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BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 14;19(1):16. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Department of Ophthalmology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, #68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 01830.

Background: Trochleitis is trochlear pain with evidence of inflammation in the trochlear area on radiologic examination. The etiology of trochleitis is mostly idiopathic. Secondary trochleitis is rare, and trochleitis associated with paranasal sinusitis in children has not yet been reported. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Dec 17;18(1):325. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.

Background: To compare clinical characteristics according to the laterality of objective ocular torsion in patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: This retrospective study included all patients with a diagnosis of unilateral SOP. They were classified into subgroups according to correspondence between the paretic eye and the extorted eye using fundus photography. Read More

J Neurol 2019 Feb 17;266(2):476-479. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.

To define the prevalence and characteristics of single ocular motor nerve palsy (OMNP) associated with positive serum anti-GQ1b antibody. We performed a prospective multicenter study that recruited 82 patients with single OMNP without identifiable causes from the history and neuroimaging in six neurology clinics of university hospitals. We measured serum anti-GQ1b antibody in all participants. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;32(6):478-482

Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative effect of inferior oblique (IO) 10- and 14-mm recession on postoperative horizontal deviation.

Methods: Patients (22 men and 18 women) who underwent IO recession were divided into two groups for comparison studies: group 1 (10-mm IO recession, 15 patients) and group 2 (14-mm IO recession, 25 patients). Preoperative and postoperative horizontal deviations were measured, and the resulting horizontal deviations from the 10- and 14-mm IO recession surgeries were compared. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Ophthalmology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Purpose: To evaluate the results of surgical treatment in a large group of patients with trochlear nerve palsy, with emphasis on the self-grading effect of a standardized recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle.

Methods: All patients who underwent first-time surgery for trochlear nerve palsy in the period 2005-2014 in our department (n = 114) were retrospectively evaluated regarding pre- and postoperative data, surgical procedure, and the need for reoperations. Mean follow-up time was 8. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2018 Nov 8. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea

Aims: To determine the structure-function relationship between the degree of superior oblique (SO) hypoplasia and ocular motility in unilateral SO palsy.

Methods: A total of 166 patients with unilateral SO palsy were divided into three groups based on their aetiology and high-resolution MRI findings by an in-plane resolution of 0.25  mm: (1) congenital SO palsy and unilateral trochlear nerve agenesis (absent group, n=79), (2) congenital SO palsy and symmetric trochlear nerves on both sides (present group, n=40) and (3) acquired SO palsy (acquired group, n=47) who all had symmetric trochlear nerves on both sides. Read More

Turk J Ophthalmol 2018 Oct 31;48(5):267-273. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Batıgöz Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, İstanbul, Turkey.

Symptomatic excyclotorsion is an important clinical problem, especially in acquired superior oblique muscle palsy. Excyclotorsion can disrupt the fusion and cause torsional diplopia. Harada-Ito surgery (HI) is a widely used method for treating excyclotorsions. Read More

Korean J Neurotrauma 2018 Oct 31;14(2):129-133. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Cranial nerve palsies are relatively common after trauma, but trochlear nerve palsy is relatively uncommon. Although traumatic trochlear nerve palsy is easy to diagnose clinically because of extraocular movement disturbances, radiologic evaluations of this condition are difficult to perform because of the nerve's small size. Here, we report the case of a patient with delayed traumatic trochlear nerve palsy associated with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the related radiological findings, as obtained with high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Read More

Epilepsy Behav 2018 Dec 26;89:37-41. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Stanford Neurosurgery, 213 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive alternative with less cognitive risks compared with traditional surgery for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.

Objective: We describe seizure outcomes and complications after LITT in our cohort with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).

Material And Methods: We prospectively tracked Stanford's MTLE cases treated with LITT from October 2014 to October 2017. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Sep 3;117:419-421. Epub 2018 Jul 3.

Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.

Background: Neurosurgeons who operate in and around the pathway of the ocular nerves should have good knowledge of not only their normal anatomy but also their variations.

Case Description: During routine dissection of the orbits in an adult cadaver, an aberrant branch of the right trochlear nerve continued on to innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle. In this case, the trochlear nerve also provided a branch to the supratrochlear nerve. Read More

Neural Regen Res 2018 Oct;13(10):1851-1856

Ocular Motility Disorder Treatment & Rehabilitation Center, Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.

Objective and accurate assessment of the degree of ocular motor nerve palsy is helpful not only in the evaluation of prognosis, but also for the screening of treatment methods. However, there is currently no comprehensive measure of its severity. In this study, we designed the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale and investigated its validity and reliability. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 May 30;18(1):128. Epub 2018 May 30.

Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.

Backgound: To identify and compare specific protein levels between overacting inferior oblique (IO) muscles in superior oblique (SO) palsy patients and normal IO muscles.

Methods: We obtained 20 IO muscle samples from SO palsy patients with IO overaction ≥ + 3 who underwent IO myectomies (IOOA group), and 20 IO samples from brain death donors whose IO had functioned normally, according to their ophthalmological chart review (control group). We used MyoD for identifying satellite cell activation, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) for IGF effects, thioredoxin for oxidative stress, and p27 for satellite cell activation or oxidative stress in both groups. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018 Jul 29;55(4):234-239. Epub 2018 May 29.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of bilateral superior oblique posterior 7/8th tenectomy with inferior rectus recession on improving chin-up head positioning in patients with horizontal nystagmus.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed from 2007 to 2017 for patients with nystagmus and chin-up positioning of 15° or more who underwent combined bilateral superior oblique posterior 7/8th tenectomy with an inferior rectus recession of at least 5 mm.

Results: Thirteen patients (9 males and 4 females) were included, with an average age of 7. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2018 06 20;32(3):221-227. Epub 2018 Mar 20.

Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course and prognostic factors of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve (CN) palsy grouped according to etiology.

Methods: This study involved a retrospective review of the medical records of 153 patients who were diagnosed with acquired paralytic strabismus from January 2004 to July 2015. Outcomes, recovery rates, and time to recovery were investigated according to the affected CN: CN3, CN4, and CN6 palsies. Read More

J Clin Neurol 2018 Jan;14(1):66-72

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.

Background And Purpose: To determine the diagnostic utility of the three-step test in unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP) according to the presence of the trochlear nerve using high-resolution thin-section magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods: In total, 166 patients with congenital and acquired unilateral SOP were included, comprising 87 with a normal trochlear nerve (present group) and 79 without a trochlear nerve (absent group). The sensitivity of each component of the three-step test was evaluated as well as factors related to the sensitivity. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Jun 27;114:274-280. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Objectives: The schwannoma of the trochlear nerve is rare and originates mostly from the distal parts in the interpeduncular cistern. A lesion on the proximal segment in the inferior pineal region is extremely rare. Because of the rarity of the disease, the surgical approach to this region for the resection of trochlear nerve schwannoma has not been well documented in the literature. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018 May 1;256(5):975-982. Epub 2018 Mar 1.

Section for Strabismus, Periocular Surgery and Paediatric Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye-Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to present a feasibility study to evaluate and compare a self-constructed, digital-based tangent scale using the Harms tangent screen test for the examination of patients' strabismus angles.

Methods: The documented strabismus angles of 10 patients were measured at nine gaze-positions and compared using the Harms tangent screen test (Harms Screen) and a self-constructed digital screen test (Digital Screen). The primary outcome is the difference in the measured angles between both methods. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 03;66(3):481-482

Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 03;66(3):481

Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology, C. L. Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

J Emerg Med 2018 06 14;54(6):799-806. Epub 2018 Feb 14.

Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Background: Diplopia can be the result of benign or life-threatening etiologies. It is imperative for the emergency physician to be proficient at assessing diplopia and recognize when urgent referral or neuroimaging is required.

Objective: The first part of this review highlights a simple framework to arrive at the appropriate disposition of diplopic patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Read More

Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2018 Aug 15;93(8):398-401. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España.

Case Report: A case is presented of a 63-year-old man who suffered a unilateral isolated trochlear nerve palsy with vertical diplopia following an elective radial coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention, which resolved spontaneously within 2 months.

Discussion: Ophthalmoplegia following coronary percutaneous angioplasty is rare. Only internuclear ophthalmoplegia, III and VI cranial nerve palsy have been previously reported following percutaneous angioplasty. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2017 Dec;53(12):881-884

Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.

Superior oblique palsy (SOP) has many anatomic variations, and the accompanied paralysis generalization could stimulate the secondary changes of other extra-ocular muscles. Therefore, the clinical manifestations of SOP can be various, and the surgical design is complicated and changeable. It is necessary to understand the clinical development, stages and types of SOP correctly, and to take into account the developmental characteristics of the superior oblique muscle and select the individualized treatment plan. Read More

Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2017 Jul-Sep;24(3):162-164

Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India.

Superior oblique myokymia is a rare condition, characterized by spontaneous rhythmic contractions of the superior oblique muscle and was first described by Duane in 1906. However, the pathophysiology of this condition remains poorly understood even today. A number of medical and surgical treatment modalities have been tried, with variable results. Read More

J Neurol 2018 Feb 18;265(2):376-380. Epub 2017 Dec 18.

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand.

Trochlear pain is frequently overlooked as published data regarding the clinical characteristic and current treatment are limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate this information from our experiences with trochlear pain. Medical records of 43 patients with trochlear pain from HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center between November 2010 and April 2017 were reviewed. Read More

World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017 Mar 6;3(1):49-53. Epub 2017 Mar 6.

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.

Objective: The clinical presentation of sphenoid sinusitis can be highly variable. Rarely, sphenoid sinusitis may present with cranial nerve complications due to the proximity of these structures to the sphenoid sinus.

Method: A case series from Rabin Medical Center and all cases of cranial nerves palsies secondary to sphenoid sinusitis that have been reported in the literature were reviewed. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018 Feb 7;256(2):403-409. Epub 2017 Nov 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata-cho 2-5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.

Purpose: To identify preoperative factors associated with the surgical corrective effect of contralateral inferior rectus recession (IRR) for vertical deviation in patients with congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: This retrospective study included 20 treatment-naïve patients with unilateral congenital SOP (age range, 6-79 years) who underwent contralateral IRR according to our basic policy to select IRR for paretic eye fixation. The corrective effect (°/mm) of IRR was defined as the difference in the vertical deviation at the primary gaze position between before and 6-18 months after surgery per distance of recession. Read More

J Neuroophthalmol 2017 12;37(4):369-370

Dean McGee Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Am J Ophthalmol 2018 Jan 2;185:110-114. Epub 2017 Nov 2.

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address:

Purpose: To determine the incidence of isolated, presumed fourth nerve palsy in a defined population, and to report the frequency of each cause.

Design: Retrospective, population-based case series.

Methods: A population-based database was used to identify all cases of isolated fourth nerve palsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA diagnosed over a 15-year period (January 1, 1978 to December 31, 1992). Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017 10;58(12):5526-5531

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between objective ocular torsion and the presence or absence of the trochlear nerve in subjects with unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: A total of 159 subjects with congenital and acquired unilateral SOP were reviewed. Eighty-four subjects who had a normal trochlear nerve (present group) and 75 subjects without a trochlear nerve (absent group) were included. Read More

Surv Ophthalmol 2018 Jul - Aug;63(4):507-517. Epub 2017 Oct 19.

Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address:

Superior oblique myokymia (SOM) is a rare condition of unclear etiology. We discuss the history, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnoses, management, and prognosis of SOM. We conducted a meta-analysis of all 116 cases published since SOM was first described in 1906. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2017 Sep 28;18:1039-1043. Epub 2017 Sep 28.

Department of Radiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.

BACKGROUND Gradenigo's syndrome includes the triad of suppurative otitis media, ipsilateral sixth (abducens) cranial nerve palsy and facial pain in the distribution of the fifth (trigeminal) cranial nerve. Gradenigo's syndrome is rare, and the diagnosis is easily overlooked. This case is the first to report Gradenigo's syndrome presenting with meningitis on a background of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and petrous apicitis (apical petrositis). Read More

Pract Neurol 2017 Dec 16;17(6):474-475. Epub 2017 Sep 16.

Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

BMC Ophthalmol 2017 Aug 25;17(1):159. Epub 2017 Aug 25.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumiro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea.

Background: Congenital Brown syndrome is characterized by limited elevation particularly during adduction. The pathogenesis of congenital Brown syndrome is still controversial.

Case Presentation: A 6-year-old boy had been tilting his head to the left since infancy. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017 Dec 19;255(12):2473-2479. Epub 2017 Aug 19.

Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine whether ocular sighting dominance may influence the ocular torsion in patients with unilateral congenital superior oblique palsy (UCSOP).

Methods: This retrospective study included 22 UCSOP patients with radiologic evidence of unilateral superior oblique muscle hypoplasia on orbital magnetic resonance imaging and 66 healthy individuals with normal ocular motility as controls. Ocular torsion was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively using digital fundus photography. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2017 Aug;65(8):723-728

Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and outcome of surgically treated superior oblique palsy (SOP) and the factors involved in its resolution.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 76 patients who underwent surgery for SOP. We recorded data from the physical examination and the number and type of procedures performed. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2017 Nov 3;95(7):e656-e661. Epub 2017 Aug 3.

Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: This study sought to determine whether isolated third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsies (NPs) are associated with increased short- and long-term risk of a subsequent stroke.

Methods: This was a nationwide retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study. A cohort of patients with NP (n = 466) and a randomly selected, propensity-matched control cohort (n = 2281) were extracted from the Korean national insurance claim database. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017 Oct 2;255(10):2045-2050. Epub 2017 Aug 2.

Ophthalmology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Pelagio Palagi 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of early intra-trochlear steroid injections in patients with acquired Brown syndrome secondary to trochleitis (ABSST).

Methods: Retrospective analysis from medical charts of patients diagnosed as affected by unilateral ABSST from January 2008 to June 2015, and treated according to our Institution protocol: intra-trochlear injection of 1ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/ml is performed under sterile conditions. In cases of no resolution/improvement within 1 month, further monthly injections are performed up to a maximum number of three. Read More

Strabismus 2017 09 31;25(3):134-139. Epub 2017 Jul 31.

c Faculty of Health Care, University of Applied Sciences , Utrecht , the Netherlands.

Purpose: Cranial nerve palsies often require neurological imaging by MRI. Guidelines on whether or not to utilize MRI have been absent or lack clarity. In daily practice, both neurologists and ophthalmologists treat patients with cranial nerve palsy and determine whether neuro-imaging is required. Read More

Front Neurosci 2017 11;11:399. Epub 2017 Jul 11.

Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain.

Extraocular motoneurons resist degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The main objective of the present work was to characterize the presence of neurotrophins in extraocular motoneurons and muscles of the adult rat. We also compared these results with those obtained from other cranial motor systems, such as facial and hypoglossal, which indeed suffer neurodegeneration. Read More

J AAPOS 2017 Aug 14;21(4):282-285. Epub 2017 Jul 14.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Purpose: To report long-term outcome of inferior oblique anterior and nasal transposition in superior oblique palsy.

Methods: The medical records of patients with superior oblique palsy who underwent inferior oblique anterior nasal transposition were reviewed retrospectively. A comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, including prism bar cover test and measurement of torsion, was performed for all cases. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2017 Oct 4;182:1-7. Epub 2017 Jul 4.

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address:

Purpose: To compare 1-muscle vs 2-muscle surgery for moderate-angle hyperdeviations owing to presumed unilateral fourth nerve palsy.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Methods: Seventy-three patients (aged 5-86 years) underwent either 1- or 2-muscle surgery at our institution for moderate hyperdeviation owing to presumed unilateral fourth nerve palsy, measuring 14-25 prism diopters (PD) in straight-ahead gaze at distance fixation. Read More

Int Ophthalmol 2018 Aug 5;38(4):1653-1657. Epub 2017 Jul 5.

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.

Purpose: To describe the characteristics of children who had subsequent contralateral superior oblique underaction (SOUA) and inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) after unilateral inferior oblique weakening surgery and to identify suggestive clinical features for masked bilateral fourth nerve palsy.

Methods: The medical records of children who underwent unilateral inferior oblique tenotomy as a single procedure for unilateral superior oblique palsy were all reviewed. Diagnosis was based on evaluation of ocular misalignment in nine diagnostic gaze positions and presence of SOUA, IOOA, and abnormal head position. Read More

J AAPOS 2017 Aug 28;21(4):305-308. Epub 2017 Jun 28.

Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Purpose: To present a novel, free, web-based software tool (www.cyclocheck.com) for the assessment of objective cyclodeviation, based on measuring the disk-foveal angle (DFA) and to evaluate reproducibility of the results. Read More

J AAPOS 2017 Aug 15;21(4):335-337. Epub 2017 Jun 15.

Ophthalmology Service, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus can be associated with a variety of ocular and visual sequelae, including isolated or even multiple cranial neuropathies, potentially affecting the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerves. We report a case of a secondary Brown syndrome following resolution of a unilateral isolated trochlear nerve palsy associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an immunocompetent 57-year-old man. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2017 Oct 2;31(10):1503-1506. Epub 2017 Jun 2.

Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.

IntroductionDissociated tests of strabismus provide valuable information for diagnosis and monitoring of ocular misalignment in patients with normal retinal correspondence. However, they are vulnerable to operator error and rely on a fixed head position. Virtual reality headsets obviate the need for head fixation, while providing other clear theoretical advantages, including complete control over the illumination and targets presented for the patient's interaction. Read More

J Neurol Sci 2017 07 26;378:100-101. Epub 2017 Apr 26.

Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

J Neurosurg Sci 2017 Aug;61(4):444-446

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.

Case Rep Neurol 2017 Jan-Apr;9(1):54-61. Epub 2017 Apr 3.

Department of Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, USA.

Cranial nerve palsy could be one of the presenting features of underlying benign or malignant tumors of the head and neck. The tumor can involve the cranial nerves by local compression, direct infiltration or by paraneoplastic process. Cranial nerve involvement depends on the anatomical course of the cranial nerve and the site of the tumor. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2017 Jun 12;31(3):183-193. Epub 2017 May 12.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders are a group of diseases caused by abnormal development of cranial nerve nuclei or their axonal connections, resulting in aberrant innervation of the ocular and facial musculature. Its diagnosis could be facilitated by the development of high resolution thin-section magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this review is to describe the method to visualize cranial nerves III, IV, and VI and to present the imaging findings of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders including congenital oculomotor nerve palsy, congenital trochlear nerve palsy, Duane retraction syndrome, Möbius syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, synergistic divergence, and synergistic convergence. Read More

BMC Cancer 2017 05 11;17(1):323. Epub 2017 May 11.

Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-André hospital, University Hospital-CHU Bordeaux, 1 Rue Jean Burguet, 33000, Bordeaux, France.

Background: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is usually treated with local therapy including transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and intravesical therapy depending on the stage of the tumor. NMIBC is a rarely a metastatic diseases with lymph node invasion in less of 10%. In the other hand meningeal carcinomatosis is a rare location for metastases with extremely poor outcomes. Read More