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Postgrad Med J 2020 Apr 3;96(1134):212-220. Epub 2020 Feb 3.

Neurosurgery, Muthoot Healthcare, Kozhencherry, Kerala, India

Background: There is a lack of consensus in the management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain since ARUBA (A Randomised trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous malformations) trial showed that medical management is superior to interventional therapy in patients with unruptured brain AVMs. The treatment of brain AVM is associated with significant morbidity.

Objectives And Methods: A review was done to determine the behaviour of brain AVMs and analyse the risks and benefits of the available treatment options. Read More

Radiol Med 2020 Mar 10;125(3):237-246. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, 12 El-Gomhoreya Street, Mansoura, 35112, Egypt.

Persistent left-sided superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the commonest systemic venous anomaly in the thorax with a reported prevalence of up to 0.5% in otherwise normal population and up to 10% in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). In the absence of associated CHD, it is usually asymptomatic, discovered incidentally. Read More

SA J Radiol 2019 29;23(1):1729. Epub 2019 Jul 29.

Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Chest radiographs (CXRs) are the most common imaging investigations undertaken because of their value in evaluating the cardiorespiratory system. They play a vital role in intensive care units for evaluating the critically ill. It is therefore very common for the radiologist to encounter tubes, lines, medical devices and materials on a daily basis. Read More

Front Oncol 2019 17;9:1060. Epub 2019 Oct 17.

Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplant, University Hospitals of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Surgery among patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) and venous disease has emerged as a viable strategy to achieve curative treatment. By definition, these patients are at increased risk of a positive resection margin, however, controversy exists with regards to necessity of radical surgery and optimum pathways with no consensus on definitive treatment. A surgery first approach is possible though outcomes vary but patients can have an efficient pathway to surgery, particularly if biliary drainage is avoided which limits overall complications. Read More

Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018 08;43(8):1896-1907

Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, HUPNVS, 100, Bd du Général Leclerc, Clichy, France.

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is defined by clinical and laboratory signs associated with partial or complete impairment of hepatic venous drainage in the absence of right heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. Primary BCS is the most frequent type and is a complication of hypercoagulable states, in particular myeloproliferative neoplasms. Secondary BCS involves tumor invasion or extrinsic compression. Read More

Annu Rev Med 2018 01 6;69:263-276. Epub 2017 Sep 6.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; email: , , ,

Lymphedema affects up to 1 in 6 patients who undergo treatment for a solid tumor in the United States. Its prevalence has increased as more effective oncologic therapies have improved patient survival, but there remains no definitive cure. Recent research has elucidated new details in the pathogenesis of the disease and has demonstrated that it is fundamentally an immunologic process that ultimately results in inflammation, fibroadipose deposition, impaired lymphangiogenesis, and dysfunctional lymphatic pumping. Read More

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2017 Nov 6;234(11):1378-1386. Epub 2017 Jul 6.

Augenklinik Berlin-Marzahn.

Several glaucoma stents are available to surgically reduce the intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In comparison to conjunctival opening procedures, the advantages of microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) are relatively atraumatic ab-interno procedures through a paracentesis, conjunctival sparing for later filtrating surgery, and possible combined cataract surgery. In this overview, the principle of intraoperative indirect channelography as a decision criterion for the individual selection of glaucoma stent implantation is presented. Read More

Chirurgia (Bucur) 2017 May-Jun;112(3):193-207

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma is the most common type of biliary tract cancer and is associated with a high mortality, usually due to late presentation. High-resolution cross-sectional imaging modalities are necessary for diagnosis and preoperative planning. Although surgical resection with negative margins offers the only hope for cure, only a small subset of patients are amenable for surgery at the time of diagnosis. Read More

Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2017 Oct 5;57(10):505-512. Epub 2017 Jun 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University.

The evaluation of venous drainage patterns prior to surgery for skull base meningioma is important owing to their deep location and the vulnerability of surrounding vascular structures. In recent years, the microsurgical skull base approach has matured as a surgical technique, making it an important option for reducing complications related to skull base meningioma surgery. In addition, knowledge of the venous anatomy can prevent venous drainage route disturbance and potentially life-threatening complications. Read More

Vasa 2016 ;45(4):283-91

4 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.

Lymphoedema is a common and progressive disease which causes deterioration of the quality of life of patients. It is divided into two groups: primary and secondary lymphoedema. Nowadays, the majority of patients with lymphoedema are associated with a malignancy or its treatment modalities, such as cancer surgery and radiation therapy. Read More

Scand J Surg 2017 Jun 23;106(2):107-115. Epub 2016 May 23.

Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.

Background And Aims: There is a demand for a better understanding of the vascular structures around the right colonic area. Although right hemicolectomy with the recent concept of meticulous lymph node dissection is a standardized procedure for malignant diseases among most surgeons, variations in the actual anatomical vascular are not well understood. The aim of the present review was to present a detailed overview of the vascular variation pertinent to the surgery for right colon cancer. Read More

BMJ Clin Evid 2016 Jan 15;2016. Epub 2016 Jan 15.

University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Introduction: Leg ulcers usually occur secondary to venous reflux or obstruction, but 20% of people with leg ulcers have arterial disease, with or without venous disorders. Between 1.5 and 3. Read More

J Magn Reson Imaging 2015 Oct 24;42(4):870-86. Epub 2015 Feb 24.

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

With improvements in surgical and medical management, patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are often living well into adulthood. MRI provides critical data for diagnosis and monitoring of these patients, yielding information on cardiac anatomy, blood flow, and cardiac function. Though historically these exams have been complex and lengthy, four-dimensional (4D) flow is emerging as a single fast technique for comprehensive assessment of CHD. Read More

Insights Imaging 2015 Apr 17;6(2):231-9. Epub 2014 Dec 17.

Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy,

Pancreatic resections are surgical procedures associated with high incidence of complications, with relevant morbidity and mortality even at high volume centres. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in the management of these events and interventional radiology plays a crucial role in the treatment of patients developing post-surgical complications. This paper offers an overview on the interventional radiological procedures that can be performed to treat different type of complications after pancreatic resection. Read More

J Vasc Access 2012 Jul-Sep;13(3):271-8

Department of Vascular Surgery, "Democritus" University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.

Upper limb vein aneurysms complicate all types of autogenous arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and comprise false aneurysms secondary to venipuncture trauma as well as true aneurysms, characterized by dilatation of native veins. The dilatation of a normal vein and the development of a true aneurysm are strongly influenced by local hemodynamic factors affecting the flow in the drainage venous system and are also the target of operative interventions. This review article focuses on the description of these hemodynamic aspects which all physicians involved in the management of dialysis patients should be aware of. Read More

Acta Neurochir Suppl 2012 ;113:47-50

University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Sun City West, AZ, USA.

It was firmly established in the mid-twentieth century that the arachnoid villi represented an open pathway between the subarachnoid space and the dural venous sinuses. Intracellular and extracellular pathways within the villous structure provided the conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and particulate matter. The importance of the lymphatic system was established by the demonstration of CSF tracers entering the nasal lymphatic system via the perineural subarachnoid space enveloping the olfactory nerve rootlets. Read More

Perfusion 2011 Sep;26 Suppl 1:15-9

Heart Centre, Gent, Belgium.

Since the early start of cardiopulmonary bypass, vascular access has been recognized as a main variable for obtaining optimal blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. In particular, venous drainage can limit the maximum flow as the wide, low-resistance, collapsible veins are connected with smaller stiff cannulas and tubing. Due to the introduction of long venous cannulas for minimally invasive cardiac surgery and the desire to limit hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass, more and more centers have started using assisted venous drainage techniques. Read More

Neurosurg Rev 2012 Apr 10;35(2):155-69; discussion 169. Epub 2011 Sep 10.

Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is an increasingly common neurological disease process. Despite the wide prevalence of cSDH, there remains a lack of consensus regarding numerous aspects of its clinical management. We provide an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cSDH and discuss several controversial management issues, including the timing of post-operative resumption of anticoagulant medications, the effectiveness of anti-epileptic prophylaxis, protocols for mobilization following evacuation of cSDH, as well as the comparative effectiveness of the various techniques of surgical evacuation. Read More

Phlebology 2010 Dec;25(6):269-79

Vascular Disease Centre, Interventional Radiology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome characterized by stenosies of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins (IJVs-AZ) with opening of collaterals and insufficient drainage proved by reduced cerebral blood flow and increased mean transit time in cerebral MRI perfusional study. The present review is aimed to give a comprehensive overview of the actual status of the art of the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. As far as the origin of venous narrowing is concerned, phlebographic studies of the IJVs and AZ systems demonstrated that venous stenoses were likely to be truncular venous malformations; mostly, they are intraluminal defects such as malformed valve, septa webs. Read More

Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011 Jun 7;34(3):445-61. Epub 2010 Oct 7.

Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University College Hospital Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is often managed with a health care pathway that funnels patients to anticoagulation therapy alone. This "usual treatment" is designed to stop propagation and embolisation of venous thrombus but not remove it. Surgical thrombectomy was once the only option in severe cases in which limbs were threatened, but thrombus removal is no longer restricted to emergency cases. Read More

Int J Cardiol 2011 Feb 2;147(1):13-24. Epub 2010 Aug 2.

Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Interest for the pulmonary veins has increased in the past decade after the potential arrhythmogenicity of the myocardial sleeve surrounding these structures has been recognized. Furthermore, there are several clinical entities, such as anomalous connection pattern and pulmonary vein stenosis, that are related to abnormal pulmonary vein development. In this review, we will describe current literature and aim to elucidate and reorganize current opinions on normal and abnormal pulmonary vein development in relation to clinical (management of) diseases. Read More

Clin Anat 2009 Jan;22(1):129-45

Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.

Cardiac veins have long stood in the shadow of their more extensively studied counterparts, the coronary arteries. The clinical importance of the coronary venous system, nonetheless, should not be underestimated. Intricate and beneficial therapeutic options are increasingly being developed that depend on knowledge of the structure of this venous network. Read More

J Urol 2008 Dec 18;180(6):2338-42; discussion 2342. Epub 2008 Oct 18.

Division of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Section of Urologic Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.

Purpose: Complete removal of retroperitoneal and pelvic tumors may require resection or ligation of major retroperitoneal, pelvic and mesenteric venous structures. We provide an overview of venous anatomy and collateral drainage, and review the veins that can be safely resected.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed major anatomical texts, and performed a directed MEDLINE literature search of retroperitoneal, pelvic and mesenteric venous anatomy. Read More

Ostomy Wound Manage 2008 Jan;54(1):20-2, 24-32

University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

The prevalence of morbid obesity, along with related comorbidities, is dramatically increasing in the US, confounding wound care for persons at heightened risk for skin compromise. The purpose of this overview is to examine common concerns related to morbid obesity and interrelated lower extremity complications, including wound and skin infections, dermatologic conditions, lymphovenous obstruction syndromes, chronic venous insufficiency, and anatomical abnormalities such as massive localized lymphedema. Treatment may include surgery for massive lymphedema localizations, compression bandaging for chronic venous insufficiency as well as lymphedema, manual lymph drainage for lymphedema, and prompt and aggressive management of wound infection and bioburden. Read More

Laryngorhinootologie 2008 Jan 23;87(1):43-8. Epub 2007 Aug 23.

Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg.

Background: Because the tongue is an organ known for its excellent blood supply, ischaemic lingual necrosis is extremely rare within clinical everyday life. Acute lingual circulatory disturbances can result from impairment of venous drainage or more often from ischaemic arterial occlusion. Due to permanent function loss of the tongue, apparent lingual necrosis may lead to severe mutilation of the patient. Read More

Dis Colon Rectum 2006 Feb;49(2):261-71

Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Purpose: Rectal injuries during barium enema are rare but life-threatening complications. The last review about this subject was published more than ten years ago. In the present review, we present an overview on the subject and especially focus on changes in treatment strategies and developments of less risky visualization techniques. Read More

Neurol Res 2000 Dec;22(8):747-90

Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Faculté du Médecine et de Pharmacie, Place St. Jacques, 25000 Besancon, France.

After a short overview of the history of our knowledge of the pineal gland, its anatomy and its function, this work is primarily devoted to the relationships of the pineal gland to the nerve structures which delineate the pineal region. The complex surrounding blood vessels located in the quadrigeminal cistern are described with a special focus on the numerous venous trunks. Finally, the pineal blood supply is studied in three steps: (1) The arterial supply obtained through several groups of pineal arteries stemming mainly from the medial posterior choroidal arteries; (2) The venous drainage by the lateral pineal veins flowing, in most cases, into the cerebral vein of Galen; (3) The intrapineal vascular architecture with specific features concerning the central part of the gland highly vascularized by large sinusoid capillaries and its peripheral part poorly vascularized by small and fine blood vessels. Read More

Proc Nutr Soc 1999 Nov;58(4):871-5

School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK.

The arterio-venous difference technique is now well established in the study of organ and tissue metabolism. This technique requires samples to be obtained of the arterial blood supplying and the venous drainage from a tissue, together with a measurement of the blood flow through the tissue. The technique is most appropriate when the arterial concentration and tissue metabolism of a substance are constant, and when the blood flow is stable. Read More

J Indian Med Assoc 1999 Oct;97(10):436-7, 441

Perfusion Services, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA.

The introduction of minimally invasive approaches to cardiac surgery offered the opportunity to reduce patient's pain associated with median stemotomy as well as infection and postoperative bleeding. This technique required the use of one small venous cannula necessitating the implementation of kinetic assisted venous drainage (KAVD). However, KAVD proved costly due to the use of a centrifugal pump and could be de-primed if air was introduced into the venous line. Read More

Angiology 1997 Jan;48(1):27-32

Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.

In an overview the microvascular involvement in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is described. Microangiopathy in the lower leg areas is characterized by the presence of typical enlarged and ramified blood capillaries, reduced capillary number, microvascular thrombosis and obliterations, and/or increased permeability of microlymphatics. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) is decreased and directly correlated to the number of perfused capillaries, whereas laser Doppler flux is enhanced. Read More

Nervenarzt 1994 Apr;65(4):226-37

Neurologische Klinik mit klinischer Neurophysiologie, Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen.

An overview of cerebral arteriovenous malformations is presented. These congenital lesions are classified according to volume, number of feeding arteries, type of venous drainage, and localization. Clinical manifestations are intracerebral or subarachnoidal hemorrhages, or symptomatic epileptic seizures. Read More

Surgery 1993 Nov;114(5):976-83

Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.

Background: The surgical procedures to reconstruct the hepatic veins differ according to their anatomic variations to obtain the optimal graft volume for the recipient. This is an overview of the procedures used in our 25 living related liver transplantations.

Methods: The donor/recipient body weight ratio ranged widely from 1. Read More

Surg Clin North Am 1993 Apr;73(2):337-52

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.

The intraoperative management of complex liver injuries can be extremely challenging. During the past two decades, there have been some changes in philosophy regarding the optimal techniques for controlling hemorrhage and decreasing mortality and morbidity rates. An overview of these techniques is presented. Read More

Neurosurg Rev 1986 ;9(3):177-216

Vascular malformations of the central nervous system (C.N.S. Read More

Surgery 1985 Mar;97(3):251-62

Proximal biliary tract cancer carries a dismal prognosis. Few patients have a curative option. However, worthwhile palliation can be achieved in many patients by relieving obstructive jaundice. Read More

S Afr Med J 1980 Apr;57(16):658-61

The present-day management of hepatic injuries is reviewed in the light of experience with over 1 400 cases at Wayne State University. Mortality is now between 10% and 14%, although this is reduced to 5% if only the liver is injured. The disparity between degree of severity of trauma and severity of injury is noted, as is the trend toward a more conservative surgical approach recently. Read More

Aust N Z J Surg 1977 Aug;47(4):438-41

In order to give an overview of recent advances in general surgery, it is necessary to define: (i) what is general surgery; (ii) what is recent; and (iii) what constitutes an advance. General surgery appears to have entered an era of conservatism. This is particularly evident in the surgery of breast cancer, peptic ulceration, varicose veins, liver trauma, portal hypertension, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and hiatal hernia. Read More