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Neurol India 2020 May-Jun;68(3):624-629

Department of Neurology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.

Objectives: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary short-term reversible memory loss. Etiology of TGA remains unclear with various hypotheses. We analyzed clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological findings as well as comorbidities and seasonal variation in TGA patients with regard to possible background of the syndrome. Read More

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Radiology (A.M.M.), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.

"Encephalopathy" is a vague term that encompasses varying definitions, often with a nonspecific clinical presentation and numerous possible pathophysiologic causes. Hence, MR imaging plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis and treatment by identifying imaging patterns when there is limited clinical history in such patients with acute encephalopathy. The aim of this review was to aid in remembrance of etiologies of potentially reversible acute encephalopathic syndromes on MR imaging. Read More

J Neuroimaging 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

Background And Purpose: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare clinical entity with a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that recovers within 24 hours. The underlying pathophysiology is uncertain. Imaging studies are controversial, but diffusion-weighted images often show small diffusion-restricted lesions in the hippocampus, which may suggest ischemic damage. Read More

Eur J Neurol 2020 Jun 17. Epub 2020 Jun 17.

Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Osaka, Japan.

Background: The detection rate of diffusion-weighted (DWI) hyperintense lesions varies widely in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA). We aimed to examine the association of hyperintense lesions on DWI magnetic resonance images (MRIs) with patient characteristics, precipitating factors, clinical presentation, and MRI settings in patients with TGA.

Methods: In this multicenter retrospective observational study, using the standardized diagnosis entry system of electronic health records of four tertiary medical centers in the Kansai district of Japan, TGA patients (n=261) who underwent brain MRI within 28 days of onset were examined. Read More

Neurology 2020 Jun 12. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

From the Department of Neurology (K.S., C.H., R.G., M.G., A.E., M.P., A.G.), Mannheim Center of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (L.R.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Objective: To analyze how the evidence of hippocampal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions may support the clinical diagnosis of transient global amnesia (TGA).

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 390 consecutive patients with isolated TGA were analyzed, who were evaluated at our institution between July 1999 and August 2018. The size, location, and number of lesions and time-dependent lesion detectability were examined. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2020 Aug 5;15(8):1159-1163. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Department of Radiology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwaro, Ilsanseogu, Goyang, Gyeonggido, South Korea.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder characterized by sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. TGA following angiography is rare and its possible etiologies have not been determined definitively. Herein, I report a case of TGA after carotid artery stenting with DWI findings, which, to date, has not been reported. Read More

Eur J Neurol 2020 Jun 2. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.

Background And Purpose: Diagnostic uncertainty is common in the emergency evaluation of neurological conditions such as acute confusional states, particularly for non-neurologists. We aimed to investigate the clinical recognition process of transient global amnesia (TGA) before arrival at the hospital and in the emergency department (ED).

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, medical records of 365 patients with TGA were analysed concerning mode of arrival, symptoms and suspected diagnosis made by pre-hospital medical care providers and the ED neurologist. Read More

JAMA Neurol 2020 Jun 1. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020 05 7;41(5):798-803. Epub 2020 May 7.

Department of Neuroradiology (X.L., J.-P.P., R.L.), Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France.

Background And Purpose: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. We aimed to assess differences in terms of cortical thickness and structural brain connectome between patients with TGA (at acute and delayed postrecovery stages) and matched controls.

Materials And Methods: We report on 18 consecutive patients with TGA who underwent 3T MR imaging, including DTI and MPRAGE sequences, at the acute (mean delay postonset: 44 hours) and delayed post-recovery (mean delay: 35 days) stages. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2020 Apr 28;13(4). Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterised by the sudden onset of isolated anterograde amnesia, which resolves within 24 hours. Here, we discuss the case of a 63-year-old woman who underwent a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) as part of her workup for pulmonary hypertension. She was well on the morning of the procedure, and following consent, underwent transoesophageal echocardiography without sedation. Read More

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020 Jul 8;74(7):413-414. Epub 2020 May 8.

Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Urol Case Rep 2020 Jul 2;31:101184. Epub 2020 Apr 2.

Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.

Treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy includes intracavernous Caverject injections. We present the case of recurrent transient global amnesia in a man performing self-administration of Caverject after robotic radical prostatectomy. The correlation between the intracavernous injection and the neurological phenomenon was repeated and evident, yet the specific aetiology of transient global amnesia remains uncertain. Read More

Acta Neurol Belg 2020 Apr 4. Epub 2020 Apr 4.

Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.

J Neurol Sci 2020 Jun 18;413:116781. Epub 2020 Mar 18.

Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Acute amnestic syndromes are usually rare clinical events occurring in emergency situations. Etiological diagnosis can be challenging and underlying causes diverse. They can be transient and totally reversible, or accompanied by other neurological symptoms resulting in serious and irreversible brain damage. Read More

BMC Neurol 2020 Mar 6;20(1):83. Epub 2020 Mar 6.

The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.

Background: Aetiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) remains uncertain, though many have been proposed, including ischaemic, migrainous or epileptic pathologies.

Methods: We attempted to determine risk factors for TGA, as well as prognostic factors that may cause recurrence. We evaluated clinical history, family history and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) studies of 93 prospective patients with TGA. Read More

Clin Neuropharmacol 2020 Mar/Apr;43(2):52-53

Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been proposed as a possible adverse effect of sildenafil. There are rare cases in the literature, but none had strong evidence to support. Our case is the first to demonstrate a focal punctate diffusion-weighted imaging lesion at the right hippocampus after the use of sildenafil. Read More

Eur J Neurol 2020 May 16;27(5):737-738. Epub 2020 Mar 16.

Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Eur J Neurol 2020 May 26;27(5):887-893. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia.

Background And Purpose: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia lasting up to 24 h. One major differential for TGA is transient epileptic amnesia, which typically lasts < 1 h. However, TGA can also be short in duration and little is known about the time trends, characteristics and prognosis of TGA cases lasting < 1 h. Read More

Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020 May 25;176(4):285-288. Epub 2020 Jan 25.

CHU de Caen, Caen; Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, Normandie Université, Inserm, EPHE, Caen, France.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) can be triggered by a high level of blood cortisol. We assessed whether patients had a higher level of cortisol during the TGA than shortly after. We included 52 patients, 21 with blood collected during the TGA episode and 31 shortly thereafter. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2020 Mar 22;21(1):105-108. Epub 2020 Jan 22.

Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, Bondy, France.

A 36-year-old woman with no medical history participated in a trekking in Ladakh up to 5300 m of altitude. She was well acclimatized and presented no previous sign of acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema or high altitude cerebral edema. After an intense effort to catch up with her group, she became breathless and complained of visual disturbances, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Read More

Acta Neurol Belg 2020 Jan 10. Epub 2020 Jan 10.

Department of Neurology, Hospital Jacques Monod, Le Havre, France.

Eur Neurol 2019 17;82(4-6):113-115. Epub 2019 Dec 17.

Department of Neurology, Segebergen Kliniken, Bad Segeberg, Germany.

Valsalva maneuver (VM) precedes frequently transient global amnesia (TGA) and up to 84% of the patients with TGA present hippocampal diffusion-weighted imaging-positive (DWI+) lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We studied 20 patients with TGA and hippocampal DWI+ lesions. Median age (range) of the patients was 67 (57-80) years and 55% were women. Read More

Cureus 2019 Sep 28;11(9):e5792. Epub 2019 Sep 28.

Medicine, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.

This is a case report involving a 60-year-old female who developed transient global amnesia (TGA) after an emotional psychotherapy session in the framework of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She presented to the local emergency room, three days after her psychotherapist appointment, with complaints of memory impairment. She and her husband were worried about acute stroke since it was a sudden memory loss. Read More

Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2019 24;77(10):756-757. Epub 2019 Oct 24.

Naval Hospital of Crete, Department of Internal Medicine, Chania, Greece.

J Neurol 2020 Feb 24;267(2):390-394. Epub 2019 Oct 24.

Neurology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.

Background: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a common cause of thunderclap headache (TCH), mainly recurrent, sometimes associated with seizures and/or neurological deficit. Association with amnesia is exceptional. We report a case series of RCVS concomitant with transient global amnesia (TGA) and propose pathophysiologic hypotheses. Read More

Emergencias 2019 Oct;31(5):341-345

Área de Urgencias, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España. Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Área de Urgencias, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España.

Objectives: To study the epidemiology of emergency department visits for transient global amnesia (TGA) by itself or associated with substance abuse or sexual assault.

Material And Methods: Retrospective study of cases treated from January to December 2018. Data for all patients with TGA were extracted, and cases were classified as associated with substance abuse (TGASUB), sexual assault (TGASEX), or neither (TGAONLY). Read More

Eur J Neurol 2020 Feb 29;27(2):406-409. Epub 2019 Oct 29.

Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Background And Purpose: The aim was to study whether ultra-high field 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can demonstrate chronic focal defects in the hippocampus corresponding to the former acute diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions and to assess chronic T2-hyperintense hippocampal lesion load in transient global amnesia (TGA) patients.

Methods: Follow-up of 7 T MRI of the hippocampus was performed in 13 patients with documented hippocampal DWI lesions (detected via 3 T MRI) after acute TGA. The location of the DWI lesions was transformed to 7 T T2 images after data co-registration. Read More

Case Rep Neurol 2019 May-Aug;11(2):238-241. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.

A 65-year-old man with no underlying medical history visited the neurology department due to transient amnesia lasting for about 8 h. During the amnesia episode, he was alert but showed repetitive questioning. The episode fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for transient global amnesia (TGA). Read More

J Neurol 2019 Dec 10;266(12):3048-3057. Epub 2019 Sep 10.

Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany.

Background: To analyse whether patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) have concomitant cardiac injury by assessing clinical symptoms, as well as blood and cardiologic test results.

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analysed 202 consecutive patients presenting with isolated TGA and treated at our institution between March 2010 and December 2018. We examined the incidence of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTNI) level elevation, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, and data on clinical management. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2019 Sep 30;59(9):575-578. Epub 2019 Aug 30.

Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center.

A 66-year-old man was admitted to our department with anterograde amnesia. He was diagnosed with transient global amnesia (TGA) because of the symptom lasting for several hours and no abnormal findings on MRI and EEG. About a year after the episode, he recurred amnesia lasting only for 20 minutes. Read More

J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019 11 2;25(10):1061-1075. Epub 2019 Sep 2.

King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE1 7AF, UK.

Objectives: In this paper, I review three 'anomalies' or disorders in autobiographical memory: neurological retrograde amnesia (RA), spontaneous confabulation, and psychogenic amnesia.

Methods: Existing theories are reviewed, their limitations considered, some of my own empirical findings briefly described, and possible interpretations proposed and interspersed with illustrative case-reports.

Results: In RA, there may be an important retrieval component to the deficit, and factors at encoding may give rise to the relative preservation of early memories (and the reminiscence bump) which manifests as a temporal gradient. Read More

Neuroepidemiology 2019 16;53(3-4):201-208. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,

Background: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of larger anterograde and milder retrograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 h.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the long-term risk of dementia up to 8 years in subjects with TGA.

Method: We conducted a control cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research database from 2005 to 2012 with an 8-year follow-up period. Read More

J Clin Neurophysiol 2020 May;37(3):225-230

Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Introduction: Subclinical rhythmic EEG discharges in adults (SREDA) is a very rare benign EEG pattern. The electrophysiological features and atypical variants of SREDA has wide spectrum and they are poorly known. It resembles ictal discharges, and overinterpretation of SREDA may lead to misdiagnosis of epilepsy. Read More

Rev Med Chil 2019 Apr;147(4):527-529

Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Messerli Institute, Vienna, Austria.

A 69 years old male with erectile dysfunction lasting 2 years, took 50 mg of sildenafil for having sex with his wife at about 6 o'clock in the morning. One hour later his wife detected that he had an anterograde memory impairment: this was interpreted as a confusional state. The neurological examination suggested a transient global amnesia (TGA). Read More

J Neurol Sci 2019 Sep 9;404:63-65. Epub 2019 Jul 9.

Department of Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Background And Purpose: We investigated the frequency and pattern of blood-brain barrier as well as blood-retina barrier impairment in transient global amnesia (TGA) as demonstrated by hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM) and gadolinium leakage in ocular structures (GLOS) respectively on fluid attenuated inversion recovery images (FLAIR).

Methods: Patients with TGA who underwent repeated MRI after intravenous contrast agent administration were identified and the presence of GLOS in the anterior chamber and vitreous body and HARM noted on FLAIR.

Results: Overall 10 patients (IQR 64. Read More

Curr Biol 2019 07 11;29(14):2307-2321.e5. Epub 2019 Jul 11.

Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA. Electronic address:

Systems consolidation is a process by which memories initially require the hippocampus for recent long-term memory (LTM) but then become increasingly independent of the hippocampus and more dependent on the cortex for remote LTM. Here, we study the role of phosphodiesterase 11A4 (PDE11A4) in systems consolidation. PDE11A4, which degrades cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), is preferentially expressed in neurons of CA1, the subiculum, and the adjacently connected amygdalohippocampal region. Read More

J Clin Neurol 2019 Jul;15(3):301-307

Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Background And Purpose: During transient global amnesia (TGA), selective impairment of episodic memory is assumed to occur due to alteration in the neuronal network between the hippocampus and parietooccipital cortices that also include a hub for smooth pursuit (SP) eye movements. This study aimed to determine whether SP is impaired during TGA, and to identify any anatomical and functional linkage present between the oculomotor and memory systems.

Methods: Within a median of 1. Read More

Stroke 2019 09 9;50(9):2555-2557. Epub 2019 Jul 9.

From the Centre for the Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.R., M.A.T., I.M., L.L., P.M.R.).

Background and Purpose- Transient global amnesia (TGA) is known as a benign syndrome, but recent data from neuroradiological studies support an ischemic cause in some cases, which might suggest an increased susceptibility to cerebrovascular events. We determined the long-term risk of stroke after a first TGA in 2 independent prospective cohorts. Methods- In 2 independent prospective cohorts of patients with TGA (OXVASC [Oxford Vascular Study], population-based; NU (Northern Umbria) cohort, TGA registry), cardiovascular risk factors and long-term outcomes, including stroke and major cardiovascular events, were identified on follow-up. Read More

Psychogeriatrics 2020 Mar 18;20(2):235-236. Epub 2019 Jun 18.

Department of Neurology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.

Radiol Bras 2019 May-Jun;52(3):161-165

Department of Neuroradiology, Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Objective: To emphasize the most appropriate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion protocol for the detection of lesions that cause transient global amnesia, in order to perform an accurate examination, as well as to determine the ideal time point after the onset of symptoms to perform the examination.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated five patients with a diagnosis of transient global amnesia treated between 2012 and 2015. We analyzed demographic characteristics, clinical data, symptom onset, diffusion techniques, and radiological findings. Read More

Neurol Neurochir Pol 2019 4;53(3):212-216. Epub 2019 Jun 4.

Department of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University.

Background: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare, benign condition characterised by a sudden deficit of anterograde and retrograde memory that usually lasts for a few hours and is not accompanied by other focal neurological symptoms or signs. Its aetiology is still unclear. Various events or activities may trigger TGA. Read More

Neuroimage Clin 2019 23;23:101869. Epub 2019 May 23.

Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address:

While the pathophysiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) is not understood, due to the specific nature of the clinical deficits, transient dysfunction in the medial temporal lobe, especially in the hippocampus, is assumed; however, concomitant disturbances in other brain regions and in executive function have been postulated. In this study, a cohort of 16 patients was prospectively recruited from the emergency department for resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) during the acute stage of TGA, as confirmed by a standardized neuropsychological assessment. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls, as well as twenty patients with a history of TGA, were recruited for comparison. Read More

J Neurol Sci 2019 07 8;402:108-110. Epub 2019 May 8.

Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.

JAMA Neurol 2019 May 22. Epub 2019 May 22.

Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Importance: Sex differences have been described in the presentation, care, and outcomes among people with acute ischemic strokes, but these differences are less understood for minor ischemic cerebrovascular events. The present study hypothesized that, compared with men, women are more likely to report nonfocal symptoms and to receive a stroke mimic diagnosis.

Objective: To evaluate sex differences in the symptoms, diagnoses, and outcomes of patients with acute transient or minor neurologic events. Read More

Bioengineering (Basel) 2019 May 14;6(2). Epub 2019 May 14.

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, R3158 Engineering Building 3, Campus Box 7910, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Jugular venous valve incompetence has no long-term remedy and symptoms of transient global amnesia and/or intracranial hypertension continue to discomfort patients. During this study, we interrogate the synergy of the collagen and elastin microstructure that compose the bi-layer extracellular matrix (ECM) of the jugular venous valve. In this study, we investigate the jugular venous valve and relate it to tissue-level mechanical properties, fibril orientation and fibril composition to improve fundamental knowledge of the jugular venous valves toward the development of bioprosthetic venous valve replacements. Read More

Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019 May 28;175(5):335-336. Epub 2019 Mar 28.

Service de chirurgie vasculaire, polyclinique du Maine, 4, avenue des Français-Libres, 53000 Laval, France.

Eur Neurol 2018 29;80(5-6):345-354. Epub 2019 Mar 29.

Departments of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea,

Background: We evaluated a brain network using graph theoretical analysis and microstructural abnormalities of the white matter in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA).

Methods: Twenty patients with TGA and healthy control subjects were recruited, and they underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans. Graph theory was applied to obtain network measures based on DTI data. Read More

Case Rep Neurol Med 2019 20;2019:4810629. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Department of Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, USA.

We discuss a patient who presented to our hospital with signs, symptoms, and clinical course consistent with transient global amnesia (TGA). Her hospital work-up was overall unremarkable except for the presence of a diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) abnormality on MRI suggestive of acute infarction in the left cingulate gyrus. Symptoms quickly resolved, and she was discharged home in stable condition. Read More

Rev Neurol 2019 Apr;68(7):295-300

Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Espana.

Introduction: Isolated acute amnesia is an exceptional presenting symptom of thalamic stroke. This study analyses the clinical profile, the diagnosis, the treatment and the prognosis of these patients.

Case Reports: We conducted a retrospective review of the cases of thalamic infarct that presented exclusively as acute amnesia in our university tertiary hospital (n = 3) and a review of similar cases in PubMed (n = 20). Read More

Dement Neurocogn Disord 2018 Dec 21;17(4):176-178. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.