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Talanta 2020 Jun 14;213:120847. Epub 2020 Feb 14.

Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address:

The analytical proof of a toxic mushroom and/or plant ingestion at an early stage of a suspected intoxication can be crucial for fast therapeutic decision making. Therefore, comprehensive analytical procedures need to be available. This study aimed to develop a strategy for the qualitative analysis of α- and β-amanitin, psilocin, bufotenine, muscarine, muscimol, ibotenic acid, and ricinine in human urine by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution MS/MS (HILIC-HRMS/MS). Read More

Toxicon 2019 Jan 12;157:53-65. Epub 2018 Nov 12.

Dept. for Clinical Toxicology at II, Med. Klinik, TU, München, Munich, Germany.

Mushroom poisoning is a significant and increasing form of toxin-induced-disease. Existing classifications of mushroom poisoning do not include more recently described new syndromes of mushroom poisoning and this can impede the diagnostic process. We reviewed the literature on mushroom poisoning, concentrating on the period since the current major classification published in 1994, to identify all new syndromes of poisoning and organise them into a new integrated classification, supported by a new diagnostic algorithm. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019 02 3;57(2):99-103. Epub 2018 Aug 3.

a Department of Emergency Medicine , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA.

Background: Amanita muscaria (AM) and A. pantherina (AP) contain ibotenic acid and muscimol and may cause both excitatory and sedating symptoms. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are not classically described but have been reported. Read More

Mycologia 2018 Jul-Aug;110(4):637-641. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

c Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Saint Luke's Hospital , 190 E Bannock Street, Boise , Idaho 83712.

Ingestion of wild and potentially toxic mushrooms is common in the United States and many other parts of the world. US poison centers have been logging cases of mushroom exposure in The National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual publications for over 30 years. This study compiles and analyzes US mushroom exposures as reported by the NPDS from 1999 to 2016. Read More

Chudoku Kenkyu 2013 Sep;26(3):219-22

J Chem Ecol 2007 Feb 29;33(2):311-7. Epub 2006 Dec 29.

Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.

The mushroom genus Amanita has a spectrum of chemical compounds affecting survival and performance of animals. Ibotenic acid is one of such compounds found in some Amanita mushrooms. We studied the effects of ibotenic acid and its derivative, muscimol, on egg-to-pupa survival, pupation time, and pupal size in five Drosophila species (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Drosophila bizonata, Drosophila angularis, Drosophila brachynephros, Drosophila immigrans, and Drosophila melanogaster. Read More

Mycol Res 2003 Feb;107(Pt 2):131-46

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut Régulation et Développement, Diversité Moléculaire, Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, USM 502 UMR 8041 C.N.R.S., 63 rue de Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.

The fly agaric is a remarkable mushroom in many respects; these are its bearing, history, chemical components and the poisoning that it provokes when consumed. The 'pantherina' poisoning syndrome is characterized by central nervous system dysfunction. The main species responsible are Amanita muscaria and A. Read More

Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1999 (27 Pt 2):676-8

Division of Drugs, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health.