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Clin Exp Optom 2020 May 4. Epub 2020 May 4.

Advanced Care Ocular Disease Service, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Apr 6. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Departments of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: Advances in surgical approaches have improved access for total or near-total resection of spheno-orbital meningiomas (SOM). Herein, the outcomes of multidisciplinary resection and reconstruction of SOM via frontotemporal orbitozygomatic craniotomy at a single institution are evaluated.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with SOM who underwent joint neurosurgical and oculofacial plastic resection via frontotemporal orbitozygomatic craniotomy between January 1999 and December 2018. Read More

J Clin Med 2020 Mar 30;9(4). Epub 2020 Mar 30.

Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection can cause chickenpox and herpes zoster. It sometimes involves cranial nerves, and rarely, it can involve multiple cranial nerves. We aimed to study clinical presentations of cranial nerve involvement in herpes zoster infection. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 Mar;56(3):166-170

Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab. of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300020, China.

There are many pathogenic factors of strabismus. In addition to the changes of alignment and ocular movement, there may be abnormal pathways and development of extraocular muscles, abnormalities of orbital and intraorbital connective tissue, paralysis of cranial nerves (oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abductor nerve), and nuclear and supranuclear lesions, accompanied by other cerebral dysplasia sometimes. In recent years, advances in imaging technology and its application in the professional field of strabismus have made it possible to clearly observe the eye, orbital, intracranial, and innervation changes, which is helpful to clarify the etiology of strabismus and extraocular muscle-related diseases, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. Read More

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020 Apr 4;237(4):497-501. Epub 2020 Mar 4.

Augenklinik, Abteilung für Strabologie und Neuroophthalmologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Schweiz.

Background: Paragliding is a risk-taking adventure sport. It can be performed either individually or accompanied by a pilot in tandem formation. Paragliding, as well as other types of "extreme" sport, have gained popularity over the past few years. Read More

Intern Med 2020 May 5;59(9):1215-1217. Epub 2020 Feb 5.

Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Japan.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) comprises a group of polyneuropathies characterized by rapid progression of limb paralysis. Various subtypes of GBS have been reported. The oculopharyngeal subtype of GBS is currently understood to be primarily a cranial polyneuropathy without limb weakness or cerebellar ataxia. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Mar 12;135:112. Epub 2019 Dec 12.

Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Trochlear schwannoma in the absence of neurofibromatosis is a rare entity. These schwannomas originate usually from the intradural cisternal part of the nerve and expand in the ambient and interpeduncular cisterns as well as inferiorly in the upper part of the cerebellopontine cistern. This case involves a rare pontomesencephalic lesion removed successfully via the simple retrosigmoid suboccipital route (Video 1). Read More

Eye (Lond) 2019 Dec 4. Epub 2019 Dec 4.

Department of Neuroophthalmology, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Objective: To evaluate the demography, aetiology and clinical course of acute onset binocular diplopia (AOBD) in patients presented as emergency and managed at the neuroophthalmology clinic of a tertiary eye care centre in Saudi Arabia.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of 100 consecutive patients who attended the emergency department of Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital with isolated, AOBD. The exclusion criteria were: (a) monocular diplopia, (b) binocular diplopia accompanied with neurological deficits other than ocular muscles dysfunction and (c) thyroid eye disease. Read More

Strabismus 2020 03 28;28(1):25-28. Epub 2019 Nov 28.

Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.

: To evaluate the efficacy of single or combined superior oblique tendon (SO) advancement for selected cases of unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP).: The medical records of 14 patients who underwent single or combined superior oblique tendon advancement in one institution from May 2017 to October 2018 were reviewed. All subjects with a diagnosis of unilateral SOP who underwent single or combined SO tendon advancement surgery were included. Read More

Clin Exp Optom 2019 Nov 26. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Advanced Care Ocular Disease Service, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Clin Exp Optom 2019 Nov 25. Epub 2019 Nov 25.

Advanced Care Ocular Disease Service, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

J AAPOS 2019 12 1;23(6):321.e1-321.e5. Epub 2019 Nov 1.

Indiana University and Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Purpose: To identify clinical characteristics, etiologies, and treatment implications of sudden-onset, acquired cases of superior oblique palsy.

Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with trochlear nerve palsy between January 2010 and January 2018 were reviewed retrospectively to identify cases of acquired trochlear nerve palsy with a specific date of onset of acute symptoms or specific causative incident. Patients with congenital palsies or an uncertain date of onset, history of other strabismus, concomitant oculomotor or abducens nerve palsies, or history of strabismus surgery were excluded. Read More

Clin Exp Optom 2019 Oct 31. Epub 2019 Oct 31.

Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Yeungnam Univ J Med 2019 05 15;36(2):159-162. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.

The most cases with orbital metastases have been reported in patients with a prior established diagnosis of cancer and widespread systemic involvement. However, ocular symptoms can be developed as an initial presentation of cancer in patients without cancer history. We report a case of rapid progression from trochlear nerve palsy to orbital apex syndrome as an initial presentation of advanced gastric cancer. Read More

Ugeskr Laeger 2019 Sep;181(36)

Chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis are common rhinological diagnoses. Left untreated both diseases can result in visual dysfunctions because of their close proximity to orbita. We report a rare case of an isolated trochlear nerve palsy caused by chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2019 Nov;30(6):472-475

Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA.

Purpose Or Review: Superior oblique myokymia is a rare, monocular condition that typically presents in healthy adults. In this article, we review the proposed pathophysiology, describe the typical clinical presentation, and discuss the recommended work up and various treatment options.

Recent Findings: Treatment for this condition ranges from observation and reassurance to various topical and systemic medications. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2019 Nov;30(6):454-461

Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Describe the range of infectious causes of ocular motor neuropathies, from common presentations to unusual manifestations of diseases less frequently seen in the developed world. Provide information on recent developments in diagnostic testing for pathogens that may cause ocular motor neuropathies.

Recent Findings: Antigen detection in serum or CSF has improved the diagnosis of cryptococcal disease. Read More

Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2019 Nov 1;94(11):561-565. Epub 2019 Aug 1.

Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España.

A case is described of a woman with history of right peribulbar nerve block prior to cataract surgery that, within a few days, presented with a trochlear intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. This was resolved without sequelae after three months by performing intermittent homolateral carotid massages. This is the first case of supratrochlear intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 Nov 19;226:23-28. Epub 2019 Jul 19.

Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 1, rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex, France.

The inferolateral trunk (ILT) is one of the two more common branches of the cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA). Its knowledge is important for skull base surgery and endovascular interventional procedures. The ILT is described with superior, anterior and posterior branch, which is the complete form. Read More

J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2019 Jul-Sep;69(3):93-97

a Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland , USA.

Paralytic strabismus in children is rare, occurring in about 0.1% of children. This rate is far less common than the 3% rate usually noted for comitant strabismus. Read More

Neurol Sci 2019 12 18;40(12):2645-2647. Epub 2019 Jun 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumiro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea.

J Clin Neurosci 2019 Aug 7;66:266-268. Epub 2019 Jun 7.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sahmyook Medical Center, 82 Mangu-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02500, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1078, United States. Electronic address:

A 48-year-old woman with intracranial hemorrhage at the right hemisphere and the right midbrain was diagnosed as Moyamoya disease (MMD). While restoring consciousness, she complained of diplopia. The left hypertropia with a compensatory right head tilt was noted. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Oct 7;130:546-549. Epub 2019 Jun 7.

Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Background: Rete mirabile is a very rare vascular malformation and superior cerebellar artery (SCA) rete mirabile is not reported previously. We report a new case of rete mirabile of SCA initially detected by magnetic resonance imaging and transfemoral cerebral angiography.

Case Description: This report illustrates the case of a 58-year-old man who presented with vertical diplopia. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 May;98(22):e15812

Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.

We evaluated changes in ocular axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) after strabismus surgery by comparing the operated and fellow eyes in patients undergoing unilateral strabismus surgery.This was a prospective study including patients who underwent unilateral strabismus surgery for exotropia alone or exotropia with unilateral superior oblique palsy. The AL and ACD using IOLMaster biometer and the IOP using non-contact tonometry were measured 1 day prior to surgery and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Read More

BJR Case Rep 2019 Feb 8;5(1):20180028. Epub 2018 Sep 8.

Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX.

Isolated fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve palsy is an uncommon occulomotor nerve palsy typically secondary to ischemia, inflammation/infection, or mass effect. Due to its positioning within the cavernous sinus, pathology of the deep cerebral venous system would theoretically predispose to palsy of this nerve. We present a case of a patient presenting with isolated trochlear nerve palsy in the setting of angiographically-confirmed direct carotid-cavernous fistula. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 May;98(21):e15475

Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul.

Rationale: Acquired vertical diplopia is commonly observed in trochlear nerve palsy, often resulting from blunt head trauma or vascular problems. It is rarely caused by tumorous conditions or space occupying lesion. We report the first case of Onodi cell mucocele causing isolated trochlear nerve palsy. Read More

Arq Bras Oftalmol 2019 Jul-Aug;82(4):332-335. Epub 2019 Apr 29.

Dunyagoz Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome is puzzling because it results in elevated intracranial pressure with no identifiable underlying cause. Ocular motor nerve palsies, other than a unilateral or bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy, are rarely seen in patients with this condition. We report here on a 25-year-old female patient with bilateral fourth cranial nerve palsy caused by pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, whose ocular and systemic signs and symptoms of nerve palsy were completely resolved after medical treatment. Read More

J Clin Neurol 2019 Apr;15(2):221-227

Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.

Background And Purpose: This study aimed to determine the patterns and etiologies of acquired ocular motor nerve palsy (OMNP) diagnosed in neurology clinics. We also investigated the clinical features that may predict the causes other than microvascular ischemia in isolated OMNP.

Methods: We performed a prospective multicenter study that had recruited 298 patients with acquired OMNP from the neurology clinics of referral-based 9 university hospitals in Korea. Read More

Neuroophthalmology 2019 Dec 30;43(6):355-362. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

The aim of this article from Nigeria is to draw attention to public health issues in medical care using ocular motor cranial nerve palsy (OMCNP) presenting to a neuro-ophthalmology clinic as a case study. All patients presenting with OMCNP between November 2007 and October 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic details as well as information regarding the clinical presentation, clinical course, investigation, and treatment outcomes were extracted from case records. Read More

Arq Bras Oftalmol 2019 Jan-Feb;82(1):65-67

Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

This report documents an unusual phenomenon. A 6-year-old girl with trochlear-oculomotor synkinesis presented with superior oblique and palpebral levator co-contraction. The literature was reviewed and the possibility of classifying this entity as a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder was speculated. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 14;19(1):16. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Department of Ophthalmology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, #68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 01830.

Background: Trochleitis is trochlear pain with evidence of inflammation in the trochlear area on radiologic examination. The etiology of trochleitis is mostly idiopathic. Secondary trochleitis is rare, and trochleitis associated with paranasal sinusitis in children has not yet been reported. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2019 Mar/Apr;30(2):548-549

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

Trochlear schwannomas typically present with diplopia and are extremely rare benign intracranial neoplasms that require the combined expertise of neurotologists and neurosurgeons for surgical excision. A combined petrosal approach offers a surgical route for removal of growing and/or symptomatic tumors. A study of a trochlear nerve schwannoma that demonstrated rapid growth but was otherwise asymptomatic was presented in this study. Read More

Strabismus 2019 03 20;27(1):24-29. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

b Ophthalmology , University Hospital Aintree , Liverpool.

Purpose: To report the surgical outcomes of the superior oblique tuck procedure in the management of superior oblique palsies performed at a single centre over a 25-year period.

Methods: A retrospective study of superior oblique tuck performed as a primary and secondary procedure by a single surgeon over a 25-year period between 1992 and 2016. We evaluated patient demographics, the angle of deviation pre- and post-surgery in prism dioptres (PD), amount of muscle tuck surgery performed (mm), complications (iatrogenic Brown's Syndrome) and improvement of diplopia post-operatively. Read More

J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2019 Jan-Mar;69(1):8-12. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of isolated inferior oblique (IO) muscle recession in patients with superior oblique palsy (SOP) and persistent hypertropia in abduction.

Methods: Retrospective review of patients with unilateral SOP who were treated with isolated IO recession by a single surgeon (MCB) between January 2008 and December 2017. We included patients with congenital and acquired fourth nerve palsies, with a hyperdeviation of less than 20 prism diopters in primary position and at least 4 prism diopters in abduction by prism and alternate cover test (PACT) during distance fixation. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Dec 17;18(1):325. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.

Background: To compare clinical characteristics according to the laterality of objective ocular torsion in patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP).

Methods: This retrospective study included all patients with a diagnosis of unilateral SOP. They were classified into subgroups according to correspondence between the paretic eye and the extorted eye using fundus photography. Read More

J Neurol 2019 Feb 17;266(2):476-479. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.

To define the prevalence and characteristics of single ocular motor nerve palsy (OMNP) associated with positive serum anti-GQ1b antibody. We performed a prospective multicenter study that recruited 82 patients with single OMNP without identifiable causes from the history and neuroimaging in six neurology clinics of university hospitals. We measured serum anti-GQ1b antibody in all participants. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;32(6):478-482

Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative effect of inferior oblique (IO) 10- and 14-mm recession on postoperative horizontal deviation.

Methods: Patients (22 men and 18 women) who underwent IO recession were divided into two groups for comparison studies: group 1 (10-mm IO recession, 15 patients) and group 2 (14-mm IO recession, 25 patients). Preoperative and postoperative horizontal deviations were measured, and the resulting horizontal deviations from the 10- and 14-mm IO recession surgeries were compared. Read More

Strabismus 2019 03 7;27(1):16-23. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Adnan Menderes University Medical School , Aydin , Turkey.

Purpose: The information about superior rectus (SR) recession in cases with SR contracture coexisting with superior oblique palsy (SOP) is very limited in previous literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of SR recession, as a combined procedure with inferior oblique (IO) disinsertion, in long-standing SOP with secondary SR contracture.

Methods: The medical records of the 145 patients operated for SOP were retrospectively reviewed and 15 patients who underwent SR recession met the inclusion criteria. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2019 Aug 3;97(5):491-496. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Ophthalmology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Purpose: To evaluate the results of surgical treatment in a large group of patients with trochlear nerve palsy, with emphasis on the self-grading effect of a standardized recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle.

Methods: All patients who underwent first-time surgery for trochlear nerve palsy in the period 2005-2014 in our department (n = 114) were retrospectively evaluated regarding pre- and postoperative data, surgical procedure, and the need for reoperations. Mean follow-up time was 8. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2019 09 8;103(9):1253-1258. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea

Aims: To determine the structure-function relationship between the degree of superior oblique (SO) hypoplasia and ocular motility in unilateral SO palsy.

Methods: A total of 166 patients with unilateral SO palsy were divided into three groups based on their aetiology and high-resolution MRI findings by an in-plane resolution of 0.25 mm: (1) congenital SO palsy and unilateral trochlear nerve agenesis (absent group, n=79), (2) congenital SO palsy and symmetric trochlear nerves on both sides (present group, n=40) and (3) acquired SO palsy (acquired group, n=47) who all had symmetric trochlear nerves on both sides. Read More

Turk J Ophthalmol 2018 Oct 31;48(5):267-273. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Batıgöz Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, İstanbul, Turkey.

Symptomatic excyclotorsion is an important clinical problem, especially in acquired superior oblique muscle palsy. Excyclotorsion can disrupt the fusion and cause torsional diplopia. Harada-Ito surgery (HI) is a widely used method for treating excyclotorsions. Read More

Korean J Neurotrauma 2018 Oct 31;14(2):129-133. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Cranial nerve palsies are relatively common after trauma, but trochlear nerve palsy is relatively uncommon. Although traumatic trochlear nerve palsy is easy to diagnose clinically because of extraocular movement disturbances, radiologic evaluations of this condition are difficult to perform because of the nerve's small size. Here, we report the case of a patient with delayed traumatic trochlear nerve palsy associated with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the related radiological findings, as obtained with high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Read More

Epilepsy Behav 2018 12 26;89:37-41. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Stanford Neurosurgery, 213 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive alternative with less cognitive risks compared with traditional surgery for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.

Objective: We describe seizure outcomes and complications after LITT in our cohort with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).

Material And Methods: We prospectively tracked Stanford's MTLE cases treated with LITT from October 2014 to October 2017. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 Jan 26;56(1):23-27. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of isolated inferior oblique myectomy on hypertropia in primary position, side gazes, and tilts, and its effect on comitancy and abnormal head posture in unilateral superior oblique palsy.

Methods: Thirty-nine patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy who had inferior oblique overaction underwent inferior oblique myectomy. The hypertropia was measured in primary position, side gazes, and tilts preoperatively and postoperatively. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 12;136(12):1427-1428

Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina.

JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 12;136(12):1428

Department of Neurology, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.

Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019 06;98(6):e57-e59

From the Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (WR); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (JB); Department of Rehabilitation, Public Central Teaching Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (LK); Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (WD); 2nd Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (AOL); and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (AK).

The patient with bacterial infection sequelae in the form of damage to cranial nerves III, IV, and VI was followed up. He had exhibited clinical and radiographic signs of paranasal sinusitis. Before his physiotherapy, the patient received standard treatment with natural and synthetic antibiotics and steroids. Read More

J AAPOS 2018 10 17;22(5):335-339.e2. Epub 2018 Sep 17.

Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address:

Purpose: To determine the incidence of and to identify characteristics predicting significant superior oblique palsy (SOP) after adjustable superior oblique suture spacer surgery for treatment of Brown syndrome.

Methods: The medical records of patients treated for unilateral Brown syndrome with adjustable suture spacers (2005-2016) were reviewed to identify possible association of age at surgery, spacer length, surgeon performing procedure, severity of Brown syndrome, preoperative hypotropia in primary position and affected side gaze, and reduction in Brown restriction on postoperative superior oblique function. "Good" postoperative superior oblique function was defined as absence of hypertropia and diplopia in primary position and no more than intermittent diplopia in downgaze comfortably fused with ≤4 base-down or head tilt of <10°. Read More

J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2018 Jul-Sep;68(3):70-77. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

a Department of Ophthalmology , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California.

Isolated cranial nerve (CN) palsies are frequently encountered by strabismologists. Management decisions for patients with isolated ocular motor nerve palsies must take into account multiple factors, including patient age, historical features, the specific CN affected, examination findings, and coexistent medical diagnoses. In general, isolated ocular motor nerve palsies in children are assessed and managed differently than adults. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 11;136(11):1307-1309

Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.