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Acta Paediatr 2021 Apr 15;110(4):1293-1294. Epub 2021 Feb 15.

Gastroenterology and endsocpy Unit, L. Curto Hospital, ASL Salerno, Italy.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019 06;68(6):824-828

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.

Background: Caustic ingestion with concentrated detergent pods (CDPs) is a common problem encountered in pediatric population. There is insufficient literature about endoscopic findings in CDP ingestion and hence no current consensus or guidelines regarding the need for endoscopic evaluation.

Objectives: To review cases of children with exposure to CDPs from 2010 to 2016 at a tertiary care children's hospital and to identifying the possibility of a correlation between clinical presentation and the endoscopic findings. Read More

Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018 ;73(3):258-264

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine.

Mercury and its compounds are classified into three main groups: metallic mercury (Hg), inorganic mercury (Hg), and organic mercury (methyl mercury: CHHg, etc.). Metallic mercury is the only metal that is liquid at ambient temperature and normal pressure, which readily forms an amalgam with other metals. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 21;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.

Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive, highly alkaline (PKa=14.8) household product. Ingestion of sodium hydroxide liquid is common, showing toxicity on the oesophagus and stomach. Read More

Ann Surg 2019 07;270(1):109-114

Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital AP-HP, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.

Background: Endoscopy is the best predictor of stricture formation after caustic ingestion.

Objective: Our aim was to compare the accuracy of emergency computed tomography (CT) and endoscopy in predicting risks of esophageal stricture.

Methods: We describe a CT classification of esophageal caustic injuries: Grade I show normal esophagus; Grade IIa display internal enhancement of the esophageal mucosa and enhancement of the outer wall conferring a "target" aspect; Grade IIb present as a fine rim of external esophageal wall enhancement. Read More

World J Surg 2018 07;42(7):2028-2035

Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.

Background: Corrosive ingestion results in necrosis of the digestive tract, spillage of intraluminal fluid, and spread of bacteria that threatens the lives of patients. Some authors advise extensive surgery, although others recommend conservative operation. This study presents the outcomes of the patients of corrosive injury who undergo emergent surgery. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017 Dec 14;103:20-28. Epub 2017 Sep 14.

Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, 501 Stanley St, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia.

Purpose: To explore the experiences of children with dysphagia and/or feeding difficulties post-chemical or button battery ingestion injury from the perspective of the primary caregiver.

Method: Five primary caregivers of children with a history of dysphagia and/or feeding difficulties post-ingestion injury (4 chemical, 1 button battery) completed the Children's Picky Eating Questionnaire (CPEQ), and participated in a semi-structured interview. Interviews explored experiences of caring for a child with dysphagia and/or feeding difficulties, impressions of services and supports, and additional impacts to the child and family. Read More

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018 Jun;66(6):898-902

Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.

Objectives: Caustic ingestion can have a complicated clinical course. Corticosteroids are widely used but there is uncertainty about its role in preventing esophageal stricture formation following caustic ingestion. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the available clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for preventing esophageal strictures following caustic injury. Read More

Pediatr Clin North Am 2017 06;64(3):507-524

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Dept A111, Cleveland, OH 44195-0001, USA.

Children inevitably swallow foreign material accidentally or intentionally. Each type of ingestion carries their own set of risks and complications, short and long term, some requiring immediate attention while others close monitoring. Alkalotic household cleaning products and lithium button batteries are increasingly common and damage the esophagus quickly. Read More

Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2017 Jan-Mar;37(1):22-25

Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Nemazee Teaching Hospital,, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.

Caustic ingestion is a major health concern in both developed and developing countries, that may lead to serious esophageal injury. The clinical presentation of caustic ingestion in children vary from asymptomatic to serious and fatal sequelae, such as perforation and stricture formation.

Objective: Due to the lack of a comprehensive study in our area, this study has evaluated clinical and endoscopic manifestations and complications of caustic ingestion in children in south of Iran. Read More

Ann Ital Chir 2017 ;88:82-86

Accidental caustic ingestions are serious medical problems especially in childhood. Various treatment modalities are being used for the complications of caustic injuries such as stricture formation. The aim of this study is to establish whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has protective effects on experimental corrosive esophagitis in rats. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017 Aug 26;55(7):645-651. Epub 2017 Apr 26.

a NPIS (Birmingham Unit) , City Hospital , Birmingham , UK.

Introduction: Oven cleaning products contain corrosive substances, typically sodium or potassium hydroxide.

Objective: To determine the reported toxicity from exposure to oven cleaning products.

Methods: Telephone enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service regarding oven cleaning products were analysed retrospectively for the period January 2009 to December 2015. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2017 04;115(2):e85-e88

Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.

Esophageal or gastric injuries secondary to caustic substance ingestion is still an important issue in developing countries. Its clinical spectrum can vary from absence of mucosal injury to complications such as severe burns, strictures and perforation. Physical examination and first endoscopic evaluation are very important in the diagnosis. Read More

Lancet 2017 May 26;389(10083):2041-2052. Epub 2016 Oct 26.

Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.

Corrosive ingestion is a rare but potentially devastating event and, despite the availability of effective preventive public health strategies, injuries continue to occur. Most clinicians have limited personal experience and rely on guidelines; however, uncertainty persists about best clinical practice. Ingestions range from mild cases with no injury to severe cases with full thickness necrosis of the oesophagus and stomach. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2017 Mar 6;35(3):488-492. Epub 2016 Dec 6.

Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Electronic address:

Purpose: We aimed to determine the incidence of esophageal strictures in corrosive ingestions and potential predictors of severe injury.

Basic Procedures: This was a retrospective cohort study of corrosive ingestions from a toxicology unit (1987-2013) with telephone follow-up at least 1 y post-ingestion. Clinical data and investigations were obtained from a toxicology admission database. Read More

Dis Esophagus 2017 Feb;30(3):1-7

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.

The aim of this study was to determine the necessity of endoscopy in cases in which a corrosive substance was ingested and to find a practical way to avoid unnecessary endoscopies for similar cases in the future. The clinical records of 458 hospitalized cases with clinical histories of corrosive substance ingestion between January 2007 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The demographics of the cases, the ingested substances, and the rigid endoscopy findings were evaluated. Read More

Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016 Feb 21;401(1):81-7. Epub 2015 Dec 21.

Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, Université Nord de France, 59000, Lille, France.

Purpose: Best clinical management of severe caustic injury is still a subject of debate. Most surgical teams consider severe caustic injury as an indication for emergency surgery. But, under certain circumstances, conservative management is feasible, avoids the need for gastrectomy, and has a low mortality rate. Read More

Rev Chil Pediatr 2015 May-Jun;86(3):189-93. Epub 2015 Jul 8.

Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, España.

Introduction: There is no clear consensus on the management of accidental ingestion of caustic substances in paediatrics. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the paediatric population treated due to caustic ingestion in a Healthcare Centre.

Patients And Method: A descriptive study was conducted on patients treated for the ingestion of caustic substances in our hospital during the period 2008-2011. Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2015 Aug 28;50(8):1264-8. Epub 2014 Nov 28.

Health Sciences Research Institute-National University of Cordoba-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina. Electronic address:

Background: The ingestion of caustic substances remains an important public health issue worldwide. Children represent 80% of the ingestion injury population globally. Accidental alkaline material accounts for most caustic ingestions. Read More

Korean J Gastroenterol 2015 Jan;65(1):12-20

Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical Center Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Background/aims: Caustic ingestion can cause severe injury to upper gastrointestinal tract. There were few studies about clinical characteristics and treatments of caustic injury in Korea. We investigated the changes in clinical features of caustic injury over the past 20 years including pattern of endoscopic mucosal injury and treatment modality. Read More

Pediatrics 2015 Feb 12;135(2):e547-50. Epub 2015 Jan 12.

Allergy/Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

Anaphylaxis presents in children with rapid involvement of typically 2 or more organ systems including cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory. Caustic ingestions (CI) may also present with acute involvement of cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. We present 2 cases of "missed diagnosis" that illustrate how CI presenting with respiratory symptoms can be mistaken for anaphylaxis owing to these similarities. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014 Nov 16;52(9):911-25. Epub 2014 Sep 16.

Department of Acute Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS Trust , London , UK.

Introduction: Corrosive ingestions are common, although most ingestions do not result in clinically significant effects. Limited guidance is available on the role of endoscopy and/or computerised tomography (CT) in the investigation of individuals with corrosive ingestion, and the present data regarding predictors of poor outcome are confusing. Furthermore, whilst there are many case series describing the use of endoscopy in corrosive ingestions, no clear ideal time frame has been established as to when it should be undertaken. Read More

Surg Endosc 2015 Jun 27;29(6):1452-61. Epub 2014 Aug 27.

Department of General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, Université Paris 7 Diderot, Paris, France,

Background: Esophagectomy is the standard of care for high-grade corrosive esophageal necrosis as assessed endoscopically. However, the inaccuracy of endoscopy in determining the depth of intramural necrosis may lead to unnecessary esophageal resection, with devastating consequences. Our aim was to evaluate the use of computed tomography (CT) for the emergency diagnostic workup of endoscopic high-grade corrosive esophageal necrosis. Read More

Dis Esophagus 2015 Apr 18;28(3):258-61. Epub 2014 Mar 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Medical Faculty, Çanakkale, Turkey.

Corrosive esophageal injuries are one of the life-threatening morbidities leading to esophageal stricture and perforation affecting all age groups but especially children due to accidental ingestions in this age group. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an intestinal polypeptide with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Its effects are studied in various studies but not in corrosive esophagitis. Read More

World J Surg 2014 May;38(5):1233-7

Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Transplantation, CHU Lille, Université Nord de France, 59000, Lille, France,

Background: For selected cases of severe caustic injuries, evidence favors conservative management, consisting of radiographic and clinical observation without emergency surgery. However, this approach can lead to the development of gastric distension caused by combined esophageal and antral strictures, called gastrocele. This study assessed the safety of a two-stage surgical treatment for gastrocele. Read More

Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013 Oct 5;27(5):679-89. Epub 2013 Sep 5.

Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris 7, University, Paris, France; APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Paris, France. Electronic address:

Foreign body ingestions, food bolus impactions, and caustic agent injuries are frequent but specific situations. Although most foreign bodies will naturally pass through the digestive tract, practitioners should recognize specific situations were endoscopic management is required. In such cases, timing and adequate equipment are critical. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013 Nov 13;51(9):834-7. Epub 2013 Sep 13.

Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel.

Context: Corrosive substance ingestion is a toxicological emergency with relatively high mortality requiring rational surgical decisions.

Objective: Evaluate the role of chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) in assessing the severity of acute corrosive ingestion.

Methods: A retrospective study of adults admitted due to corrosive ingestion, who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT within 48 h of admission. Read More