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J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2022 May-Jun;27(3):365-367. Epub 2022 May 12.

Department of Paediatric Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

A 5-month-old child presented with vaginal bleeding and found yolk sac tumor of the uterine cervix. She attained complete remission only with chemotherapy and on follow-up for more than a year. We report this for the unusual age and feasibility of avoiding surgery in selected cases. Read More

Int Cancer Conf J 2022 Jun 15:1-5. Epub 2022 Jun 15.

Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Ave, Tehran, Iran.

Yolk sac tumors (YST), formerly known as endodermal sinus tumors, are uncommon ovarian neoplasms. They are most common in the second and third decades of life and are rare in women older than 39 years of age. YST exhibit various histologic patterns. Read More

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022 May;47(10):2712-2720

Beijing Zhendong Guangming Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 100085, China.

This study aims to evaluate the anti-tumor and analgesic activities of Compound Kushen Injection(CKI) based on zebrafish model in vivo and investigate the anti-tumor mechanism. To be specific, zebrafish tumor xenotransplantation model was established by microinjection of murine LPC H12 cells into yolk sac. Then the high-dose CKI(H-CKI), medium-dose CKI(M-CKI), low-dose CKI(L-CKI) groups, and the model group were set. Read More

Transl Cancer Res 2022 May;11(5):1429-1433

Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

Background: Yolk sac tumor is a type of germ cell tumor. It commonly arises in the gonads but sometimes can occur outside the gonads. Primary intracranial yolk sac tumors were very rare. Read More

J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022 Jun 7. Epub 2022 Jun 7.

"Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery".

Background: Germ cell tumors (GCTs) may occur from the neonatal period to late adulthood, characterized by extensive clinical and pathologic heterogeneity. MicroRNAs are a family of small noncoding RNAs that regulate a wide array of biological processes including carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs may be used for many purposes in clinical diagnostics. Read More

Intern Med 2022 May 31. Epub 2022 May 31.

Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.

We herein report a case of an extremely rare spinal cord endodermal sinus tumor (EST). A nine-year-old boy presented with progressive paraparesis, hypesthesia, and urinary retention. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple intradural enhancing lesions at T1 to T9 without evidence of intracranial tumors. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022 May 16. Epub 2022 May 16.

Recent studies have provided molecular confirmation that a subset of yolk sac tumors is somatically derived. Somatically derived yolk sac tumors are typically diagnosed in older women and are often seen adjacent to epithelial proliferations (such as endometriosis or endometrioid carcinoma) with which they share mutations. Here, we present a case of a postmenopausal woman with a yolk sac tumor and endometriosis in the right ovary, endometriosis with glandular crowding and reactive changes in the left ovary, endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor involving the serosa of the colon. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022 May 17. Epub 2022 May 17.

The fetal gut-like phenotype can be found in yolk sac tumors and adenocarcinomas with enteroblastic differentiation (AEBDs). We report a cervical yolk sac tumor in a 44-yr-old woman. The tumor has similar morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular features to the AEBD of the digestive system. Read More

Diagn Cytopathol 2022 May 25. Epub 2022 May 25.

Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

The majority of germ cell tumors (GCTs) are characterized by iso-chromosome 12p (i12p) abnormality. The aim of this study is to review the cytomorphologic features and analyze the utility of i12p fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) test in diagnosing metastatic GCTs primarily evaluated by cytologic techniques in patients without prior history of GCTs. The laboratory information system was queried over a period of 10 years to search for cases where i12p FISH test was requested on cytology material. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2022 May 7. Epub 2022 May 7.

Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Patients with clinical stage I (CS I: cN0M0) testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) exhibit favorable oncologic outcomes. While prognostic features can help inform treatment in adults with CS I TGCT, we lack reliable means to predict relapse among pediatric and adolescent patients.

Objective: We sought to identify predictors of relapse in children with CS I TGCT. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2022 Jul 7;17(7):2416-2423. Epub 2022 May 7.

Department of Radiology - "AORN Santobono Pausilipon", Pediatric Hospital, Naples, Italy.

Malignant germ cell tumors constitute about 3%-4% of all neoplasms occurring before the age of 15. They arise in the ovaries, the testes, and in several other locations, including the lower back, the chest, the brain, and the abdomen. In infants and young children, the sacrococcygeal region is the most common site for extragonadal germ cell tumors, and teratomas account for the vast majority of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors. Read More

Cancer Biol Ther 2022 Dec;23(1):393-400

Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.

Mediastinal yolk sac tumors (YSTs) are highly aggressive germ cell tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of mediastinal YSTs. To maximize benefit from radiotherapy in patients with mediastinal YSTs, exploring functionally relevant biomarkers is essential. Read More

Chirurgia (Bucur) 2022 Apr;117(2):222-229

Malignant extramucosal esophageal tumors are rare. We publish a case of an extramucosal esophageal tumor which turned out to be a yolk sac tumor. This type of tumor is extremely rare. Read More

Adv Anat Pathol 2022 May 3. Epub 2022 May 3.

Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA.

A variety of endometrial lesions may contain mucinous cells. Herein, the author reviews the literature on the classification and clinicopathologic significance of uterine corpus proliferations with a significant mucinous component, assesses the 2020 World Health Organization classification of such lesions, and presents a diagnostic framework. The key epithelial mucinous lesions include mucinous metaplasia, atypical mucinous glandular proliferation and mucinous carcinoma. Read More

Ann Diagn Pathol 2022 Aug 20;59:151951. Epub 2022 Apr 20.

Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America. Electronic address:

The development of clonally related hematologic neoplasms in the setting of primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) has been recognized previously and is associated with a dismal prognosis. However, the presentation of hematologic neoplasms as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has been rarely reported. Here we report two patients with PMGCTs and hematologic neoplasms. Read More

Children (Basel) 2022 Apr 15;9(4). Epub 2022 Apr 15.

Department of Surgery, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada.

Liver neoplasms are quite rare in childhood. They often involve 6.7 cases per 10 million children aged 18 years or younger. Read More

J Clin Oncol 2022 Apr 20:JCO2102809. Epub 2022 Apr 20.

Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Purpose: Cisplatin is the main systemic treatment modality for male type II germ cell tumors (GCTs). Although generally very effective, 5%-10% of patients suffer from cisplatin-resistant disease. Identification of the driving mechanisms of resistance will enable improved risk stratification and development of alternative treatments. Read More

Nature 2022 04 13;604(7906):534-540. Epub 2022 Apr 13.

Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

The ontogeny of human haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is poorly defined owing to the inability to identify HSCs as they emerge and mature at different haematopoietic sites. Here we created a single-cell transcriptome map of human haematopoietic tissues from the first trimester to birth and found that the HSC signature RUNX1HOXA9MLLT3MECOMHLFSPINK2 distinguishes HSCs from progenitors throughout gestation. In addition to the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, nascent HSCs populated the placenta and yolk sac before colonizing the liver at 6 weeks. Read More

Zebrafish 2022 04 12;19(2):49-55. Epub 2022 Apr 12.

Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.

In this study, an experimental protocol has been developed for comparing survival rates of mutant and wild-type zebrafish larvae under extreme starvation. Zebrafish larvae were placed in 96-well plates at fourth day postfertilization (dpf) and larvae were not fed at all from hatching to cease. Zdf1 zebrafish line was used, a strain carrying the (cancer) pathogenic -M214K amino acid substitution. Read More

Indian J Urol 2022 Apr-Jun;38(2):154-156. Epub 2022 Apr 1.

Department of Urology, Apollo Main Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Primary malignancies of the seminal vesicles are rare. Presentation of extragonadal germ cell tumor in the seminal vesicle is even rarer. We report a case of a 26-year-old male who presented with hematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms, which on imaging turned out to be a right seminal vesicle mass. Read More

Exp Mol Pathol 2022 Jun 4;126:104761. Epub 2022 Apr 4.

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Electronic address:

The accurate identification of different components in testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) is essential for tailoring treatment and informing the clinical prognosis. PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma), a member in the family of cancer testis antigens, plays critical roles in regulating pluripotency and suppressing somatic/germ cell differentiation in seminomas (SEM). To investigate the potential diagnostic value of PRAME in testicular GCT, here we comparatively examined the expression patterns of PRAME and SOX17 by immunohistochemistry in both pure and mixed GCT. Read More

Cytopathology 2022 Jul 9;33(4):493-498. Epub 2022 Apr 9.

Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Background: Germ cell tumours infrequently metastasise to body cavities, where early detection on fluid samples is possible and can spearhead early treatment and survival.

Materials And Methods: A total of seven cases of metastatic germ cell tumours were retrieved out of 7500 effusion samples received for cytopathological examination from 2015 to 2021. Detailed cytological features of metastatic germ cell tumours in effusion samples were studied, along with a correlation between clinical, radiological, and histopathological features. Read More

Pediatr Surg Int 2022 Jun 24;38(6):927-934. Epub 2022 Mar 24.

Department of Urology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated With Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nanlishilu Rd, West District, Beijing, China.

Purpose: Malignant tumours of the vagina are very rare in children. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyse the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of vaginal tumours in children treated in a single institution.

Methods: This study retrospectively analysed the clinical data of children diagnosed with vaginal malignant tumours who were admitted to the Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2007 to December 2020 and followed these patients to observe their prognoses and outcomes. Read More

Head Neck Pathol 2022 Mar 21;16(1):168-178. Epub 2022 Mar 21.

Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.

The pathology of poorly differentiated sinonasal malignancies has been the subject of extensive studies during the last decade, which resulted into significant developments in the definitions and histo-/pathogenetic classification of several entities included in the historical spectrum of "sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (SNUC)" and poorly differentiated unclassified carcinomas. In particular, genetic defects leading to inactivation of different protein subunits in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex have continuously emerged as the major (frequently the only) genetic player driving different types of sinonasal carcinomas. The latter display distinctive demographic, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Read More

Cancers (Basel) 2022 Feb 23;14(5). Epub 2022 Feb 23.

Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Background: Very late recurrence (LR), i.e., >5 years after initial presentation, occurs in about 1% of patients with germ cell tumors of the testis (TGCT) and is associated with poor prognosis. Read More

Cell Death Dis 2022 03 9;13(3):220. Epub 2022 Mar 9.

Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany.

Pathological angiogenesis promotes tumor growth, metastasis, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Macrophages are key players in these processes. However, whether these macrophages differentiate from bone marrow-derived monocytes or from local vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SCs) is an unresolved issue of angiogenesis. Read More

J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2022 Jan-Feb;27(1):94-96. Epub 2022 Jan 11.

Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Midline vascular abdominal wall lesions are likely to be mistaken for vascular malformations in young children. We report a case of large yolk sac tumor located in the anterior abdominal wall just below xiphisternum in a 20-month-old girl diagnosed by raised serum alpha fetoprotein levels and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Preoperative chemotherapy helped in reducing its size allowing wide resection and primary wound closure. Read More

Orbit 2022 Mar 8:1-4. Epub 2022 Mar 8.

Pediatric Haemato/Oncology Services, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi (Delhi), India.

Primary yolk sac tumor of the orbit is a rare entity. Orbital involvement is usually seen in young children and proptosis is the commonest presentation. Aggressive orbital involvement and presentation as a fungating mass is rarely seen. Read More

Head Neck Pathol 2022 Mar 7. Epub 2022 Mar 7.

Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Clinical Sciences Building, New Territories, Hong Kong.

SMARCB1 (INI1)-deficient carcinoma of the sinonasal tract is a rare and distinct entity characterized by the loss of INI1 immunostain expression. These tumors are morphologically diverse, with isolated cases of yolk sac differentiation reported. We report the first case of SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma that demonstrated co-loss of SMARCA4 immunostain, and reduced SMARCA2 and ARID1A staining, with the entire tumor showing histological and immunohistochemical evidence of yolk sac differentiation. Read More

Int J Surg Pathol 2022 Mar 7:10668969221085292. Epub 2022 Mar 7.

159442Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a disorder of sexual differentiation caused by complete or partial resistance to the biological action of androgens. The common malignant tumors associated with this syndrome are seminomas. However, the risk of malignancy in childhood remains low. Read More