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Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2019 Mar 11;65(3):469-474. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Department of Integrated Clinical Discussions, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brasil.

Introduction: Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder that affects the cell body, axon or myelin of motor or peripheral sensory neurons and occurs in 60-100% of patients who are submitted to dialysis due to chronic kidney disease. Uremic neuropathy (UN) is attributed to the accumulation of organic waste, evident in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Objectives: This review aims to make clinical characteristics of uremic neuropathy evident enabling early diagnosis and treatment. Read More

Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2019 Feb;65(2):281-286

Department of Integrated Clinical Discussions, ABC Medical School, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, CEP 09060-650, Santo André, SP, Brasil.

Introduction: Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder that affects the cell body, axon or myelin of motor or peripheral sensory neurons and occurs in 60-100% of patients who are submitted to dialysis due to chronic kidney disease. Uremic neuropathy is attributed to the accumulation of organic waste, evident in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Objectives: This review aims to make clinical characteristics of uremic neuropathy evident enabling early diagnosis and treatment. Read More

Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018 Dec 2. Epub 2018 Dec 2.

a Department of Neurology and Psychiatry , Assiut University Hospital , Assiut , Egypt.

Introduction: Uremic syndrome of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a term used to describe clinical, metabolic and hormonal abnormalities associated with progressive kidney failure. It is a rapidly growing public health problem worldwide. Nervous system complications occur in every patient with uremic syndrome of CKD. Read More

Kidney Int 2018 04;93(4):1021

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Neuroophthalmology 2017 Dec 10;41(6):321-325. Epub 2017 May 10.

Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Renal osteodystrophy can cause calvarial hypertrophy and narrowing of the neural canals and foramina. Compressive optic neuropathy is extremely rare in renal osteodystrophy and was reported once only. The authors report bilateral, simultaneous compressive optic neuropathy secondary to renal osteodystrophy with features of uremic leontiasis ossea in chronic renal failure caused by branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Read More

Hemodial Int 2018 04 11;22(2):150-160. Epub 2017 Aug 11.

Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA.

Perhaps no other organ in the body is affected as often and in as many ways as the brain is in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several factors contribute to the neurological disorders in CKD including accumulation of uremic toxins, metabolic and hemodynamic disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired blood brain barrier among others. The neurological disorders in CKD involve both peripheral and central nervous system. Read More

Semin Pediatr Neurol 2017 02 23;24(1):25-32. Epub 2016 Dec 23.

From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address:

Neurological manifestations related to electrolyte disorders, drug toxicity, and uremia are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Seizures and coma are frequent complications of acute renal insufficiency (uremia), whereas peripheral neuropathy and encephalopathy, observed in progressive uremia, are terminal events. Failure to excrete metabolic products causes their accumulation and can lead to severe intoxication. Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2017 Jun 1;11(6):OC37-OC40. Epub 2017 Jun 1.

Professor, Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Introduction: Uremic polyneuropathy is very common among patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The patients have electrophysiologic signs of impaired nerve function, although a lower percentage of patients are symptomatic. Electrophysiological parameters are quantitative indices of Polyneuropathy (PNP) severity. Read More

Heart Views 2017 Apr-Jun;18(2):62-63

Department of Cardiology, JLN Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

A 55-year-old diabetic woman suffered a posterior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction. She developed contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography. Acute fulminant uremic neuropathy was precipitated which initially mimicked Guillan-Barre Syndrome, hence reported. Read More

Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2017 Jan 22;71(0):32-39. Epub 2017 Jan 22.

Uniwersyteckie Centrum Okulistyki i Onkologii Samodzielnego Publicznego Szpitala Klinicznego Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach; Klinika Okulistyki Katedry Okulistyki, Wydział Lekarski w Katowicach Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach.

Chronic renal failure is associated with many neurological complications. Due to accumulation of uremic neurotoxins axonal degeneration with its secondary demyelination occurs, which results in development of polineuropathy in 60‑100% of patients with chronic renal failure. One of the most severe peripheral neuropathy is optic neuropathy. Read More

J Adv Res 2017 Mar 2;8(2):99-111. Epub 2016 Dec 2.

Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

Vasculitis is a remarkable presentation of the extrahepatic manifestations of HCV. According to the presence or absence of cryoglobulins it is subdivided into two main types: cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and non cryoglobulinemic vasculitis based on the attribution of vasculitis to serum cryoglobulins as a pathogenic factor. The attribution of cryoglobulinemia to HCV represents a success story in the history of immunology, microbiology, and clinical medicine. Read More

Clin Nephrol 2017 Mar;87 (2017)(3):134-139

Objectives: This study seeks to examine the characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with uremic peripheral neuropathy.

Methods: Uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) at our hospital were enrolled in this study. Data collection began in January 2011 and ended in June 2011. Read More

Hemodial Int 2017 01 11;21(1):63-71. Epub 2016 Jul 11.

Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Introduction: Pruritus is one of the frustrating skin manifestations of advanced renal failure. Many options have been used for the management of uremic pruritus (UP) such as pregabalin. There are some studies that reported beneficial effects of pregabalin in reducing UP; however, most of them did not have a comparator arm. Read More

Expert Rev Neurother 2016 11 7;16(11):1263-1277. Epub 2016 Jul 7.

a Instituto de Neurociencias y Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain.

Introduction: The first two alphadelta ligands - gabapentin (GBP) and pregabalin (PGB) - were initially synthesized as antiepileptics; however, they were later also found to be useful for the treatment of additional conditions. Areas covered: Relevant publications describing potential underlying mechanisms, clinical pharmacokinetics/pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy and safety of these drugs in various disease conditions were searched in PubMed and Scopus and included in this review. Expert commentary: GBP and PGB are effective for the treatment neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia and epilepsy; in addition, they may be useful for the reduction of postoperative pain. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2015 Aug 12;16:134. Epub 2015 Aug 12.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.

Background: Uremic neuropathy is a common complication in patients with end stage kidney disease. Its pathogenesis has been attributed to accumulation of uremic toxins. Kidney transplantation has been the best therapeutic option. Read More

Indian J Nephrol 2015 Jul-Aug;25(4):229-33

Department of Physiology, MGIMS, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy seen in uremic patients. The study was undertaken to estimate the frequency of CTS in uremic patients and to identify the most sensitive electrodiagnostic test. Study was conducted on 80 subjects of age 30-60 years. Read More

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015 May;95(17):1319-22

Blood Purification Center, Municipal People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.

Objective: To explore the efficacy and mechanism of hemoperfusion (HP) plus hemodialysis (HD) for peripheral neuropathy of uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Methods: A total of 66 uremic patients on hemodialysis during January 2014 and April 2011 were assigned randomly into HP+HD, low-flux HD and high-flux HD groups (n=22 each). The serum levels of leptin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and β-2 microglobulin were observed pre and post-treatment. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015 28;6:88. Epub 2015 May 28.

Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global public health problem of epidemic proportions, with 60-70% of affected individuals suffering from associated neurovascular complications that act on multiple organ systems. The most common and clinically significant neuropathies of T2DM include uremic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. These conditions seriously impact an individual's quality of life and significantly increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. Read More

Indian J Dermatol 2015 Mar-Apr;60(2):211

Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Background: Uremic pruritus (UP) is a very distressing symptom and remains one of the most frustrating and potentially disabling symptoms in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Its etiopathogenesis remains unclear and complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in UP, and correlate its level with the severity of itching in ESRD patients. Read More

J Physiol Sci 2015 Jan 7;65(1):113-9. Epub 2014 Nov 7.

Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8935, Japan,

The aim of this paper is to investigate cortical excitability in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) without any symptoms suggestive of uremic encephalopathy. We performed transcranial magnetic stimulation for 52 PD patients and 28 normal subjects. We compared the active motor threshold (AMT), resting motor threshold (RMT), root latency, central motor conduction time (CMCT), and cortical silent period (CSP) in PD patients to those in normal subjects. Read More

Arab J Nephrol Transplant 2014 May;7(2):91-6

Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt.

Introduction: Uremia is the most important systemic cause of pruritus. Uremic pruritus (UP) was found to affect 50-90% of patients undergoing dialysis and about 25% of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite its high prevalence, morbidity and the marked influence on quality of life, UP remains poorly characterized. Read More

Handb Clin Neurol 2014 ;119:383-93

Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Alfried-Krupp-Hospital, Essen, Germany. Electronic address:

There is an increasing incidence and prevalence of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Western industrialized countries and currently is estimated at approximately 10% of adults aged over 20 years. Renal failure causes an excessively increased risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications. Moreover, renal failure leads to a number of the neurologic symptoms neurologists are often confronted with. Read More

Ren Fail 2013 21;35(10):1323-9. Epub 2013 Aug 21.

Department of Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak , Haryana , India and.

Introduction: Neurological complications secondary to the uremic state, contribute largely to the morbidity and mortality in patients with renal failure. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy remains high in advanced renal dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 adult patients of chronic kidney disease between 18 and 75 years of age with serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL. Read More

Semin Nephrol 2013 May;33(3):290-9

Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Disordered potassium homeostasis is a common complication of chronic kidney disease and traditional management focuses on restricting potassium intake to avoid hyperkalemia. Permissive potassium intake carries the risk of hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia, and possibly may contribute to the development of uremic neuropathy. Excessive potassium restriction and removal by dialysis carries the risk of worsened chronic hypertension, intradialytic hypotension, renal fibrosis and cyst formation, and ventricular arrhythmias. Read More

Handb Clin Neurol 2013 ;115:607-12

Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France. Electronic address:

Polyneuropathy is a common complication of end-stage renal failure especially when treatment with periodic hemodialysis is started too late. Large myelinated fibers bear the brunt of the many biological changes associated with renal failure. Nerve conduction slowing is common in this setting. Read More

J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec 2013 Apr 8;5(1):2-7. Epub 2014 Jun 8.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.

Renal impairment has long been known to affect wound healing. However, information on differences in the spectrum of wound healing depending on the type of renal insufficiency is limited. Acute kidney injury (AKI) may be observed with different wound types. Read More

J Ren Nutr 2013 May 16;23(3):199-202. Epub 2013 Mar 16.

Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1053, USA.

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure in westernized societies, including the United States. In addition to renal manifestations, complications of poorly controlled diabetes include accelerated atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The estimated total cost of diabetes care in the United States was $174 billion in 2007-a number expected to increase markedly in the coming decades. Read More

J Clin Neurophysiol 2013 Feb;30(1):92-4

Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

Background: Routine electrophysiological parameters for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome do not detect median neuropathy at wrist in cases with concomitant severe peripheral neuropathy what ever its cause. Uremic patients on dialysis may have hand symptoms that may be because of peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, or both.

Objective: The authors aimed to assess the significance of the second lumbrical-interosseus (2L-INT) latency difference as a predictor of carpal tunnel syndrome in uremic patients on dialysis. Read More

Pediatrics 2013 Feb 6;131(2):e629-34. Epub 2013 Jan 6.

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Folate and vitamin B(12) metabolism are essential for de novo purine synthesis, and several defects in these pathways have been associated with immunodeficiency. Here we describe the occurrence of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and neurologic abnormalities in which hydroxocobalamin and folate therapy provided partial immune reconstitution. Whole exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous mutations in the MTHFD1 gene, which encodes a trifunctional protein essential for processing of single-carbon folate derivatives. Read More

Clin Nephrol 2013 Jan;79 Suppl 1:S24-7

Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.

Objective And Design: Peripheral neuropathy is a devastating uremic complication that causes debilitating pain and movement limitation. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of high-tone external muscle stimulation (HTEMS) therapy on clinical and electrophysiologycal parameters in hemodialysis patients with uremic peripheral neuropathy.

Patients And Interventions: The study group consisted of 28 chronic hemodialysis patients (mean age 71. Read More

Clin Nephrol 2013 Jan;79 Suppl 1:S2-11

Department of Nephrology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Pain is a major health problem in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) affecting half of the dialysis patients; most of them experience a moderate to severe degree of pain. Nevertheless, the impact of chronic pain and its consequences are often underestimated. Sources of pain related to the uremic environment are renal bone disease (osteitis fibrosa cystica, amyloidosis, osteomalacia), osteoarthritis, calcific uremic arteriolopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Read More

Ophthalmologe 2013 Jul;110(7):668-70

Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.

After emerging from a coma caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) sepsis with severe neurological and renal involvement a 53-year-old female patient complained of blurred vision. Due to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) the patient also suffered from dialysis-dependent acute kidney failure. Horizontal visual field defects of the lower hemifield and corresponding segmental optic disc pallor were found in both eyes. Read More

Ann Rehabil Med 2012 Oct 31;36(5):702-7. Epub 2012 Oct 31.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon 630-522, Korea.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between severity of peripheral polyneuropathy (PPN) and degree of depression and quality of life in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on hemodialysis (HD).

Method: Forty seven chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis were recruited (22 male, 25 female, mean age of 63.17±12. Read More

Neurol Res 2012 Dec;34(10):960-6

Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

Background: There is very little published information about the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of peripheral neuropathies. The current study is a community-based survey was conducted in the Assiut Governorate to estimate their prevalence and clinical profile.

Material And Methods: A door-to-door study was carried out on 42,223 persons from rural and urban communities in the Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Read More

Semin Dial 2012 Jul 11;25(4):403-7. Epub 2012 Jun 11.

Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.

The patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is at risk for development of eye disease. This risk is related to the comorbid conditions that are often seen in ESRD patients as well as to the unique effects of hemodialysis and the uremic state in leading to changes in the conjunctivae, cornea, retina, and macula. The most common ocular complaints in ESRD patients include red, irritated eyes, and may be associated with elevations in the calcium-phosphate product. Read More

Clin Nephrol 2012 Jun;77(6):468-75

Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Bologna, Endocrinology Unit, L. Sacco Hospital, Milano, Cuneo, Italy.

Background/aims: Uremic Neuropathy (UN) highly limits the individual self-sufficiency causing near-continuous pain. An estimation of the actual UN prevalence among hemodialysis patients was the aim of the present work.

Methods: We studied 225 prevalent dialysis patients from two Italian Centers. Read More

Retin Cases Brief Rep 2012 ;6(2):172-5

*Department of Ophthalmology, Lund, Sweden †Department of Ophthalmology, Kalmar, Sweden ‡Renal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Visby Hospital, Sweden.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe a patient with uremic optic neuropathy and concomitant epiretinal membrane formation.

Methods: The patient was investigated by standard ophthalmoscopy, blood samples, and by radiography.

Patient: A 24-year-old woman with renal failure. Read More

Rev Diabet Stud 2011 10;8(2):259-67. Epub 2011 Aug 10.

Division of General and Transplant Surgery in Uremic and Diabetic Patients, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.

We report on our single-center experience with pancreas transplantation alone (PTA) in 71 patients with type 1 diabetes, and a 4-year follow-up. Portal insulin delivery was used in 73.2% of cases and enteric drainage of exocrine secretion in 100%. Read More

Pediatr Transplant 2012 Nov 21;16(7):E296-300. Epub 2011 Dec 21.

Department of Neurology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA.

Clinical and pathologic studies on adults with uremic neuropathy are numerous, but less is known about this disorder in children and adolescents. We report the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic findings in an adolescent female with uremic neuropathy. Electrophysiologic findings were consistent with a primarily axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Read More

Int Neurourol J 2011 Sep 30;15(3):127-34. Epub 2011 Sep 30.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Purpose: The present study was designed to explore the potential of flunarizine for cisplatin induced painful uremic neuropathy in rats.

Methods: Cisplatin (2 mg/kg; i.p. Read More

Contrib Nephrol 2011 8;173:119-29. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

Hospal, Meyzieu, France.

In response to a request from the French government, Rhône-Poulenc started development of a synthetic membrane for dialysis in 1969. When used for patients the new membrane, AN69, showed improved efficiency and clinical outcome. Treatment times could be reduced, peripheral neuropathy improved and patients expressed improved quality of life. Read More

Acta Neurol Scand 2012 Jun 9;125(6):403-9. Epub 2011 Aug 9.

Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.

Objectives: To determine clinical and laboratory predictors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing long-term hemodialysis (HD).

Materials And Methods: One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients were assessed. History of sleep disturbances, neurological examination, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Read More

Hemodial Int 2011 Jul 31;15(3):395-8. Epub 2011 May 31.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju City, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea.

Uremic optic neuropathy (UON) is extremely rare, although sporadic cases have been reported. UON is sometimes regarded as a manifestation of uremic neuropathy. Here, we report a case of end-stage renal disease presenting as UON. Read More

Ren Fail 2011 ;33(3):371-2

Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.

We present a 62-year-old man, with a prior history of diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic heart disease, and chronic renal failure requiring peritoneal dialysis, who developed accelerated uremic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Our patient significantly improved after effective hemodialysis. Although renal transplantation is a curable therapy for uremic neuropathy, effective dialysis is still an important treatment for the group of patients who cannot undergo renal transplantation. Read More

Przegl Lek 2010 ;67(3):145-8

Pracownia EMG Zakładu Neurofizjologii, Klinicznej Instytutu Psychiatrii i Neurologii w Warszawie.

Unlabelled: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most frequent neuropathy observed in maintenance haemodialysis patients. In spite of the established diagnostic guidelines and many different methods of nerve conduction testing, sometimes difficult to distinguish very advanced CTS (absent median motor and sensory responses) from uremic neuropathy. In the last few years the 2LI-DML test has been accepted as a reliable method for the diagnosis for very advanced stage of CTS. Read More

G Ital Nefrol 2009 Sep-Oct;26(5):585-99

Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia), Italy.

Pruritus is a common and unpleasant symptom in the dialysis setting, affecting about half of all hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. It has a great impact on patients' quality of life and is also associated with increased mortality. The pathogenesis of uremic pruritus (UP) is clearly multifactorial and still poorly understood. Read More

Wien Med Wochenschr 2009 ;159(13-14):317-26

Hautarztpraxis, Schmölln, Deutschland.

The uremic pruritus is a very painful symptom suffered by chronic haemodialysis patients and is observed in 22 to 74% of the subjects. The causes of uremic pruritus have not yet been clarified. During the last 20 to 30 years it has been focused on altogether 5 different pathophysiological hypotheses: stimulating influences (e. Read More

Pol Merkur Lekarski 2009 Apr;26(154):340-2

Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw.

The authors present a 14-year old boy with acute renal failure in the course of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), preceded by bloody diarrhea of unknown origin. The course of HUS was complicated with hypertensive crisis, pleural effusion. Pleural puncture was complicated with massive hemorrhage which required thoracotomy. Read More

Brain Nerve 2009 May;61(5):539-47

Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 1-17-7-301 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053, Japan.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is known to occur secondary to various medical conditions such as iron deficiency, pregnancy, end-stage renal disease, and neuropathy. Secondary RLS usually occurs later in the life and in the absence of a family history of RLS. Diagnosis of secondary RLS may be difficult, particularly in patients with neurological comorbidities. Read More

Rev Prat 2008 Nov;58(17):1903-9

Service de neurologie, centre de référence maladies rares, neuropathies amyloïdes familiales et autres neuropathies périphériques rares, CHU de Bicêtre, université Paris-Sud 11, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

Due to the high prevalence of diabetic neuropathies, metabolic neuropathies are common. "Diabetic neuropathy" is a slowly progressive painful sensory neuropathy evolving with a length dependent pattern. Slight distal weakness of toes extensor can be observed. Read More