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An Bras Dermatol 2019 Sep - Oct;94(5):630-631. Epub 2019 Sep 30.

Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China. Electronic address:

Indian Dermatol Online J 2019 May-Jun;10(3):343-345

Department of Dermatology, HBT Medical College and Dr. RN Cooper Hospital, Juhu, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2019 Apr;48(4):334-335

Department of Pathology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China.

J Dermatol 2018 Jun 21;45(6):e171-e172. Epub 2017 Dec 21.

Division of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.

Dermatol Pract Concept 2017 Oct 31;7(4):47-49. Epub 2017 Oct 31.

Dermatology Department, Hospital Provincial del Centenario de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.

J Dermatol 2018 Apr 8;45(4):e74-e75. Epub 2017 Nov 8.

Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.

Int J Womens Dermatol 2017 Sep 26;3(3):154-156. Epub 2017 Jul 26.

Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT.

Warty (follicular) dyskeratoma (WD) is a discrete nodular lesion that demonstrates the characteristic histopathologic findings of acantholysis and dyskeratosis. WDs most commonly occur on the head and neck of adults. We present a case of WD that occurred on the mons pubis of a 53-year-old woman. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2017 Jul 18;3(4):336-338. Epub 2017 Jul 18.

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.

Case Rep Dermatol Med 2017 23;2017:3613109. Epub 2017 Feb 23.

Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida de Orellana, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.

Warty dyskeratoma is an uncommon entity characterized by a solitary keratotic papule or nodule usually located in the head and neck of young adults. The histopathology shows a pattern of acantholytic dyskeratosis. We report a 32-year-old man who presented pain, serous exudation, a distal onycholysis with subungual hyperkeratosis, and roundish erythronychia in the nail plate of his left first toe 2 years ago. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2016 Jul-Aug;7(4):272-4

Department of Dermatology-Dermatopathology, The Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York City, New York, USA.

Acantholytic dyskeratosis (AD) is a histologic pattern seen in Darier's disease or dyskeratosis follicularis, warty dyskeratoma, and transient AD. This pattern is characterized by suprabasilar clefting, acantholysis, and formation of corps ronds and grains. We present a case of AD that is unique based on its genital location and cystic architecture. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Sep;75(3):e97-e98

Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal.

Ophthalmology 2015 Jul;122(7):1282

University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015 Apr;7(Suppl 1):S203-6

Department of Oral pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Genodermatoses are an inherited disorder, present with multisystem involvement. Help us to identify regular mutations and appalling skin diseases with recessive inheritance. Genetic heterogeneity is very common, and molecular diagnosis requires a broad effort. Read More

Iran J Public Health 2014 Aug;43(8):1145-7

3. Dept. of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University , Bursa, Turkey.

Warty dyskeratoma is a rare tumor that presents mainly as an isolated papule or nodule on the scalp, face or neck in the adults. Warty dyskeratoma frequently arises as a single lesion with a central keratotic plug on the skin of middle-aged or elderly people. Multiple warty dyskeratomas are very rare cutaneous lesions which are mostly seen on the scalp. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2015 Oct;37(10):802-4

*Division of Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy †Unit of Dermatopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy.

Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2014 Oct;43(10):701-2

E-mail:

Am J Dermatopathol 2012 Aug;34(6):674-5

J Oral Pathol Med 2012 Mar 21;41(3):261-7. Epub 2011 Sep 21.

Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is an uncommon lesion of the skin that is considered to be associated with the pilosebaceous apparatus. Histologically similar lesions have been described in the oral region mainly by case reports and under the terms 'WD' or 'focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD)'. Owing to the paucity of reports, many aspects of the oral lesions remain unclear. Read More

Ann Dermatol 2011 Feb 28;23(1):98-100. Epub 2011 Feb 28.

Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.

Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is a rare epidermal tumor that frequently arises as a papule or nodule on the head or neck of middle-aged or older persons. Histologically, it shows a cup-shaped keratin-filled invagination of an acanthotic epidermis, suprabasilar clefting with villi projecting into the clefts and acantholytic dyskeratotic cells are also present. The changes almost always involve a single hair follicle. Read More

Am J Clin Dermatol 2011 Aug;12(4):217-31

The University of Houston Health Center, Texas, USA.

Longitudinal erythronychia is a linear red band on the nail plate that originates at the proximal nail fold, traverses the lunula, and extends to the free edge of the nail plate. Longitudinal erythronychia is classified based upon the number of nails affected and the number of red streaks present on each nail as follows: type Ia (monodactylous - single band), type Ib (monodactylous - bifid bands), type IIa (polydactylous - single band), and type IIb (polydactylous - multiple bands). Associated morphologic findings that can be present at the distal tip of the nail with longitudinal erythronychia include fragility, onycholysis, splinter hemorrhage, splitting, subungual keratosis, thinning, and V-shaped nick. Read More

Actas Dermosifiliogr 2009 Nov;100 Suppl 1:106-13

Nail Disease Center, Cannes, France.

Red nail is a common disorder. However, a thorough examination of the patient's nails allows one to distinguish different diseases. For example, longitudinal erythronychia may be monodactylous or polydactylous. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2009 Feb 15;15(2). Epub 2009 Feb 15.

Department of Dermatology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital.

Warty dyskeratoma is usually characterized by solitary papules or nodules which reveal acantholytic dyskeratosis histopathologically. Warty dyskeratoma most commonly presents as a single lesion, but there are a few case reports of patients with multiple lesions. Herein we report a female patient presenting with multiple verrucous papules on the scalp diagnosed clinically and histopathologically as warty dyskeratoma. Read More

Todays FDA 2008 Aug;20(8):17-9

University of Florida College of Dentistry, USA.

Am J Surg Pathol 2007 Dec;31(12):1897-901

Department of Pathology and Immunology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.

Cornoid lamellation is a specific disorder of epidermal maturation manifested by a vertical "column" of parakeratosis and is the hallmark of porokeratosis. The cornoid lamella is characterized by a ridgelike parakeratosis. We present 11 patients with solitary lesions of a distinct pattern of cornoid lamellation. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007 Aug-Sep;134(8-9):633-6

Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg.

Background: The exact origin and classification of warty dyskeratoma in epithelial tumours are still debated. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between this tumour and the pilosebaceous follicles.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective, anatomoclinical study. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 2007 Jun;34(6):494-6

Department of Dermatology and Veneorology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.

We report the case of a 64-year-old man with a plaque-like lesion on the lower back. Clinically, squamous cell carcinoma was suspected, but the histological features resembled those of isolated Darier's disease or pemphigus vegetans. The lesion was removed with the final diagnosis of acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthoma. Read More

J Dermatol 2006 Jul;33(7):477-80

Department of Dermatology, Numune State Hospital, Turkey.

Our 42-year-old patient had comedonal Darier's disease (DD) on the face, comedonal cornifying DD on the upper back, and hypertrophic DD on both legs. Biopsies taken from face, upper back and medial sides of the legs were found to be compatible with these clinical subtypes. The comedonal type was in the classical place, but the hypertrophic and cornifying types were not in the usual sites. Read More

Tunis Med 2005 Apr;83(4):227-9

Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, EPS La Rabta, Tunis.

Introduction: Warty dyskeratoma is a rare, benign, epithelial tumor characterized by a variable clinicopathologic spectrum. In all cases, lesions revealed foci of acantholytic dyskeratosis.

Case Report: A 74-year-old man has for two year developped a single small nodule with a hyperkeratotic area on the scalp. Read More

Pediatr Dermatol 2003 May-Jun;20(3):262-5

Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.

Acantholytic dyskeratosis is a histopathologic pattern defined by a hyperkeratotic and parakeratotic epidermis with intraepidermal clefts containing acantholytic and dyskeratotic keratinocytes. These typical features are distinctive but not entirely pathognomonic of Darier disease, since they may occur at cutaneous and mucocutaneous sites in other conditions such as Grover disease, acantholytic and dyskeratotic epidermal nevus (nevus of Starink), warty dyskeratoma, or acantholytic papular dermatosis localized to the vulvocrural area. We report a newborn girl who had congenital erosive papules and plaques located on the left thigh, left ankle, and right side of the neck. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 Apr;111(4):1562-3

J Am Acad Dermatol 2002 Sep;47(3):423-8

Department of Dermatology, University of Graz, Austria.

Background: The clinicopathologic spectrum of warty dyskeratoma (WD) is not well characterized and the pathogenesis of this unusual lesion is still unclear.

Objective: We reviewed the clinical and histopathologic spectrum of WD and investigated a possible involvement of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in onset of this lesion.

Methods: A total of 46 cases of WD were analyzed clinically and histopathologically. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2002 Feb;46(2 Suppl Case Reports):S4

Baylor University Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA.

A patient with warty dyskeratoma was successfully treated with tazarotenic acid gel. We present evidence to support that this did not occur by chance and suggest that tazarotenic acid be investigated further for the treatment of similar dyskeratatic disorders. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 1997 Jul;22(4):189-91

University of Michigan, Department of Dermatology, Ann Arbor, USA.

Two patients presented with the unusual condition of multiple warty dyskeratomas on the scalp. Biopsies of affected skin stained positive with human keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-6 and -7, specific for cortex and inner root sheath of normal human hair, respectively. Multiple warty dyskeratomas are a rare occurrence and their aetiopathogenesis remains elusive. Read More

Dermatology 1997 ;195(3):278-80

Nail Disease Centre, Cannes, France.

Warty dyskeratoma is described in an unusual location. Clinically it appeared as a longitudinal reddish ridge bordered on each side by brown splinter haemorrhages forming a nearly continuous line. The free margin of the nail plate was slightly fissured distal to the red band. Read More

Australas J Dermatol 1996 Nov;37(4):225-6

Br J Dermatol 1996 Oct;135(4):592-4

Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.

Focal adhesion kinase is a protein-tyrosine kinase that is found in cellular contact sites and is phosphorylated in response to cell attachment. It is possible that the immunohistochemical detection of this enzyme might be increased in keratinocytes involved in an acantholytic process. Normal skin, pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus, Darier's disease, Hailey--Hailey disease, warty dyskeratoma, Grover's disease and spongiotic dermatitis were assayed for the immunohistochemical expression of focal adhesion kinase. Read More

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1996 Jan-Feb;62(1):36-7

Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital, Madras, India.

A 48-year old man with warty dirty papules over the seborrhoeic areas, also had a nodule with a central keratotic crater over the right cheek. Biopsy of this nodule revealed features of Darier's disease, warty dyskeratoma and basal cell epithelioma. Even though Darier's disease and warty dyskeratoma are considered as a distinct entities, the presence in the same lesion emphasizes the need for further studies on this association. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996 Jan;81(1):3-4

J Dermatol 1993 Jun;20(6):374-7

Department of Dermatology, Social Health Insurance Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.

A 63-year-old man with multiple nodules and pathological findings of acantholysis is reported as a case of warty dyskeratoma presenting with multiple lesions. The number of nodules is the highest in the records as far as we know. We conclude that warty dyskeratoma originates from the hair follicle. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 Nov;21(5 Pt 1):958-60

Department of Dermatology II, University of Vienna, Austria.

Palmar and finger prints were obtained in patients with acantholytic dyskeratotic dermatoses. Identical patterns were found with Darier's disease, Grover's disease, Galli-Galli disease, acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf, and warty dyskeratoma. Because dermatoglyphic patterns are a genetically determined individual characteristic, we propose that acantholytic dyskeratotic dermatoses with identical dermatoglyphic patterns are variable manifestations of a single disorder, despite their broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 1989 Apr;16(2):81-4

Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville 22908.

This report describes 6 women with acantholytic lesions localized to the vulvocrural area. Clinically, multiple papules or solitary papules or plaques were situated on the labia majora or adjacent skin. None of the patients had similar abnormalities elsewhere on the body or family histories of similar eruptions. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 1989 Apr;11(2):172-6

Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C.

Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) is a distinctive histologic pattern characterized by suprabasilar clefts surrounding dermal papillae (villi), acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells at all levels of the epidermis, hyperkeratosis, and parakeratosis. The features of FAD are typically seen in Darier's disease, warty dyskeratoma, and transient acantholytic dermatosis; they are also present in a variety of cutaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. FAD, however, has not been previously described in lesions of inflammatory dermatoses. Read More

Int J Dermatol 1988 Sep;27(7):521-2

Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985 Oct;23(5):371-5

A case of oral warty dyskeratoma is presented and the literature is reviewed in brief. While warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa is rare, it appears to exhibit a variability of clinical appearance and to have a special predilection for keratinised mucosae exposed to friction and mechanical stress. Read More

J Cutan Pathol 1985 Jun-Aug;12(3-4):172-88

An important, yet neglected, problem in dermatopathology, is the evaluation of the benign acanthomas, the benign tumors of epidermal keratinocytes. The benign acanthomas may be simulated by lesions which are not benign (e.g. Read More

J Oral Pathol 1984 Oct;13(5):546-56

Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is a benign solitary lesion of unknown aetiology affecting the skin and oral mucosa. The profound dyskeratotic changes may mimic invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Two cases of oral WD, which were originally diagnosed as early squamous cell carcinoma, are presented. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984 Aug;58(2):176-83

A warty dyskeratoma arising from the palatal mucosa of a 36-year-old man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of this lesion were compared with those of the lesions of Darier's disease. Histologic sections showed a keratin-filled depression of the epithelial surface, suprabasal clefting, and acantholytic, dyskeratotic grains and corps ronds. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984 Jul;58(1):64-70

Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis represents a clinically heterogeneous group of dermatologic and mucosal lesions which share common histologic features. Oral mucosal variants of this condition are extremely uncommon. Two intraoral cases are presented, of which one depicts a solitary nodular pattern (warty dyskeratoma) and the other represents a papular lesion exhibiting multiple acantholytic foci. Read More

Cutis 1984 Mar;33(3):293-4, 296

Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa is a rare cause of solitary mouth lesions. Of the thirteen reported patients, only three have been described in the dermatologic literature. We now present an additional patient, and review both the medical and the dental literature on warty dyskeratoma. Read More

Int J Dermatol 1984 Mar;23(2):123-30

A 49-year-old white man developed focal oral warty dyskeratoma, which is a solitary, elevated nodule with a keratotic umbilicated center. The term "focal oral warty dyskeratoma" was suggested to distinguish these lesions from the histologically similar oral lesions found in Darier's disease. This paper reviews previously published reports of the lesion and presents an additional case. Read More