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Toxins (Basel) 2020 May 14;12(5). Epub 2020 May 14.

Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany.

Allergic reactions to stings of Hymenoptera species can have serious or even fatal consequences. If the identification of the culprit insect is possible, venom-specific immunotherapy effectively cures Hymenoptera venom allergies. Although component-resolved diagnostics has strongly evolved in recent years, the differentiation between allergies to closely related species such as and spp. Read More

Toxicon 2020 May 7;182:1-6. Epub 2020 May 7.

Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China. Electronic address:

In Asia, acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by wasp stings is common; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved remain unclear. To evaluate the mechanisms associated with AKI induced by wasp stings, we conducted a retrospective cohort study that assessed blood and urinary samples from 112 patients with hospital admissions resulting from wasp stings. These samples were divided into those with AKI and without AKI as described in the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) database. Read More

QJM 2020 Apr 21. Epub 2020 Apr 21.

Senior Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Cutis 2020 Jan;105(1):17-18

Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.

The Hymenoptera order of insects includes Apidae (bees), Vespidae (wasps, yellow jackets, hornets), and Formicidae (fire ants). All 3 of these families of insects inject venom into their prey or as a defense mechanism via ovipositors in their abdomen. Three types of reactions can be seen after a vespid sting: uncomplicated local reactions, large local reactions, and systemic reactions (SRs). Read More

PLoS One 2020 10;15(1):e0225672. Epub 2020 Jan 10.

CMC Research and Development, ALK-Abelló S.A., Madrid, Spain.

The aim of this study was to purify potential allergenic components of Vespa velutina venom, the yellow legged Asian Hornet, and perform a preliminary characterization of the purified proteins. Starting from the whole venom of V.velutina, several chromatographic steps allowed to purify the phospholipase (named Vesp v 1), as well as the antigen 5 (Vesp v 5, the only allergenic component described as such so far). Read More

Case Rep Nephrol Dial 2019 Sep-Dec;9(3):137-148. Epub 2019 Nov 13.

Department of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Multiple wasp stings may cause fatal complications, such as anaphylactic reactions, intravascular hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury (AKI), increased levels of liver enzymes, clotting abnormalities, or even death. AKI-related mortality due to multiple wasp stings may reach 25%, occurring within the early onset of disease; therefore, renal function should be continuously monitored within the first few days following the stings. Herein, we report 2 cases of AKI due to multiple stings of wasp (). Read More

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019 27;15:77. Epub 2019 Nov 27.

1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.

Background: venom allergy is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis. In its most severe form, the reaction to wasp and honey bee stings may be life-threatening. Therefore, immediate and proper diagnosis of venom allergy and implementation of suitable therapy are extremely important. Read More

Clin Transl Allergy 2019 11;9:54. Epub 2019 Oct 11.

1Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.

Background: Hymenoptera stings are a major cause of anaphylaxis. Various risk factors are discussed in literature. This study aims to investigate potential risk factors for severe sting reactions in wasp ( spp. Read More

Int J Artif Organs 2020 Mar 17;43(3):143-149. Epub 2019 Oct 17.

Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in the treatment of patients with multiple organ failure after wasp stings and investigate its impacts on cytokines.

Methods: A total of 12 patients with multiple organ failure after wasp stings admitted to Xijing Hospital were included in the present study between January 2017 and January 2019. All patients received hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration treatment in addition to conventional treatment after admission. Read More

DNA Cell Biol 2019 Dec 14;38(12):1512-1518. Epub 2019 Oct 14.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.

The plasma levels of interleukin-8 () and its receptors ( and ) play a significant role in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), but it is not clear how these proteins are involved in wasp sting patients developing SIRS. To study potential genetic factors predisposing to the risk of SIRS caused by wasp sting injury, we determined the plasma levels of and its receptors among SIRS patients with wasp sting injury and investigated the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of these genes with SIRS. A total of 225 patients were divided into the SIRS group ( = 62) and non-SIRS group (control,  = 163), and we associated polymorphisms in [ (-251T>A), (-845C>T), (+396G>T), (+781T>C), (+860C>G), [ (+811T>C), (+1235C>T), and (+1440A>G)] with SIRS with a linear additive model. Read More

Front Immunol 2019 21;10:1959. Epub 2019 Aug 21.

Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Hymenoptera stings may cause both local and systemic allergic reactions and even life threatening anaphylaxis. Along with pharmaceutical drugs and foods, hymenoptera venom is one of the most common causes of anaphylaxis in humans. To date, no parameter has been identified that may predict which sensitized people will have a future systemic sting reaction (SSR), however some risk factors, such as mastocytosis and age >40 years are known. Read More

Ren Fail 2019 Nov;41(1):814-820

Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.

To study the efficacy and safety of sustained low-efficiency diafiltration (SLEDf) hemodialysis (HD) for patients with wasp stings who developed stage III acute kidney injury (AKI). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of consecutive patients who developed AKI following wasp stings. All eligible patients received renal replacement therapy in combination with hemoperfusion. Read More

Arthropod Struct Dev 2019 Sep 28;52:100882. Epub 2019 Aug 28.

Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address:

Digger wasps of the family Crabronidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) are generally known to use their sting to paralyze or kill a prey. However, only a few species of digger wasps transport their prey to the nest impaled on the sting. How sting morphology correlates with this peculiar type of prey carriage is still unclear. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019 Jul 26;68(29):649. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019 Jun 22;36(3):302-307. Epub 2018 May 22.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Introduction: Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) in some patients occurs with general symptoms involving respiratory and cardiovascular system with anaphylactic shock with constitutes a significant threat to life.

Aim: Assessment of the prevalence of HVA in our own material.

Material And Methods: There were 498 patients after a general reaction to wasp and/or bee venom. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2019 07 21;11(7). Epub 2019 Jul 21.

Southwestern Biological Institute, 1961 W. Brichta Dr., Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.

Pain is a natural bioassay for detecting and quantifying biological activities of venoms. The painfulness of stings delivered by ants, wasps, and bees can be easily measured in the field or lab using the stinging insect pain scale that rates the pain intensity from 1 to 4, with 1 being minor pain, and 4 being extreme, debilitating, excruciating pain. The painfulness of stings of 96 species of stinging insects and the lethalities of the venoms of 90 species was determined and utilized for pinpointing future directions for investigating venoms having pharmaceutically active principles that could benefit humanity. Read More

World Allergy Organ J 2019 28;12(7):100039. Epub 2019 Jun 28.

Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Background: Hymenoptera venom sensitization in highly exposed individuals frequently requires risk assessment for future severe sting reactions. In this study, we determined the prevalence of Hymenoptera venom sensitization in individuals who hunt and fish and analyzed possible correlations between the severity of sting reactions and the IgE sensitization profile.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, paper-based, self-filled questionnaires about previous insect stings and sting reactions were obtained from individuals who hunt and fish in Bavaria, Germany. Read More

Inflammation 2019 Dec;42(6):2011-2019

Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, FACFAN/Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Stings from the wasp Parachartergus fraternus occur throughout Latin America, and edema followed by pain is the main symptom presented by victims. This often limited inflammatory event has not been characterized for this species. In this work, we identified the mechanisms and possible mediators involved in this response. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2019 07 3;20(1):240. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 39 Middle Chaoyang Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.

Background: To evaluate the treatment of sustained low-efficiency hemodialysis (SLED) against patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) following wasp stings.

Methods: Clinical data of 35 patients with MODS following wasp stings were retrospectively analysed. These patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment strategy used: 1) hemodialysis (HD) group, 2) continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH)/HD group, and 3) SLED/HD group. Read More

J Med Entomol 2020 Jan;57(1):1-7

Allergology and Applied Entomology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

West Bengal, India, is inhabited by abundance and variety of insects that triggers sensitization in some humans to inhalant allergens and/or insect stings/venoms. Lack of research on this topic prevented accurate diagnosis and proper follow-up treatments to patients suffering from insect-induced allergies. The aim of our study was to identify the allergy-causing insects and evaluate resulting sensitization among a study population in West Bengal, India. Read More

Bioinformation 2018 22;14(9):540-553. Epub 2018 Dec 22.

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia, KSA.

Hypersensitivity or allergy encompasses a wide range of immunological reactions that generally have adverse consequences involving one or many organ systems of the body. Allergens are usually glycoprotein or chemically complex low molecular weight substances. The common allergens include pollen, fungal spores, house dust mite and house dust, animal danders, drugs, foods, insect emanations, and detritus, etc. Read More

Indian J Public Health 2019 Apr-Jun;63(2):154-156

Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Most deaths related to Hymenoptera are a result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions causing anaphylaxis to one or few stings. However, if the patient is exposed to a large quantity of the venom due to mass/multiple stings, massive envenomation can cause death in nonallergic individuals. Thirty-nine cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) who followed mass attacks by Hymenoptera were seen over 15 years, with a reference period between 2003 and 2017. Read More

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019 19;180(2):128-134. Epub 2019 Jun 19.

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.

Introduction: Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is considered to be the gold-standard treatment for patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy. Data regarding VIT in bee venom (BV) allergic patients are scarce.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of VIT in patients with exclusive BV allergy and to try to define risk factors for VIT-induced systemic reactions (VIT-ISR) and VIT failure. Read More

Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019 09 21;19(9):919-925. Epub 2019 Jun 21.

c Cardiac/Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, ASST Pini-CTO , Milan , Italy.

: Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is an effective treatment for Hymenoptera venom allergy. The occurrence of severe reactions (SRs) to VIT, although infrequent, hampers the achievement of tolerance to insect stings. Risk factors for such reactions include allergy to honeybee venom, concomitant mast cell disorders, and the build-up phase of VIT. Read More

Immunol Invest 2019 Nov 24;48(8):835-843. Epub 2019 May 24.

Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland.

MicroRNAs are small non-coding molecules playing a significant regulatory role in several allergic diseases. However their role in tolerance induction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of selected microRNAs during the first three months of wasp venom immunotherapy (VIT). Read More

Eur Cytokine Netw 2019 Mar;30(1):34-38

People's Hospital of Jianyang, Department of Nephrology, Jianyang 641400, China.

This study mainly to explore the change of serum cytokines in wasp sting patients and the potential correlation between cytokines and acute kidney injury (AKI) due to wasp stings. The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in 33 wasp sting and 24 healthy people were measured by flow cytometry, the level of IL-17 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the laboratory examination including inflammatory indicators, muscle enzyme markers, and renal function were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer, blood analyzer, and urine analyzer. The wasp sting patients were divided into AKI (n = 10) and non-AKI groups (n = 23). Read More

Toxicon 2019 May 14;163:1-7. Epub 2019 Mar 14.

Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China. Electronic address:

Stinging accidents involving wasp venom are a notable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Asia. However, very little attention has been paid to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this type of AKI. The aims of this review are to explore the evidence for the mechanisms and the therapeutic role of renal replacement therapy of wasp venom and AKI. Read More

Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019 03;33(1):17-38

Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Electronic address:

This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, and treatment of venomous bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, insects, and scorpions; and poisoning by ingestion of fish, turtles, and shellfish. Invertebrate stings cause fatalities by anaphylaxis, secondary to acquired hypersensitivity (Hymenoptera, such as bees, wasps, and ants; and jellyfish), and by direct envenoming (scorpions, spiders, jellyfish, and echinoderms). Simple preventive techniques, such as wearing protective clothing, using a flashlight at night, and excluding venomous animals from sleeping quarters, are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of venomous bites and stings. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2018 25;2018:5631372. Epub 2018 Dec 25.

Emergency Department, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan 442000, China.

To analyze the dynamic changes of serum metabolomics in wasp sting victims, we collected serum from 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients who had been stung 3 hours, 24 hours, and 72 hours before sample collection. We analyzed the metabolomics by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) techniques and then performed enrichment analysis. A total of 838 metabolites were identified. Read More

J Agromedicine 2019 04 29;24(2):146-156. Epub 2019 Jan 29.

b Department of Toxicology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.

Objective: Ants, bees, hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets (insects in Order Hymenoptera) are potentially a serious concern to outdoor workers, as the venom from their stings can cause life-threatening allergic reactions. This study assessed the impacts of Hymenoptera stings and related worker training regimes of forestry workers across the United States (US).

Methods: A survey was distributed to nearly 2,000 outdoor workers in the forestry industry from four US regions (South, West, Northeast, and Midwest). Read More

Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019 02 21;105:10-24. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500, Brazil. Electronic address:

Insect venom phospholipases have been identified in nearly all clinically relevant social Hymenoptera, including bees, wasps and ants. Among other biological roles, during the envenoming process these enzymes cause the disruption of cellular membranes and induce hypersensitive reactions, including life threatening anaphylaxis. While phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a predominant component of bee venoms, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is highly abundant in wasps and ants. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Oct 14;12(1):294. Epub 2018 Oct 14.

Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Background: Wasp stings are commonly encountered worldwide and result in a variety of clinical manifestations including local and systemic reactions. Neurological and vascular complications are rarely reported following a wasp sting.

Case Presentation: A 69-year-old Sri Lankan Tamil man presented to our hospital with focal neurological deficit following multiple wasp stings; the deficit was confirmed to be an acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging scan. Read More

Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2018 09;30(9):819-823

Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China. Corresponding author: Xiao Min, Email:

Objective: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of wasp sting, summarize the experience, the experts from Chinese Society of Toxicology Poisoning and Treatment of Specialized Committee, Hubei Emergency Medicine Committee of Chinese Medical Association and Hubei Provincial Poisoning and Occupational Disease Union made the Expert consensus statement on standardized diagnosis and treatment of wasp stings in China on the development of domestic and oversea in this field. The consensus statement emphasized the idea of staged treatment, different treatments at different stages, and strived to achieve bundling and individuation. To achieve the four pairs of different concept as earlier as possible, the "two early" (early assessment and early treatment), the "two anti" (anti-anaphylaxis and anti-shock), namely the "two hormone" (adrenaline and glucocorticoid) and the "two hua" (hydration and alkalization), we could avoid or reduce subsequent organ failures, significantly shorten the course and improve prognosis of wasp sting victims. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019 04 11;57(4):240-245. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

c Community Medicine , Indira Gandhi Medical College , Shimla , India.

Aim: To study the epidemiology and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by venomous animals.

Methods: A retrospective study of patients admitted at Indira Gandhi Medical College Hospital, Shimla, with AKI due to venomous animals over a period of 15 years (January 2003-December 2017). Medical records were evaluated for patient information on demographic factors, clinical characteristics, complications, and outcome. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018 Oct;16(10):1228-1247

Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Wiesbaden, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinics, Wiesbaden, Germany.

Hymenoptera venom allergy is the most common cause of anaphylactic reactions in adults. In children, it is the second most common cause after food-related anaphylaxis. Such reactions are primarily due to stings by honeybees (Apis) and certain social wasps (Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica in particular). Read More

Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019 02 20;30(1):93-98. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Background: Insect venom is the second most common cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical encounters. Stings cause over 20% of all anaphylactic deaths and 7% of anaphylaxis in children. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies of insect sting events or allergy in preschool children. Read More

DNA Cell Biol 2018 Dec 28;37(12):967-972. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.

Previous studies have shown that serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays an important role in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), is significantly increased in wasp sting patients. However, the association between IL-6 gene variants and the risk of SIRS development in these patients is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism in the promoter region and the risk of SIRS in wasp sting patients. Read More

J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2019 5;29(3):206-212. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.

Objective: To perform a genome-wide characterization of changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression during the course of venom immunotherapy (VIT).

Methods: miRNA was isolated from the whole-blood of 13 allergic patients and 14 controls, who experienced no allergic reaction upon stings by honeybees and wasps. We analyzed 2549 miRNAs from the whole blood of these patients prior to VIT and 12 months after the start of VIT. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Nov - Dec;6(6):1856-1862. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

Venom immunotherapy is the only treatment for the prevention of anaphylaxis and remains the prototypical model for its diagnosis and management. Unlike other causes of anaphylaxis, such as foods and drugs, preventative treatment using venom immunotherapy is highly effective with well-established protocols, and is widely available. Hymenoptera venoms are also unique in that the primary allergens are directly measurable in terms of micrograms, rather than labeled on the basis of potency. Read More

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018;177(4):365-369. Epub 2018 Sep 3.

Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, Allergy and Clinical Immunology School, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona,

Cross-reactions between Polistes dominula and Vespula species are common in southern Europe. Currently, only CAP-inhibition demonstrates high accuracy in identifying genuine sensitizations, but this method is time-consuming and expensive, so a new approach is required. This study investigates skin tests, molecular diagnostics, total IgE (tIgE), and the Ves v 5/Pol d 5 (or vice versa) ratio. Read More

J Med Entomol 2019 01;56(1):254-260

School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

To better understand the impact of social wasps on the health of people in South Korea, we analyzed requests to emergency services call centers for the removal of social wasp nests and the effect of Hymenoptera stings on human health between 2010 and 2014. There were 483,233 calls requesting removal of wasp nests and Hymenoptera stings caused 78,860 injuries and 49 deaths. The strong relationships between both the number of emergency calls and injuries, and urban density reflect the sensitivity of densely populated areas to potential threats from wasp and the increased awareness of the wasp nest removal service communicated by public education programs. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2018 07 24;10(8). Epub 2018 Jul 24.

Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.

Although systemic reactions caused by allergenic proteins present in venoms affect a small part of the world population, Hymenoptera stings are among the main causes of immediate hypersensitivity responses, with risk of anaphylactic shock. In the attempt to obtain therapeutic treatments and prophylaxis to hypersensitivity responses, interest in the molecular characterization of these allergens has grown in the scientific community due to the promising results obtained in immunological and clinical studies. The present review provides an update on the knowledge regarding the immune response and the therapeutic potential of Antigen 5 derived from Hymenoptera venom. Read More

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2018 Jul;24(4):343-350

Department of Emergency Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine,Trabzon-Turkey.

Background: To evaluate the distribution of bite and sting cases presenting to a district public hospital and the use of antivenom in scorpion sting and snake bite cases.

Methods: The demographic characteristics of patients with bites/stings reporting to a public hospital in 2014, the agent involved, the season of reporting, severity of clinical findings during presentation, and use of antivenom in scorpion sting and snake bite cases were evaluated retrospectively. χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 09 28;121(3):268-271. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford, California. Electronic address:

PLoS One 2018 25;13(6):e0199250. Epub 2018 Jun 25.

Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Background: Allergy to bee and wasp venom can lead to life-threatening systemic reactions. The identification of the culprit species is important for allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Objectives: To determine a panel of recombinant bee and wasp allergens which is suitable for the identification of bee or wasp as culprit allergen sources and to search for molecular surrogates of clinical severity of sting reactions. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 09 15;121(3):276-277. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 09 13;121(3):376-377. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Allergy UnitGeneral HospitalCivitanova Marche, Italy.

Nature 2018 05;557(7706):471