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Semin Neurol 2018 Dec 6;38(6):619-626. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

Posttraumatic headaches are among the most challenging complaints after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). They are a debilitating problem experienced by patients after TBI of all severities. Up to 90% of mild TBI patients experience headache, particularly if female and with a premorbid history of primary headache. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology and Minia University Hospital, Mohammed Badway str., 61111, El-Minia, Egypt; Minia University Spine Unit (MUSU), Faculty of Medicine, Minia University. Minia University Hospital, Mohammed Badway str., 61111, El-Minia, Egypt. Electronic address:

Background Data: Complexity in ventral surgical exposure, presence of scapula and large para-scapular musculature during posterior surgery are the main obstacles in operative treatment of Upper Thoracic Spine Compressive Lesions (UTSCL) like trauma, tuberculosis and neoplasm. Recently, the advantages of combined ventro-dorsal surgery could be successfully gained using 1-stage posterior salvage technique with enough accessibility to all three spinal columns.

Purpose: Retrospective evaluation of 35 patients with UTSCL treated by Posterior Extensive Circumferential Decompressive Reconstructive (PECDR) procedure. Read More

Gene 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province 730000, China.

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Aberrant expression of HOXA5 results in various diseases, including cancers. However, the specific function and molecular mechanism of HOXA5 in osteosarcoma is not fully understood. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208571. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Aim: Increasing evidence exists with respect to the relation between stressful life events and functional constipation (FC). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of FC in Palestinian refugee preschool children and to determine if stress and trauma exposure are risk factors of FC in these children.

Methods: From November 2013 until May 2014, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in West Bank, Gaza and Jordan. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208438. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America.

Posttraumatic stress-negative psychological experiences as a result of traumatic stressors-can hinder military veterans' reintegration into society and cause various mental health problems. Veterans need quality social relationships to facilitate reintegration and to cope with posttraumatic stress and related mental health problems; discrimination or other forms of interpersonal rejection can exacerbate these veterans' problems. Ostracism (i. Read More

Brain Inj 2018 Dec 6:1-7. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

a Human Higher Nervous Activity Lab Moscow , Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS , Moscow , Russia.

Primary Objective: We aimed to investigate the origin of EEG response of patients in coma and after moderate TBI to emotional stimulation, whether they distinguish emotional content or only react to the physical features of an audio signal.

Research Design: We registered EEG during continuous pleasant and unpleasant non-verbal stimulation and in rest. A total of 69 subjects participated in our study: healthy adults, conscious patients after moderate TBI and patients in coma after severe TBI. Read More

Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS); San Diego, CA, USA.

Objective: We evaluated the influence of the APOE-ε4 allele on post-concussive symptoms in military Veterans with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Method: Participants (N = 77) were administered neuropsychiatric measures, on average, approximately 5 years following their most recent mTBI and provided a DNA sample for APOE genotyping. Veterans were divided into two groups based on their ε4 status (n = 14 ε4+, n = 63 ε4-). Read More

Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney.

Purpose Of Review: Although young onset dementia (YOD) causes high levels of burden and distress, factors that contribute to its onset are not well understood. Identifying relevant modifiable risk and protective factors for YOD can inform efforts to prevent or delay onset of symptoms to later in life.

Recent Findings: Studies of modifiable factors for YOD have increased in frequency in recent years. Read More

Ugeskr Laeger 2018 Dec;180(49)

Traumatic rectal lesions can be seen in both blunt and penetrating traumas and are associated with a high morbidity and high mortality. This is a review of the literature on diagnosis and treatment of intra- and extraperitoneal rectal lesions. There is a consensus, that intraperitoneal rectal lesions should be treated with primary repair alone. Read More

Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018 Dec 6:1-18. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

a The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences , Sydney , NSW , Australia.

There is growing interest in using telehealth to work with people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study investigated whether established rating scales for evaluating conversations of people with TBI are reliable for use over videoconferencing. Nineteen participants with TBI and their communication partners completed two conversation samples during both in-person (IP) and videoconferencing-based (VC) assessment, with randomised order of assessment. Read More

J Neurotrauma 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

University of Pittsburgh, Neurosurgery , 3434 Fifth Ave , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States , PA ;

New neuroprotective therapies for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not translated from pre-clinical to clinical success. Numerous explanations have been suggested in both the pre-clinical and clinical arenas. Coverage of TBI in the lay press has reinvigorated interest creating a golden age of TBI research with innovative strategies to circumvent roadblocks. Read More

J Neurotrauma 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Neuroradiology department, Milano, Italy ;

In disorder of consciousness (DOC) patients, corpus callosum (CC) and subcortical white matter (SWM) integrity were showed to discriminate between diagnostic categories. The aims of the study were: 1) to clarify the link between the integrity of CC and of SWM and the clinical status in DOC patients, disentangling the role played by the different brain injuries (traumatic or hemorrhagic brain injury); 2) to investigate the relationship between the CC integrity and the brain metabolism. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the CC and SWM integrity, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), in a sample of DOC individuals, well-balanced for diagnosis and etiology. Read More

J Trauma Stress 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

Data regarding cancer risk for individuals who were exposed to traumatic and stressful life events are conflicting. We sought to evaluate the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the risk of the four most common solid tumors: lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. We conducted four nested case-control studies using a large UK population-based database. Read More

Brain Imaging Behav 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.

Reduced working memory is frequently reported by Veterans with a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but can be difficult to quantify on neuropsychological measures. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the impact of blast-related mTBI on the working memory system by using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore differences in functional connectivity between OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with and without a history of mTBI. Participants were twenty-four Veterans with a history of blast-related mTBI and 17 Veterans who were deployed but had no lifetime history of TBI. Read More

Brain Imaging Behav 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.

The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are important components of the neural network that mediates the healthy learning, expression, and regulation of emotion. These brain regions are connected by white matter pathways that include the cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus, and fornix/stria terminalis. Individuals with trauma and stress-related disorders show dysfunction of the cognitive-affective processes supported by the brain regions these white matter tracts connect. Read More

Neurochem Res 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of disability among the working-age population worldwide. Despite attempts to develop neuroprotective therapeutic approaches, including pharmacological or cellular technologies, significant advances in brain regeneration have not yet been achieved. Development of silk fibroin-based biomaterials represents a new frontier in neuroregenerative therapies after brain injury. Read More

Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Nydalen, Post Box 181, 0409, Oslo, Norway.

Objectives: To estimate the rate of sick leave and sick leave diagnosis among employees before and after a work-place targeted terror attack, and to compare sick leave in subgroups of employees based on gender and trauma exposure.

Methods: Data on sick leave and diagnosis in ministerial employees from the period 3 years before to 3 years after the 2011 bombing in the governmental district of Oslo was retrieved from the Norwegian Social Insurance Administration Registries.

Results: Prior to the attack, sick leave was twice as high in women as in men. Read More

Trauma Case Rep 2018 Dec 24;18:24-27. Epub 2018 Nov 24.

Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America.

Introduction: Traumatic arterial injuries have a high degree of morbidity if left untreated. Frequently, arterial injuries are found soon after injury due to either subjective complaints or objective findings. Opportunity for delayed repair of vascular injury is a rare event as irreversible ischemia occurs at such early time points. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2018 4;2018:9352130. Epub 2018 Nov 4.

Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.

Aim: To evaluate, with three-dimensional analysis, the effectiveness of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) after maxillary molar extraction in reducing alveolar bone resorption and maxillary sinus pneumatization when compared to unassisted socket healing.

Methods: Patients were included in the study following inclusion criteria and underwent minimally traumatic maxillary molar extraction followed by ARP using synthetic nanohydroxyapatite (Fisiograft Bone, Ghimas, Italy) (test group) or unassisted socket healing (control group). Cone-beam computerized tomographies (CBCT) were performed immediately after tooth extraction (T0) and 6 months postoperatively (T1). Read More

Biomed Res Int 2018 5;2018:8503427. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Rome "Sapienza", Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Sant'Andrea", Rome, Italy.

Traumatic, neoplastic, inflammatory, or infective dental removal promotes a gradual resorption process of bone which leads to a "nonuse" atrophy of the alveolar ridges. Many techniques allows restoring an appropriate bone thickness, but nowadays the attention is focused on the use of natural or synthetic grafts. Numerous studies have been conducted to develop and test new synthetic materials. Read More

World J Emerg Surg 2018 29;13:56. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, 3-1-56 Bandai-Higashi, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8558 Japan.

Background: The outcomes of multiple injury patients with concomitant torso hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are very poor. The hybrid emergency room system (HERS) is a trauma management system designed to complete resuscitation, computed tomography (CT), surgery, angioembolization, and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring all in one trauma resuscitation room without patient transfer. We aimed to review the outcomes of polytrauma patients who underwent concurrent bleeding control and ICP monitoring using the HERS. Read More

Clin Epidemiol 2018 8;10:1627-1637. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Acute Care Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Iowa City, IA, USA,

Purpose: Clinicians anecdotally noted that elderly patients who suffered from traumatic injuries (falls or other injuries) often re-present and are readmitted with fall injuries. Herein, we hypothesized that fall injuries and fall-related deaths and readmissions are increasing over time, and assessed whether the overall rates of death, hospital admission, and 30-day readmission due to falls increased from 2010 to 2014 in the elderly population (≥65) in the US.

Patients And Methods: The WHO mortality database and the National Readmission Database (NRD) were queried to assess rates of deaths and hospital admissions and 30-day readmissions associated with fall injuries in the elderly population that presented with trauma. Read More

Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018 13;11:579-589. Epub 2018 Nov 13.

Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, A-DERMA, Lavaur, France,

Background: The frequency of dermatological acts is increasing. These procedures often cause injuries and traumatic alterations in specific skin layers, slowing down wound healing.

Patients And Methods: An open observational study lasting 1 month was conducted on 2,363 patients who had undergone various dermatological procedures. Read More

Implement Sci 2018 Dec 5;13(1):147. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Background: Evidence-based guidelines for the management of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the emergency department (ED) are now widely available, and yet, clinical practice remains inconsistent with the guidelines. The Neurotrauma Evidence Translation (NET) intervention was developed to increase the uptake of guideline recommendations and improve the management of minor head injury in Australian emergency departments (EDs). However, the adoption of this type of intervention typically entails an upfront investment that may or may not be fully offset by improvements in clinical practice, health outcomes and/or reductions in health service utilisation. Read More

J Orthop Surg Res 2018 Dec 5;13(1):309. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.

Background: The absence of a single, identifiable traumatic cause has been traditionally used as a definition for a causative factor of overuse injury. Excessive loading, insufficient recovery, and underpreparedness can increase injury risk by exposing athletes to relatively large changes in load. The musculoskeletal system, if subjected to excessive stress, can suffer from various types of overuse injuries which may affect the bone, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Read More

BMC Psychiatry 2018 Dec 5;18(1):381. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a significant public health and social welfare problem in low-and middle income countries (LMICs). However, most ACEs research is based on developed countries, and little is known about mechanisms of early ACEs on adulthood health and offspring's wellbeing for populations in LMICs. This area is needed to guide social welfare policy and intervention service planning. Read More

BMC Emerg Med 2018 Dec 5;18(1):52. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.

Background: Secondary insults (SI), such as hypotension, hypoxia, and intracranial hypertension frequently occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and have a strong impact on patients' clinical outcomes. The aim of this study is to examine the trajectories of SI from the early phase of injury in the prehospital setting to hospital admission in a cohort of TBI patients.

Methods: This is a retrospective, observational, single centre study on consecutive patients admitted from 1997 to 2016 to the Neuro Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at San Gerardo Hospital, in Monza, Italy. Read More

Eur J Pharmacol 2018 Nov 30. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital affiliated with Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Electronic address:

Akebia saponin D, which is originates from Dipsacus asper Wall, has been used as a tonic, an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent for the therapy of low back pain, rheumatic arthritis, traumatic hematoma, habitual abortion and bone fractures in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of Akebia saponin D has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Akebia saponin D and to assess its possible mechanism. Read More

J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2018 Dec 3:1-9. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Research is limited regarding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and professional quality of life (ProQOL) in Iranian nurses, especially nurses working in psychiatric units. The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between PTSD and ProQOL among psychiatric nurses in Kerman, Iran. This cross-sectional correlational study comprised 160 nurses working in three clinical settings supervised by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2018 Dec 3:1-10. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

f VA RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of SCI, James J. Peters VAMC , Bronx , New York , USA.

Context/objective: Cognitive deficits can impact as many as 60% of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In an effort to identify the nature of cognitive deficits in SCI, we examined neuropsychological test performance in individuals with SCI, age matched healthy controls and older healthy controls.

Design: Participants completed a motor-free neuropsychological test battery assessing attention, working memory, information processing speed, new learning /memory and executive control. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2018 Dec 3:1-5. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

c WVU Medicine, One Medical Center Drive , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA.

Context: Medicaid has been linked to worse outcomes in a variety of diagnoses such as lung cancer, uterine cancer, and cardiac valve procedures. It has furthermore been linked to the reduced health-related quality of life outcomes after traumatic injuries when compared to other insurance groups. In spinal cord injury (SCI), the care provided in the subacute setting may vary based upon payor status, which may have implications on outcomes and cost of care. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2018 Dec 3:1-9. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.

Context/Objectives: To determine the impact of spasticity presenting during the acute care hospitalization on the rehabilitation outcomes following a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: A single Level 1 trauma center specialized in SCI care. Read More

Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2018 Dec 1. Epub 2018 Dec 1.

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.

The isolated coronary sinus (CS) rupture causing cardiac tamponade following blunt chest trauma is a very rare and very unique traumatic form of cardiac tamponade. Prompt recognition of this injury is crucial for patient survival. CS injuries are frequently difficult to repair and are potentially lethal. Read More

JAMA Neurol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

San Antonio Military Health System, Department of Sleep Medicine, JBSA Lackland, Texas.

J Vis Exp 2018 Nov 18(141). Epub 2018 Nov 18.

Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences;

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Nov 30. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Ghazi Al Hariri Tertiary Referral Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.

To preserve the continuity of the mandible after resection or traumatic bone loss, the defect is usually reconstructed with a bone graft fixed by a reconstruction plate. The fate of these plates is the objective of this study. Twenty-three patients (4 females and 19 males) required a reconstructive procedure to restore the discontinuity defect in the mandible by a mandibular reconstruction plate. Read More

ASAIO J 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.

From the Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Although life-saving, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been associated with traumatic injuries in adult patients surviving cardiac arrest. In addition to rib and sternal fractures, intraabdominal injuries have also been shown to occur, particularly after prolonged external cardiac massage. Early detection of these injuries remains difficult and is often masked by concomitant hemodynamic instability and the higher likelihood of other injuries such as retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Read More

Pain 2018 Nov 29. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Obesity has been found to increase the risk of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in other settings, but to our knowledge the influence of increased body mass index on pain outcomes after common trauma exposures such as motor vehicle collision (MVC) has not been assessed. In addition, obesity results in biomechanical changes, as well as physiologic changes including reduced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis negative feedback inhibition, but mechanisms by which obesity may result in worse post-traumatic outcomes remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the influence of body mass index (BMI) on axial and overall MSP severity (0-10 numeric rating scale) 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after MVC among 917 European Americans who presented to the emergency department for initial evaluation. Read More

Crit Care Nurs Q 2019 Jan/Mar;42(1):30-40

Department of Baccalaureate Nursing, Indiana State University, Monroeville (Mr Blauvelt); and School of Nursing, Indiana State University, Terre Haute (Drs Burdick and Cannon).

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) in acute care settings during intubation is vitally important. The NMBAs increase first pass success rates significantly while protecting patients from gastric aspiration, tracheal injury, and death. During emergent intubations, succinylcholine and rocuronium are commonly used, but each comes with specific risks and individualized interventions. Read More

Brain Inj 2018 Dec 3:1-2. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

a Department of Neurosurgery , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.

Brain Inj 2018 Dec 3:1-8. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

a The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Dementia Theme , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.

Objective: This study sought to assess the potential efficacy of a novel class of metal chaperone on the outcomes in an animal model of a controlled cortical impact. This work was predicated on previous observations that this class of compound has exhibited neuroprotective potential in other models of aging and neurodegeneration.

Research Design: The study employed a controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury in three month old mice with subsequent behavioral and cellular assessments to determine therapeutic efficacy. Read More

Brain Inj 2018 Dec 3:1-11. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

a Cognitive Neurosciences Unit , McGill University , Montreal , Canada.

The diagnosis of a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) places large emphasis on patient-reported symptoms which has restricted our ability to evaluate patients. Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to act as an objective measurement of abnormal brain activity and inform clinical decision-making; however, there is little research evaluating pediatric subjects as a function of mTBI-related symptoms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent to which brain activity during a spatial navigation task is different between children with mTBI and a group of healthy controls (HCs) based on symptom reporting. Read More

Brain Inj 2018 Dec 2:1-2. Epub 2018 Dec 2.

b Department of Health and Exercise Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA.

J Consult Clin Psychol 2018 Dec;86(12):1076-1090

Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy.

Objective: The core clinical feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is recurrent intrusive memories of trauma. This study aimed to test a novel and simple intervention, inspired by the concepts of concurrent task interference and memory reconsolidation, to reduce the occurrence of intrusive memories among inpatients with complex PTSD.

Method: In this open-label single case series 20 patients with longstanding complex PTSD in inpatient treatment monitored the occurrence of intrusive trauma memories (intrusions) over the course of their admission (5 to 10 weeks). Read More

Psychol Trauma 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Southeastern Louisiana Veterans Health Care System.

Objective: Gun violence is a serious public health concern, yet risk factors for gun violence involvement remain understudied. Childhood trauma exposure, such as domestic violence (DV) and community violence (CV), may increase the risk for aggression, although this relationship has not been examined in the context of gun violence. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether different childhood trauma ecologies are related to increased gun violence involvement and gun violence risk factors among individuals hospitalized for a gun injury. Read More