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Int J Mol Sci 2021 Feb 23;22(4). Epub 2021 Feb 23.

Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 08 13;10(1):13669. Epub 2020 Aug 13.

Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, 110054, India.

Wild mushroom foraging involves a high risk of unintentional consumption of poisonous mushrooms which is a serious health concern. This problem arises due to the close morphological resemblances of toxic mushrooms with edible ones. The genus Inocybe comprises both edible and poisonous species and it is therefore important to differentiate them. Read More

Talanta 2020 Jun 14;213:120847. Epub 2020 Feb 14.

Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address:

The analytical proof of a toxic mushroom and/or plant ingestion at an early stage of a suspected intoxication can be crucial for fast therapeutic decision making. Therefore, comprehensive analytical procedures need to be available. This study aimed to develop a strategy for the qualitative analysis of α- and β-amanitin, psilocin, bufotenine, muscarine, muscimol, ibotenic acid, and ricinine in human urine by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution MS/MS (HILIC-HRMS/MS). Read More

Sud Med Ekspert 2016 Jan-Feb;59(1):22-28

Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia,199034; Institute of Toxicology, Russian Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 192019.

The present study was undertaken with a view to improving forensic medical diagnostics of intoxication with poisonous mushrooms in the cases of patients' death in a hospital. A total of 15 protocols of forensic medical examination of the corpses of the people who had died from acute poisoning were available for the analysis. The deathly toxins were amanitin and muscarine contained in various combinations in the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and the early false morels (Gyromitra esculenta and G. Read More

J Feline Med Surg 2013 Feb 9;15(2):160-2. Epub 2012 Oct 9.

Vets Now Referrals Swindon, Swindon, UK.

A 3-year-old domestic shorthair cat was witnessed ingesting mushrooms and developed signs of muscarine intoxication. After stabilisation and treatment with atropine the cat recovered well and was discharged from hospital in 2 days. This report describes the features and successful management of this unusual toxicosis in cats. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009 Jul;47(6):562-5

Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Background: Many species of the genus Inocybe (family Cortinariaceae, higher Basidiomycetes) are muscarine-containing mycorrhizal mushrooms, ubiquitous around the world. The few published reports on the poisonous Inocybe mushrooms are often limited by the inadequate identification of the species. The clinical course of patients with typical muscarinic manifestations, in whom Inocybe spp. Read More

Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1999 (27 Pt 2):676-8

Division of Drugs, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health.

Can Med Assoc J 1966 Mar;94(12):574-81

The chemistry and effects of mycotoxins associated with human and animal foodstuffs are reviewed. The aflatoxins, metabolites of Aspergillus flavus, have been implicated in fatal diseases of farm stock fed on infected peanut cake. Muscarine and the phalloidins are the causative agents in mushroom poisoning. Read More