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BMC Womens Health 2022 May 10;22(1):147. Epub 2022 May 10.

Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop H24-9, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common gynecologic problem in the United States but estimates of its true incidence and prevalence are lacking. We estimated self-reported incidence and lifetime prevalence of healthcare provider-diagnosed VVC and recurrent VVC (RVVC), assessed treatment types, and evaluated demographic and health-related risk factors associated with VVC.

Methods: An online survey sent to 4548 U. Read More

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022 May;47(9):2516-2524

School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China.

This study aims to explore the effect of butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) in mice and to clarify the mechanism from Toll-like receptors(TLRs)/MyD88 and Dectin-1/Syk signal pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome. To be specific, female KM mice were randomized into control group(i.g. Read More

Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022 Jun 21;17:100378. Epub 2022 Apr 21.

Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö 205 02, Sweden.

Background: Cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in women worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the association between common urogenital infections and cervical neoplasia.

Methods: A multi-register national cohort study of 4,120,557 women aged ≥15 years (2002-2018) was conducted. Read More

PLoS One 2022 28;17(4):e0267866. Epub 2022 Apr 28.

Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common cause of vaginitis, but the national burden is unknown, and clinical diagnosis without diagnostic testing is often inaccurate. We aimed to calculate rates and evaluate diagnosis and treatment practices of VVC and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) in the United States. We used the 2018 IBM® MarketScan® Research Databases, which include health insurance claims data on outpatient visits and prescriptions for >28 million people. Read More

Med Mycol 2022 Apr 28. Epub 2022 Apr 28.

Biofilm Research Laboratory Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been identified as a global issue of concern due to its clinical, social and economic implications. The emerging relevance of VVC makes it crucial to increase the knowledge on its epidemiological and etiological features in order to improve its prevention and treatment. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the incidence, microbiology, antifungal pattern and risk factors of VVC in Portugal. Read More

Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022 Jun 22;14(3):595-601. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Hospital Universitário Do Oeste Do Paraná, Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná Unioeste, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.

Mycocins are substances that have the potential to affect other sensitive yeasts or microorganisms. Wickerhamomyces anomalus is a yeast that produces mycocins that have great biotechnological potential, being highly competitive in many habitats, as it is adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions. Thus, they are targets for studies in different areas, including the environment, industry, and medical sciences. Read More

Int J Womens Health 2022 12;14:505-515. Epub 2022 Apr 12.

Medical Analysis Research Unit (URAM)/Bacteriology, International Center for Medical Research (CIRMF), Franceville, BP 769, Gabon.

Introduction: Discomfort in women of childbearing age associated with vaginal infections, namely bacterial vaginosis (BV), aerobic vaginitis (AV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and trichomoniasis (TV), represent a serious and ongoing gynecological complication throughout the world.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the etiologies of vaginal infections among outpatients in south-eastern Gabon.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed using participants referred directly by their treating doctor for a vaginal swab. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2022 04;105(4):367-368

Penn State Health St. Joseph Family Medicine Residency Program, Reading, PA, USA.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022 28;12:798738. Epub 2022 Mar 28.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.

Mixed vaginitis is a complex vaginal dysbiosis that differs from single vaginitis. Vaginitis in the third trimester may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The clinical characteristics, microbiological characteristics, and adverse pregnancy outcomes of mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy are worth studying. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2022 Apr;74(Supplement_2):S162-S168

Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common cause of vulvovaginal itching and discharge. This article discusses the latest CDC STI Treatment Guidelines for VVC.

Methods: A literature search of relevant topics was performed, and a team of experts was convened to discuss (1) diagnosis/testing modalities; treatment of (2) uncomplicated VVC , (3) complicated VVC, and (4) VVC caused by non-albicans yeast; (5) alternative treatment regimens; (6) susceptibility testing of yeast; Special Populations: (7) pregnancy and (8) HIV and VVC. Read More

Drugs Today (Barc) 2022 Apr;58(4):149-158

Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Worldwide, effective management of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) continues to serve as a major therapeutic goal with numerous unmet drug treatment challenges. After 3 decades of azole drug dominance, with few recent new antifungal agents and little progress in VVC management, the first-in-class oral triterpenoid glucan synthase inhibitor agent ibrexafungerp has emerged in the treatment of acute VVC. After reviewing existing treatment standards and unmet needs, the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial activity and clinical efficacy of ibrexafungerp are reviewed in this article together with phase III clinical trial results and drug safety. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2022 May 5;33(6):584-596. Epub 2022 Apr 5.

569645Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a common cause of vaginitis, affects 75% of women in their lifetime. In Kenya, vaginitis/VVC is managed using the vaginal discharge syndrome guidelines. We assessed how frequently healthcare workers consider the diagnosis of vaginitis/VVC in symptomatic women, and adherence to the syndromic guidelines, outpatient records at Nairobi City County health facilities, of non-pregnant symptomatic females aged ≥15 years were abstracted. Read More

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022 8;12:860589. Epub 2022 Mar 8.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.

Mixed vaginitis is the result of the simultaneous presence of different pathogenic processes mediated by at least two types of vaginal pathogens. Among the various types of mixed vaginitis presentations, bacterial vaginosis (BV) plus vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) presents to be the most prevalent form. Mixed vaginitis affects the health of women of all ages worldwide. Read More

Int Urogynecol J 2022 Mar 14. Epub 2022 Mar 14.

Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 608-Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 04024-002, Brazil.

Introduction And Hypothesis: The objective was to investigate the rate of adherence to pessary treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP), to identify factors associated with long-term (longer than 1 year) use of vaginal pessaries in Brazilian women with POP and its impact on quality of life (QoL).

Methods: A prospective observational study assessed 247 consecutive women candidates for a pessary to manage symptomatic POP. Patients were fitted with a ring pessary and follow-up visits were performed at 1, 6, and 12 months. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2022 Feb 24;23(5). Epub 2022 Feb 24.

Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common oral conditions affecting both youths and adults. There are some research works suggesting a high incidence of PD in pregnant women. As an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin, PD may result in the activation of the pathways affecting the course and the pregnancy outcome. Read More

Actas Dermosifiliogr 2022 Feb;113(2):T115-T122

Servicio de Dermatología Medicoquirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

Objective: To describe changes in sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

Material And Methods: We collected demographic, chronological, and clinical data for all patients seen for a possible STI at Hospital La Paz, Centro Sanitario Sandaval, and Centro de Diagnóstico Médico in Madrid and Hospital Costa del Sol in Malaga between March 14, 2020 and June 30, 2020.

Results: We identified 674 STI diagnoses. Read More

Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022 Feb;68(2):261-267

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Health Sciences Postgraduate Program - Natal (RN), Brazil.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2022 04 23;40(4):208-209. Epub 2022 Feb 23.

Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2022 Feb 25;44(2):169-177. Epub 2022 Feb 25.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

Objective:  To evaluate genital hygiene among women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) and/or vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).

Methods:  A cross-sectional study of reproductive-aged women who underwent gynecological and laboratory tests and fulfilled a genital hygiene questionnaire.

Results:  This study evaluated 166 healthy controls and 141 women diagnosed with either BV (n = 72), VVC (n = 61), or both (n = 8). Read More

J Clin Med 2022 Jan 24;11(3). Epub 2022 Jan 24.

Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital Heilig Hart, 3300 Tienen, Belgium.

is a frequent condition, and although several risk factors are known, its behavior is still enigmatic. The seasonal influence of climate conditions and living habits on its prevalence was studied. In a retrospective lab-based cohort over 10 years, we studied the prevalence of in 12,941 vaginal cultures taken from women attending a vulvovaginitis clinic. Read More

Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle) 2022 31;3(1):38-42. Epub 2022 Jan 31.

Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), defined as three or more confirmed infections over 1 year, occurs in up to 10% of women. In these women, the objective is often symptomatic control rather than mycologic cure. Current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend oral fluconazole as first-line maintenance, but state if this oral regimen is not feasible, intermittent topical treatments can be considered. Read More

Mayo Clin Proc 2022 02;97(2):347-358

Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Vaginitis is a common concern for women across the lifespan. Vaginal symptoms may impact quality of life, and clinicians are challenged in the evaluation and management of bacterial vaginosis, Candida vaginitis, trichomoniasis, desquamative inflammatory vaginitis, and genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Read More

Reprod Health 2022 Jan 28;19(1):21. Epub 2022 Jan 28.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.

Background: Aerobic vaginitis is a common cause of vaginal discharge in reproductive-age women, increasing the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes such as premature delivery, abortion, premature rupture of membranes and stillbirth. However, the aetiology and pathogenesis of aerobic vaginitis causing negative pregnancy outcomes are still unclear, and there is no unified and standardized treatment method for aerobic vaginitis in the pregnancy period.

Methods: We conducted a literature search of published studies in the English language focusing on aerobic vaginitis and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes utilizing PubMed and Web of Science from January 1973 through June 2021. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2022 Mar 15;116:380-386. Epub 2022 Jan 15.

Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Japan.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the association between potential risk factors and common vaginal infections using nationwide primary health care and other national registers.

Methods: An open cohort study consisting of 2,357,711 women aged 15 years to 50 years (2001 to 2018) was conducted in Sweden. The outcomes were first event of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in relation to sociodemographic factors. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 01 10;1:CD009151. Epub 2022 Jan 10.

Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Background: Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) affects up to 5% of women. No comprehensive systematic review of treatments for RVVC has been published.

Objectives: The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for RVVC. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2021 23;8:822386. Epub 2021 Dec 23.

Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021. Read More

Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022 Mar 8;194(3):1039-1050. Epub 2022 Jan 8.

Sri Sairam Siddha Medical College and Research Centre, CRRI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis called by its name Vellai Noi as per Siddha terminology is considerably the second most common cause of vaginal inflammation in the women of middle-aged group. Candida albicans are prioritised top among other pathogens in mediating vaginal inflammation and its related symptoms. Candida albicans exerts its virulence by secreting the enzyme known as secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP) which allows hassle-free adherence and growth of the opportunistic pathogen. Read More

Cell Rep 2022 01;38(1):110183

Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK. Electronic address:

Candida albicans is a commensal of the urogenital tract and the predominant cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Factors that increase circulatory estrogen levels such as pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy predispose women to VVC, but the reasons for this are largely unknown. Here, we investigate how adaptation of C. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022 Mar 30;48(3):857-865. Epub 2021 Dec 30.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kunming City Maternal and Child Health Service Center, Yunnan, China.

Background: The role of fungal pathogenic factors and the immune response of the vaginal epithelium in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) are still unclear. Our study wants to clarify whether there are differences in pathogenic factors between VVC and RVVC strains, confirm the roles of pathogenic factors in the pathogenesis of RVVC, and analyze the influence of pathogenic factors on vaginal host immunity.

Methods: VVC- and RVVC-causing Candida albicans strains were genotyped with 25S rDNA. Read More

Drugs R D 2022 Mar 27;22(1):9-13. Epub 2021 Dec 27.

Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.

On 2 June, 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved ibrexafungerp (formerly MK-3118 and SCY-078) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, also known as vaginal yeast infection. Ibrexafungerp is the first drug approved in a novel antifungal class in more than two decades, and the Food and Drug Administration's decision was based on positive results from two pivotal phase III studies in which oral ibrexafungerp proved both safe and effective in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The decision was also based on substantial preclinical and clinical work in both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibrexafungerp. Read More