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Sud Med Ekspert 2016 Jan-Feb;59(1):22-28

Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia,199034; Institute of Toxicology, Russian Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 192019.

The present study was undertaken with a view to improving forensic medical diagnostics of intoxication with poisonous mushrooms in the cases of patients' death in a hospital. A total of 15 protocols of forensic medical examination of the corpses of the people who had died from acute poisoning were available for the analysis. The deathly toxins were amanitin and muscarine contained in various combinations in the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and the early false morels (Gyromitra esculenta and G. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010 May;48(4):365-72

Toxicovigilance Center, Michallon Hospital, Grenoble, France.

Introduction: Several cases of morel poisoning associated with neurological symptoms have been reported. The objective of this study was to describe this new mushroom poisoning syndrome.

Material And Methods: Retrospective study of morel poisonings collected in the French Poison Control Centers from 1976 to 2006. Read More

Toxicon 2003 Sep;42(4):339-49

Swedish Poisons Information Centre, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden.

Among fungal toxins causing organ damage in the human body, amatoxins and orellanine remain exceptional. Amatoxins, a group of bicyclic octapeptides occurring in some Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota species, induce deficient protein synthesis resulting in cell death, but might also exert toxicity through inducing apoptosis. Target organs are intestinal mucosa, liver and kidneys. Read More

J Appl Toxicol 1991 Aug;11(4):235-43

Laboratoire de Chimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. Read More

Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1990 ;113:47-137

In this review, some common food plants and their toxic or otherwise bioactive components and mycotoxin contaminants have been considered. Crucifers contain naturally occurring components that are goitrogenic, resulting from the combined action of allyl isothiocyanate, goitrin, and thiocyanate. Although crucifers may provide some protection from cancer when taken prior to a carcinogen, when taken after a carcinogen they act as promoters of carcinogenesis. Read More

J Toxicol Clin Exp 1989 Mar-Apr;9(2):83-99

Gyromitra esculenta (Persoon ex Fries) mushrooms have been responsible for severe intoxications and even deaths. Clinical data are characterized primarily by vomiting and diarrhoea, and, afterwhile, by jaundice, convulsions and coma. The species of concern are mainly G. Read More

Med Hypotheses 1982 Apr;8(4):325-34

"Gyromitra" are considered to be edible mushrooms although their potential toxicity has been long known. They have caused numerous accidents, sometimes lethal. Historical accounts of poisoning are reported and the authors describe the main characteristics : inconstant toxicity, influence of repetitive ingestions and variable individual sensitivity. Read More

Mycopathologia 1979 Sep;68(2):121-8

N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine was administered in drinking water as a 0.0039% solution to randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life starting from 6 weeks of age. The compound induced tumors of lungs, livers, blood vessels, gall bladder and bile ducts. Read More

Toxicology 1979 Jun-Jul;13(2):187-96

The poison gyromitrin, found in the edible false morel Gyromitra esculenta Fr. ex Pers., caused in rats an increased diuresis in which urine was produced with a weak alkaline pH, a high excretion of sodium (530%), and potassium (210%). Read More

J Toxicol Environ Health 1979 Mar-May;5(2-3):193-202

Two edible mushrooms are known to contain hydrazine analogs. The wild false morel Gyromitra esculenta contains up to 0.3% acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone and N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH). Read More