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Paediatr Anaesth 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Departments of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

Background: Surgical wound infiltration with local anesthetics is common as part of multimodal analgesia and enhanced recovery pathways in pediatric surgical patients. Liposomal bupivacaine can provide up to 92 hours of pain relief, and was approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration for local infiltration in adults. Read More

Pharmaceutics 2018 Nov 14;10(4). Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Biochemistry and Tissue Biology Department, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil.

Dibucaine (DBC) is among the more potent long-acting local anesthetics (LA), and it is also one of the most toxic. Over the last decades, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been developed as promising carriers for drug delivery. In this study, SLN formulations were prepared with the aim of prolonging DBC release and reducing its toxicity. Read More

J Anesth 2018 Nov 11. Epub 2018 Nov 11.

Systemic toxicity from local anesthetics can occur in any of the wide range of situations in which these agents are used. This practical guide is created to generate a shared awareness of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of local anesthetic systemic toxicity among all medical professionals who perform nerve blocks. Systemic toxicity of local anesthetic is induced by an increase of its protein-unbound plasma concentration. Read More

ACS Nano 2018 Nov 19. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.

Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA; Bier block) is commonly used to anesthetize an extremity for surgery. Limitations of the procedure include pain from the required tourniquet, the toxicity that can occur from systemic release of local anesthetics, and the lack of postoperative pain relief. We hypothesized that the nanoencapsulation of the local anesthetic would prolong local anesthesia and enhance safety. Read More

Lasers Surg Med 2018 Oct 15. Epub 2018 Oct 15.

Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Objective: Lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic by blocking transmembrane sodium channel permeability, but also induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins and sensitizes cells to hyperthermia. A previous study reported two cases of deep focal skin ulceration at points corresponding to depot local lidocaine injection sites after treatment with non-ablative fractional resurfacing and it was hypothesized that lidocaine had focally sensitized keratinocytes to the thermal damage of laser treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate whether lidocaine potentiates hyperthermia damage to both normal and cancerous skin cells using an in vitro model. Read More

Pharm Res 2018 Oct 10;35(12):229. Epub 2018 Oct 10.

Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box - 6109, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.

Purpose: Etidocaine (EDC) is a long lasting local anesthetic, which alleged toxicity has restricted its clinical use. Liposomes can prolong the analgesia time and reduce the toxicity of local anesthetics. Ionic gradient liposomes (IGL) have been proposed to increase the upload and prolong the drug release, from liposomes. Read More

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018 10 18;115(40):E9479-E9488. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;

GABAR-dependent activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK or K3) provides a well-known source of inhibition in the brain, but the details on how this important inhibitory pathway affects neural circuits are lacking. We used sorting nexin 27 (SNX27), an endosomal adaptor protein that associates with GIRK2c and GIRK3 subunits, to probe the role of GIRK channels in reward circuits. A conditional knockout of SNX27 in both substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons leads to markedly smaller GABAR- and dopamine DR-activated GIRK currents, as well as to suprasensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Read More

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018 Oct 7;504(2):513-518. Epub 2018 Sep 7.

Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China. Electronic address:

Ropivacaine is one of the commonly used local anesthetics in medical and dental care. However, preclinical and observational studies indicate that ropivacaine could have substantial side effects including neurotoxicity, which has raised concern regarding the safety of this drug. In the present study, we investigated the effects of clinically relevant doses of ropivacaine on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in neuronal cells. Read More

Anaesthesia 2018 Nov 5;73(11):1361-1367. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Anaesthesiology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.

The volume-duration relationship using low concentrations of ropivacaine for peripheral nerve blocks is unknown, even though low concentrations of ropivacaine are increasingly used clinically. We investigated the effect of ropivacaine 0.2% on common peroneal nerve block duration. Read More

Equine Vet J 2018 Sep 4. Epub 2018 Sep 4.

K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.

Background: The use of intra-articular (IA) local anaesthetics has proven to be an effective means to treat post-operative pain. The effects of local anaesthetics on equine chondrocytes are mixed with some studies reporting chondrodestruction and others no adverse effects. A liposomal formulation of bupivacaine is used in people and dogs by intra- and peri-articular administration to provide up to 72 h of analgesia. Read More

J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 09;29(9):1315-1317

Department of Anesthesiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3635 Vista Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110.

J Natl Med Assoc 2018 Dec 3;110(6):624-634. Epub 2018 May 3.

Department of Oral Biology/Pharmacology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University Augusta, GA 30912-1128, USA. Electronic address:

The growing global availability of the stimulant shrub, khat, has aroused widespread concern. This paper is a review of possible adverse interactions between khat and conventional drugs. Khat chewing has been shown to reduce the bioavailabilities of orally co-administered antibiotics, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephradine and tetracyclineHCl, and the antimalarial drug, chloroquine. Read More

Reprod Biomed Online 2018 09 17;37(3):269-278. Epub 2018 Aug 17.

Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address:

Research Question: Recent evidence suggests that cocaine administration in animal models can trigger non-genetic inheritance of addiction traits from father to offspring, affecting development and behaviour. Is chronic cocaine intake involved in alterations of epigenetic homeostasis in the testis?

Design: Epigenetic marks and mediators in testis and isolated germ cells of adult mice treated with cocaine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (sterile saline solution) were evaluated in an intermittent binge protocol: three intraperitoneal injections, 1 h apart, one day on/off for 13 days, collecting tissue 24 h after the last binge administration (day 14).

Results: It was shown that chronic cocaine intake in mice disrupts testicular epigenetic homeostasis, increasing global methylated cytosine levels in DNA from germ cells and sperm. Read More

Pain Res Treat 2018 15;2018:5710169. Epub 2018 Jul 15.

Department of Anesthesiology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA.

Objective: Peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia have improved block success, but analgesia efficacy has been limited by the short duration of traditional local anesthetics. The results of randomized trials comparing liposome bupivacaine with conventional local anesthetic formulations (e.g. Read More

Iowa Orthop J 2018 ;38:107-112

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of commonly used injection medication combinations on supraspinatus tenocyte cell viability and tissue metabolism.

Methods: Twenty adult dogs underwent ultrasound guided injection of the canine equivalent of the subacromial space, based on random assignment to one of four treatment groups (n=5/group): normal saline, 1.0% lidocaine/methylprednisolone, 1. Read More

Biomaterials 2018 Oct 27;181:378-391. Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.

Local anesthetics are a class of drugs, which have wide applications in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, their analgesic effects only last for a few hours because of their short half-life, which is insufficient for clinical application, especially for long-term surgery or postoperative analgesia. Herein, an injectable hydrogel/microsphere (GEL/MS) composite co-encapsulating bupivacaine (BUP) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) was developed for effective sustained analgesia. Read More

J Toxicol Sci 2018 ;43(8):493-506

Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

We used motion field imaging to characterize the conduction and contraction of a sheet of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-CMs). A hiPS-CMs sheet of 2.8 mm × 2. Read More

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018 08;43(6):648-649

Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne, Australia.

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 19;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

Department of Internal Medicine, Griffin Hospital, Derby, Connecticut, USA.

Acute oesophageal necrosis (AON), also known as 'black oesophagus', is a rare condition characterised by the necrosis of the oesophagus usually involving the distal part. It has been associated with various conditions, and the pathogenesis is thought to involve hypovolaemia combined with decreased function of oesophageal protective mucosal barriers and may be compounded by the effect of gastric secretions on oesophageal mucosa. The hallmark of this condition is characteristic circumferential black discolouration of the distal oesophagus that may extend proximally. Read More

Mol Pain 2018 Jan-Dec;14:1744806918783478. Epub 2018 Jun 29.

1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.

Background Chronic pain is a persistent unpleasant sensation that produces pathological synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Both human imaging study and animal studies consistently demonstrate that the anterior cingulate cortex is a critical cortical area for nociceptive and chronic pain processing. Thus far, the mechanisms of excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity have been well characterized in the anterior cingulate cortex for various models of chronic pain. Read More

Anesth Prog 2018 ;65(2):119-123

PGY2 General Practice Chief Resident, NYU Lutheran, Brooklyn, New York.

Adverse reactions to local anesthetics are usually a reaction to epinephrine, vasovagal syncope, or overdose toxicity. Allergic reactions to local anesthetics are often attributed to additives such as metabisulfite or methylparaben. True allergic reactions to amide local anesthetics are extremely rare but have been documented. Read More

Bratisl Lek Listy 2018;119(6):373-378

Objective: Organophosphates including malathion can be ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, but it may be a maximum of acute toxicity when administered by oral intake. Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) treatment is used as a new treatment method in cases of systemic toxicity caused by local anesthetics. This study was aimed to examine the potential treatment effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on rat liver tissue in the toxicity of malathion. Read More

Theranostics 2018 23;8(12):3331-3347. Epub 2018 May 23.

Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) is a conventional strategy for the management of acute postoperative pain. However, the short duration of the associated analgesia and the potential systemic toxicity due to the low molecular weights of local anesthetics limit their application. An forming injectable Gel-microsphere (Gel-MS) system consisting of PLGA-PEG-PLGA Gel (Gel) and Gel-immobilized bupivacaine-loaded microsphere (MS/BUP) was prepared for precision-guided long-acting analgesia. Read More

Int J Med Sci 2018 14;15(7):713-722. Epub 2018 May 14.

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52727, Republic of Korea.

Lipid emulsion has been shown to be an effective treatment for systemic toxicity induced by local anesthetics, which is reflected in case reports. A systemic review and meta-analysis confirm the efficacy of this treatment. Investigators have suggested mechanisms associated with the lipid emulsion-mediated recovery of cardiovascular collapse caused by local anesthetic systemic toxicity; these mechanisms include lipid sink, a widely accepted theory in which highly soluble local anesthetics (particularly bupivacaine) are absorbed into the lipid phase of plasma from tissues (e. Read More

J Clin Pharm Ther 2018 Oct 9;43(5):733-736. Epub 2018 Jun 9.

East Carolina Heart Institute at ECU, Greenville, NC, USA.

What Is Known And Objective: Lidocaine infused at 1-4 mg/min is an appropriate treatment modality for hemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia (VT) with normal hepatic function. A case of acute lidocaine toxicity in the setting of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is reported.

Case Summary: A 71-year-old with a HeartMate II LVAD on chronic mexiletine and normal liver function presented with ventricular tachycardia requiring systemic lidocaine and subsequently developed altered mental status with tremors. Read More

Anesth Analg 2018 Oct;127(4):1035-1043

From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine.

Background: Ultrasound, nerve stimulation, and their combination are all considered acceptable ways to guide peripheral nerve blocks. Which approach is most effective and associated with the fewest complications is unknown. We therefore used a large registry to analyze whether there are differences in vascular punctures, multiple skin punctures, and unintended paresthesia. Read More

Yakugaku Zasshi 2018 ;138(6):809-813

Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.

　During the preclinical research period of drug development, animal testing is widely used to help screen out a drug's dangerous side effects. However, it remains difficult to predict side effects within the central nervous system. Here, we introduce a machine learning-based in vitro system designed to detect seizure-inducing side effects before clinical trial. Read More

J Pharm Sci 2018 Sep 24;107(9):2411-2419. Epub 2018 May 24.

Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:

Administration of local anesthetics is one of the most effective pain control techniques for postoperative analgesia. However, anesthetic agents easily diffuse into the injection site, limiting the time of anesthesia. One approach to prolong analgesia is to entrap local anesthetic agents in nanostructured carriers (e. Read More

Scand Cardiovasc J 2018 08 25;52(4):218-226. Epub 2018 May 25.

a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.

Objectives: In normal conditions, sudden heart rate acceleration provokes a rapid reduction in ventricular action potential duration (APD). The protracted APD rate adaptation favors early afterdepolarizations and precipitates arrhythmia. Nevertheless, it is uncertain as to whether the rate-dependent changes of ventricular repolarization can be adversely modified by arrhythmogenic drugs (quinidine and procainamide) and hypokalemia, in comparison to the agents with safe therapeutic profile, such as lidocaine. Read More

Int J Legal Med 2018 May 21. Epub 2018 May 21.

Centre antipoison et de toxicovigilance de Paris, hôpital Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.

Background: Eutectic mixtures of lidocaine and prilocaine are used during painful dermatological procedures. Poisoning is rarely reported in adults.

Material And Method: We report three cases of women who experienced lidocaine and prilocaine poisoning after laser-assisted hair removal. Read More

Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018 Jun 10;17(6):545-552. Epub 2018 May 10.

b Venebio Group, LLC , N. Chesterfield , VA , USA.

Background: Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but potentially serious adverse event .

Methods: Data from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System were examined for liposomal bupivacaine (LB), bupivacaine, or other injectable local anesthetics. Possible LAST cases were identified based on MedDRA system organ classes (Approach 1), a recent publication (Approach 2), and a novel approach based on LAST literature (Approach 3). Read More

J Endod 2018 Jun 24;44(6):1042-1047. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Several clear, transparent solutions are used in endodontics. Inappropriate dispensing methods can lead to accidental injection or accidental irrigation. These accidents can cause permanent tissue damage including damage to the bone, periodontium, nerves, and vasculature. Read More

Food Chem Toxicol 2018 Jun 16;116(Pt B):249-263. Epub 2018 Apr 16.

Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

IL-6 has been recognized as an anticonvulsant against certain neuroexcitotoxicities. We aimed to investigate on the interactive role between IL-6 and PACAP in cocaine-induced kindling behaviors. Although we found that cocaine (45 mg/kg, i. Read More

J Pain Res 2018 6;11:683-691. Epub 2018 Apr 6.

Institute and Research Center São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Objective: This study reports a preclinical evaluation of an alginate/chitosan nanoparticle formulation containing NovaBupi®, a racemic bupivacaine (BVC) containing 25% dextrobupivacaine and 75% levobupivacaine.

Methods: New Zealand White rabbits (n=6) received intraoral or intrathecal injections of BVC 0.5% or BVC 0. Read More

G Ital Nefrol 2018 Mar;35(2)

U.O Nefrologia e Dialisi - Ospedale "Card. G. Panico" - Tricase, Lecce, Italy.

Cocaine, a natural alkaloid derived from the coca plant, is one of the most commonly used illicit drugs. Cocaine abuse causes systemic adverse effects like stroke, myocardic infarction, arterial dissection, vascular thrombosis and rhabdomyolysis. Cocaine use is, also, associated with renal complications such as acute kidney injury, vasculitis, acute interstitial nephritis, chronic kidney disease, malignant hypertension with thrombotic microangiopathy. Read More

Chemosphere 2018 Jul 15;202:460-466. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address:

While emerging pharmaceutical contaminants are monitored in wastewater treatment and the environment, there is little information concerning their microbial metabolites. The transformation of diphenhydramine by microorganisms in anaerobic digester sludge was investigated using anaerobic cultures amended with 1 mM diphenhydramine as the sole carbon source. Complete transformation of the parent compound to a persistent metabolite occurred within 191 days. Read More

Anesthesiology 2018 Jun;128(6):1175-1186

From the Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (F. Flenner, M.N., F. Friedrich, T.C.) Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.S., V.N.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A., U.R., T.C.) Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (N.A., T.K., S.N.S.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (S.N.S.) the German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany (F. Flenner, S.S., F. Friedrich, V.N., T.C.) Current position: Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center, Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (U.R.).

Background: Systemic toxicity of local anesthetics is predominantly complicated by their myocardial toxicity. Especially long-acting local anesthetics exert a negative inotropic effect that has been described at lower concentrations than defined for blockade of myocardial ion channels. We evaluated the negative inotropic effect of bupivacaine at a concentration described for clinical toxicity testing the hypothesis that negative inotropy is a result of reduced Ca sensitivity rather than blockade of ion channels. Read More

J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018 May 6;154:1-6. Epub 2018 Mar 6.

Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary. Electronic address:

The application of local anesthetics, usually administered by subcutaneous injection, is common in the course of diagnostic, therapeutic, and cosmetic dermatology procedures. The effective dermal delivery of lidocaine could offer a solution to many adverse effects caused by needle insertion, such as pain, local reactions or toxicity, and additionally, it avoids the disruption of anatomical landmarks. Therefore, novel dermal formulations of local anesthetics are needed to overcome the barrier function of the skin and provide sufficient and prolonged anesthesia. Read More

Niger J Clin Pract 2018 Mar;21(3):327-331

Department of Anesthesia, Sutcuimam University Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

Context: : Local anesthetics (LAs) are in widespread use by dental practitioners, and erroneous administration, such as intravenously or exceeding the maximum dose, can cause the life-threatening condition of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST).

Aims: The objective of the present study was evaluate the ability of dentists to recognize signs of LAST and quantify how often they have used lipids to treat LAST in dentistry patients.

Materials And Methods: The study administered 600 questionnaires that asked about the frequency with which dentists encountered LAST and the symptoms of LAST and its treatment, especially with lipids. Read More

Mar Drugs 2018 Mar 6;16(3). Epub 2018 Mar 6.

Department Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.

Tetrodotoxins (TTX) are a potent group of natural neurotoxins putatively produced by symbiotic microorganisms and affecting the aquatic environment. These neurotoxins have been recently found in some species of bivalves and gastropods along the European Coasts (Greece, UK, and The Netherlands) linked to the presence of high concentrations of , in particular . This study is focused on the evaluation of the presence of species and TTX in bivalves (mussels, oysters, cockles, clams, scallops, and razor clams) from Galician Rias (northwest of Spain). Read More

Int J Obstet Anesth 2018 08 2;35:33-41. Epub 2018 Mar 2.

Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code SJH-2, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Use of intraperitoneal local anesthetic to treat intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery has not been described previously. The aim of this study was to determine if intraperitoneal chloroprocaine may be useful as an adjunct to neuraxial block in reducing the proportion of patients with severe intraoperative pain that requires conversion to general anesthesia. Intraperitoneal chloroprocaine was administered during cesarean delivery as a potential alternative, when the anesthesiologist considered performing a general anesthetic due to severe intraoperative pain. Read More

Chem Biol Interact 2018 Apr 21;285:1-7. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. Electronic address:

Cocaine is one of the most popular illicit drug worldwide. Due its great addictive potential, which leads to euphoria and hyperactivity, it is considered a public health concern. At the central nervous system, the drug acts inhibiting catecholamine re-uptake. Read More

Neuropharmacology 2018 05 21;133:404-414. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France; Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR CNRS/Université Paris-Sud 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette, France. Electronic address:

The Chinese bird spider huwentoxin-IV (HwTx-IV) is well-known to be a highly potent blocker of Na1.7 subtype of voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels, a genetically validated analgesic target, and thus promising as a potential lead molecule for the development of novel pain therapeutics. In the present study, the interaction between HwTx-IV and Na1. Read More

Cartilage 2018 Feb 1:1947603518758436. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

1 Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Campus Eisenberg, Eisenberg, Germany.

Objective In orthopedic joint injection, the most frequently used local anesthetics are ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and 1% or 2% lidocaine. The aim of this study was to examine effects of these various anesthetics on the viability of human chondrocytes. Our hypothesis was that all local anesthetics tested damage human chondrocytes in vitro. Read More

J Anal Toxicol 2018 Jun;42(5):285-292

Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.

The pharmacokinetic profile of oral cocaine has not been fully characterized and prospective data on oral bioavailability are limited. A within-subject study was performed to characterize the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral cocaine. Fourteen healthy inpatient participants (six males) with current histories of cocaine use were administered two oral doses (100 and 200 mg) and one intravenous (IV) dose (40 mg) of cocaine during three separate dosing sessions. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2018 May 20;57(5):605-610. Epub 2018 Feb 20.

Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Background: Snake envenomation is a neglected global health problem. There is a need for a prehospital treatment of neurotoxic snakebite that prolongs survival and allows time for a victim to reach a hospital for antivenom therapy. Tumescent epinephrine consists of a large volume of dilute epinephrine (2 mg/l) injected subcutaneously. Read More