-trointestinal hemorrhage. Read More

J Heart Lung Transplant 2021 Mar 7;40(3):183-192. Epub 2020 Nov 7.

Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Research Group on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. Electronic address:

Background: Maintenance of cell viability during cold storage is a key issue in organ transplantation. Methane (CH) bioactivity has recently been recognized in ischemia/reperfusion conditions; we therefore hypothesized that cold storage in CH-enriched preservation solution can provide an increased defense against organ dysfunction during experimental heart transplantation (HTX).

Methods: The hearts of donor Lewis rats were stored for 60 minutes in cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (Custodiol [CS]) or CH-saturated CS solution (CS-CH) (n = 12 each). Read More

Cureus 2020 Oct 10;12(10):e10874. Epub 2020 Oct 10.

Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND.

X-linked hypophosphatemic (XLH) rickets is a genetic disease caused due to the inactivation of the PHEX gene (phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase on the X chromosome). The usual presentation is with rickets and osteomalacia, and dental abscesses leading to premature loss of teeth. However, enthesopathy and sclerotic bone disease in XLH have also been reported in a few case reports. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Oct;99(43):e22810

Department of Orthopaedics Surgery.

Rationale: Myositis ossificans (MO) is a benign condition characterized by heterotopic bone formation in the skeletal muscle of extremities. Marked variation can occur in the incidence and location of the bone formed as well as resulting complications. Femoral vessel obstruction caused by MO is an extremely rare but disabling complication. Read More

J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2020 Dec;25(4):504-507

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.

There are only a few reports regarding snapping thumb caused by the pathology of the extensor tendon. We report a rare case of snapping thumb caused by a displaced non-union fragment from the trapezium in a 54-year-old man treated with the surgical resection. The intraoperative findings and the outcome are described. Read More

Orthopedics 2021 Jan 22;44(1):e139-e145. Epub 2020 Oct 22.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) can be classified as nonhereditary HO (NHHO) or hereditary HO (HHO). Hereditary HO includes 2 different forms: fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). Each of these disorders is caused by mutations in a single (different) gene. Read More

Front Cell Dev Biol 2020 22;8:854. Epub 2020 Sep 22.

Université de Paris, Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies UR 2496, Dental School, Montrouge, France.

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by rickets and osteomalacia, caused by inactivating mutations in the Phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX) gene. With aging, adult patients develop paradoxical heterotopic calcifications of tendons and ligaments at their insertion sites (enthesophytes), and joint alterations. Understanding the progression of this structural damage that severely affects patients' quality of life will help to improve the management of XLH. Read More

Biomed J 2020 10 30;43(5):451-457. Epub 2020 Sep 30.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Background: Femoral head fractures (FHF) are uncommon and generally caused by high-energy injuries. Surgical reduction with stable fixation of large fragments is believed to have the best outcomes. This retrospective study intended to report outcomes with surgical treatment at our institution and tried to establish treatment algorithm. Read More

J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2020 Sep 17;6(3):479-482. Epub 2020 Jul 17.

Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) in patients with spinal cord injury could lead to local tissue swelling and sometimes mimic the clinical presentation of deep vein thrombosis. Recognition and effective management is critical. We report the case of a bedridden patient with spinal cord injury presenting with diffuse right lower limb swelling caused by external venous compression from HO. Read More

Biomedicines 2020 Sep 2;8(9). Epub 2020 Sep 2.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu, Aichi 474-8710, Japan.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare heritable disorder of connective tissues characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in various skeletal sites. It is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding activin A receptor type I ()/activin-like kinase 2 (), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Heterotopic ossification is usually progressive leading to severe deformities in the trunk and extremities. Read More

J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020 Sep;33(9):1219-1224

Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Objectives Objectives Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) is caused by maternal inheritance of GNAS mutations. It is characterized by the resistance to several hormones, primarily the parathyroid hormone (PTH), and the features of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Case presentation Here, we present a family comprised two affected brothers with PHP1A and identify a novel mutation (c. Read More

J Clin Invest 2020 12;130(12):6354-6365

State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is pathological bone formation characterized by ossification within muscle, tendons, or other soft tissues. However, the cells of origin and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HO remain elusive. Here we show that deletion of suppressor of fused (Sufu) in cathepsin K-Cre-expressing (Ctsk-Cre-expressing) cells resulted in spontaneous and progressive ligament, tendon, and periarticular ossification. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2020 Aug 18:1-4. Epub 2020 Aug 18.

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a frequent complication of spinal cord injury, is occasionally caused by neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO). In most cases of NHO, the hip joint is affected. Herein, we present a case of paraplegia following radiation-induced myelopathy that presented with left leg swelling due to DVT in the common iliac vein (CIV) caused by venous compression by NHO on the anterior lower lumbar spine. Read More

ACG Case Rep J 2020 Jul 9;7(7):e00419. Epub 2020 Jul 9.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.

Heterotopic pancreas is pancreatic tissue present outside of the normal location of the pancreas. In the presence of cystic degeneration, heterotopic pancreas is clinically significant because of the symptoms it causes and its physical resemblance to cancerous growth. A diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas is achieved with the aid of various endoscopic techniques for tissue removal. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 14;11:501. Epub 2020 Jul 14.

Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification (HO) that occurs in muscle tissue, tendons, and ligaments. The disease is caused by mutations in the Activin receptor type I (ACVR1) gene resulting in enhanced responsiveness to Activin-A. Binding of this molecule to the mutated receptor induces HO. Read More

Ital J Pediatr 2020 Jul 31;46(1):110. Epub 2020 Jul 31.

Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.

Background: Myositis ossificans (MO) is a heterotopic bone formation in soft tissues, usually caused by traumas or neuropathies. Although the aetiology remains unclear, MO is supposed to be an osteoblast metaplasia with a benign and self-limiting course. Remarkably, at onset MO can be clinically, radiologically and histologically indistinguishable to soft tissue malignancies, especially in cases lacking a history of trauma, leading to misdiagnoses and improper treatments. Read More

Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil 2020 16;11:2151459320939546. Epub 2020 Jul 16.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.

Introduction: High-energy mechanisms of acetabular fracture in the geriatric population are becoming increasingly common as older adults remain active later in life. This study compared outcomes for high- versus low-energy acetabular fractures in older adults.

Materials And Methods: We studied outcomes of 22 older adults with acetabular fracture who were treated at a level-I trauma center over a 4-year period. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020 07 29;15(1):193. Epub 2020 Jul 29.

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the UCSF Metabolic Bone Clinic, University of California- San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE901G, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0794, USA.

Background: Genetic contributors to cardiac arrhythmias are often found in cardiovascular conduction pathways and ion channel proteins. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare disease of massive heterotopic ossification caused by a highly recurrent R206H mutation in ACVR1/ALK2. This mutation causes abnormal activation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in response to Activin A. Read More