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J Endocrinol Invest 2020 Jul 9. Epub 2020 Jul 9.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.

Background: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Several studies support the involvement of TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs) in the pathogenesis of GO, and a correlation between GO features and TRAbs has been reported, but not confirmed by all studies. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional investigation to determine whether there is a correlation between TRAbs and the clinical features of GO in an initial phase of the eye disease. Read More

Jpn J Radiol 2020 Jul 7. Epub 2020 Jul 7.

Faculty of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the elastic properties of the medial rectus muscle and optic nerve in Graves' patients without clinically apparent ophthalmopathy using strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) and to determine whether these elastic properties could be used to aid in the diagnosis of the medial rectus muscle or optic nerve involvement.

Materials And Methods: Thirty participants diagnosed with Graves' disease without ophthalmopathy and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) were prospectively examined between November 2018 and August 2019. SE and SWE findings in both groups were compared using the χ test and the independent samples t test. Read More

Cornea 2020 Jun 30. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), Eye Clinic of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.

Purpose: To characterize meibomian glands (MGs) features in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and to further investigate possible correlations with ocular surface characteristics.

Methods: Consecutive patients with GO and controls were enrolled. The following ocular surface parameters were measured: tear break-up time, Schirmer test, and corneal fluorescein staining (Oxford score) were performed on each subject. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 11;11:367. Epub 2020 Jun 11.

Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

A course of anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) is the most common first line treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. However, hyperthyroidism relapse is frequent (30-70%). Due to the autoimmune nature of Graves' disease, the immunosuppressive treatment used for active Graves' orbitopathy (GO) may reduce the relapses after ATD discontinuation. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Department of Endocrinology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Str, no. 16, 700115, Iasi, Romania.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to share our experience on the use of different orbital decompression techniques, as well as the principles followed for deciding the most case-appropriate procedure that ensured the most favorable outcomes.

Methods: We reviewed the Graves' ophthalmopathy cases operated over the course of 14 years, regarding the presenting signs, the imaging evaluation, the degree of exophthalmos, the type of surgical orbital decompression performed, and the postoperative outcomes.

Results: All 42 patients identified presented with proptosis, with 92. Read More

J Endocrinol Invest 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.

Background: The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a key element in the pathogenesis of Graves' Orbitopathy (GO), but the role of IGF-1R autoantibodies (IGF-1RAbs) has not been established.

Methods: We designed a cross-sectional investigation to measure IGF-1RAbs in patients with Graves' disease (GD), with or without GO, who underwent radioiodine therapy followed by glucocorticoids (GC). Twenty-nine patients were included, 15 of which with GO. Read More

Orbit 2020 Jun 22. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

California Pacific Medical Center, The Eye Institute , San Francisco, California, USA.

Curr Eye Res 2020 Jun 21:1-17. Epub 2020 Jun 21.

Department of Centre of Advanced Research (CFAR), King George's Medical University (KGMU) , Lucknow, India.

Purpose: TAO is an organ specific autoimmune disease associated with thyroid, and inflammation of the orbit and periorbital tissues, which is different from systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE. However, Grave's disease is a kind of systemic autoimmune syndrome which might involve the thyroid, the eye ball and the anterior tibial tissue. Considering the inexplicable understanding of TAO pathogenesis, the disease worsens for the patients. Read More

J Korean Med Sci 2020 Jun 15;35(23):e177. Epub 2020 Jun 15.

Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Background: High-dose intravenous steroids are the first-line treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). We aimed to investigate the response rate of methylprednisolone (MPD) treatment among Korean patients with active moderate-to-severe GO and to identify predictive factors of treatment response.

Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. Read More

Orbit 2020 Jun 9:1-6. Epub 2020 Jun 9.

Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, India.

Purpose: The study evaluates the corneal biomechanical properties on Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and aims to establish their correlation with the clinical profile of patients with TAO.

Methods: A tertiary care centre-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Eighty patients with stage I and II TAO (EUGOGO classification), categorized as group A, were age and sex matched with 85 controls constituting group B. Read More

J Curr Ophthalmol 2020 Jan-Mar;32(1):1-13. Epub 2020 Mar 23.

Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Purpose: To review various treatment methods in thyroid eye disease (TED) related strabismus.

Methods: We searched in PubMed and Google Scholar and Ovid MEDLINE for keywords including TED-related strabismus, strabismus in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, Graves ophthalmopathy related strabismus or squint, and restrictive strabismus. Two expert strabismus specialists selected and evaluated the English articles that were related to our paper and had been published since 2000. Read More

Endocrine 2020 Jun 5. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the performance of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based quantitative measurements at extraocular muscle (EOM), orbital fat (OF), and especially lacrimal gland (LG) in predicting response to glucocorticoid (GC) in patients with active and moderate-severe thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).

Methods: Forty-seven active and moderate-severe TAOs (responsive group, 29 patients and 58 eyes; unresponsive group, 18 patients and 36 eyes) were enrolled. Pretreatment MRI-based parameters of EOM, OF, and LG, and clinical factors were retrospectively collected and compared between two groups. Read More

Hormones (Athens) 2020 Jun 5. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Via Palermo 636, 95122, Catania, Italy.

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy may lead to thyroid dysfunction in 3-7% of treated patients. Alemtuzumab is a CD52 inhibitor leading to thyroid dysfunction in approximately 40% of patients. A female patient was affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) and subclinical hyperthyroidism due to an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN). Read More

Endocrinology 2020 Jun 4. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Auto immune thyroid disease (AITD) is predominant in female and has been focused on the sexual diploid in immune response. The interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) gene on the X chromosome was recently suggested as strong autoimmune disease-susceptible loci, second to the major histocompatibility complex region. We investigated the frequency of IRAK1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in children with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Read More

Endocrine 2020 May 29;68(2):261-264. Epub 2020 May 29.

FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Cardiff, UK.

Studies on the TSH receptor (TSHR) have numerous practical applications in vitro and in vivo. For example human monoclonal autoantibodies (MAbs) to the TSHR are useful reagents for in vitro diagnostics. Measurement of TSHR autoantibodies (TRAbs) is helpful in diagnosis and management of autoimmune thyroid disease. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020 May;61(5):64

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Purpose: To investigate the effect of Gypenosides (Gyps) on the inflammation and fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in Graves ophthalmopathy (GO).

Methods: Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the enriched genes and signaling pathways related to Gyps function. For ex vivo experiments, OFs were cultured from orbital connective tissues from patients with GO. Read More

Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020 8;8:392. Epub 2020 May 8.

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.

The Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease highly associated with thyroid cancer. The Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a special Graves' disease with inflammatory ophthalmopathy being a typical extrathymic complication. GO is caused by the formation of orbital fat and extraocular muscle fibrosis due to the inflammation of orbital connective tissues. Read More

Eur J Endocrinol 2020 Jul;183(1):G33-G39

Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

This manuscript provides guidance on the management of thyroid dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are not linked to increased risks of COVID-19. Uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis may result in more severe complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection, including thyroid storm. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2020 Jul;45(7):514-518

From the Nuclear Medicine Research Center.

Purpose: The study aims to define the effect of different dose strategies on ophthalmic complications in patients with Graves' disease (GD).

Methods: All the patients with GD and no or inactive ophthalmopathy (clinical activity score; CAS < 3) underwent Snellen chart examination, measurement of proptosis, thyroid volume, and radioactive iodine uptake, and randomized into 1 of 3 groups. In group 1, all the patients received fixed low dose (FLD) of 259 MBq of I, whereas in group 2, all the patients received fixed high dose (FHD) of 555 MBq, and in group 3, calculated dose (CD) was administered to deliver 5. Read More

Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020 May 19. Epub 2020 May 19.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W. K Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.

: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a disfiguring, potentially blinding, and sub-optimally managed autoimmune condition. Current therapy of active TAO consists most frequently of glucocorticoid steroids, orbital radiation, or B-cell depletion; all of which are associated with substantial side effects. Teprotumumab (Tepezza) is a human monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR), recently evaluated in 2 clinical trials for active moderate-to-severe TAO that was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in TAO. Read More

N Engl J Med 2020 05;382(20):1959-1960

Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.

N Engl J Med 2020 05;382(20):1959

Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

N Engl J Med 2020 05;382(20):1958-1959

University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 May/Jun;36(3):318

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 May/Jun;36(3):317-318

Exp Eye Res 2020 Jul 4;196:108036. Epub 2020 May 4.

Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 Xianlie South Road, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Our study aimed to investigate the differentially expressed circRNAs and their potential roles in orbital adipose/connective tissue from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The orbital adipose/connective tissue samples from three TAO patients and three control individuals were collected for RNA sequencing after depletion of ribosomal RNA. Differentially expressed mRNAs and up-regulated circRNAs were used for co-expression analysis. Read More

Hell J Nucl Med 2020 Jan-Apr;23(1):94-95

Academic Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital AHEPA, School of Medicine, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Dear Editor, Recently, Kitahara et al. (2019) published an article in JAMA Internal Medicine entitled "Association of radioactive iodine treatment with cancer mortality in patients with hyperthyroidism". This publication was based on organ dosimetry calculations from 18,805 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with radioiodine treatment (RAI) followed for nearly 7 decades. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2020 Apr 30. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in eyes with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) and its relationship with clinical characteristics and disease severity.

Methods: Patients diagnosed as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), with or without DON, and healthy participants were recruited. Vertical and horizontal sectional images of the optic nerve were collected by B-scan ultrasonography. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Apr 30;10(1):7329. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Inflammation and remodelling of orbital tissue associated with enhanced adipogenesis commonly occur in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), however, the underlying mechanisms that link immune cells and adipocytes in orbital inflammation are not well-known. The primary aim of this study was to elucidate how a genetically determined shift in the T-cell repertoire toward self-reactive T-cells could drive orbital adipogenesis. To induce the T-cell-mediated autoimmune response, SKG mice were intraperitoneally injected with zymosan A once at 8 weeks of age. Read More

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020 Apr;24(7):3898-3906

Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.

Objective: To compare volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) based on the dosimetric data.

Patients And Methods: 19 patients diagnosed with GO were recruited in this study. For each patient, a dual-partial-arc VMAT plans and a 7-fixed-field IMRT plans were replanned. Read More

Front Immunol 2020 9;11:601. Epub 2020 Apr 9.

Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs). These conditions have been associated to abnormalities in circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs). We postulated that immune perturbations could be more pronounced at the thyroid tissue level. Read More

Orbit 2020 Apr 23:1-9. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

: To determine the clinical course of patients with chorioretinal folds (CRF) in thyroid eye disease (TED).: A multi-center retrospective case series of patients with TED who developed CRF.: Ten patients (17 eyes) with CRF related to TED were identified. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2020 Apr 22;20(1):166. Epub 2020 Apr 22.

Department of Ophthalmology, Fudan Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Background: Coexistence of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) is very rare. Little is known about the orbital histopathology associated with this condition. The authors reported a case of TAO coexisting with OMG and explored the histopathologic changes in extraocular muscles. Read More

Endocrine 2020 Apr 16. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China.

Purpose: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), recognized as a crucial factor in regulating fibrosis and tissue remodeling, plays a role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), a member of pentraxins, was recently implicated in many autoimmune and fibrotic diseases. Thus, we hypothesize if there is a potential correlation between TGF-β and PTX3 in orbital fibroblasts (OFs). Read More

J Ophthalmol 2020 19;2020:7643737. Epub 2020 Mar 19.

Department of Ophthalmology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate foveal and parafoveal density using optical coherence tomography angiography and the alteration on the retinal vessel diameter in patients with inactive Graves' ophthalmopathy compared to age-matched normal population. . Patients with inactive Graves' ophthalmopathy (study group) and healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in the cross sectionally designed study. Read More

Nat Biotechnol 2020 04;38(4):385-388

, Somerville, MA, USA.

JAAD Case Rep 2020 Apr 25;6(4):329-333. Epub 2020 Mar 25.

Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Auto Immun Highlights 2019 Dec 7;10(1):11. Epub 2019 Nov 7.

AV7 Limited, FIRS Laboratories, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, CF14 5DU UK.

Background: The human monoclonal autoantibody K1-70™ binds to the TSH receptor (TSHR) with high affinity and blocks TSHR cyclic AMP stimulation by TSH and thyroid stimulating autoantibodies.

Methods: The preclinical toxicology assessment following weekly intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) administration of K1-70™ in rats and cynomolgus monkeys for 29 days was carried out. An assessment of delayed onset toxicity and/or reversibility of toxicity was made during a further 4 week treatment free period. Read More

J Endocrinol Invest 2020 Apr 6. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Rd, Gulou District, Nanjing, China.

Purpose: To explore the morphological and microstructural changes of grey and white matter in the patients of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).

Methods: Twenty-five TAO patients and 25 well-matched healthy controls were recruited. Structural T1- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry and voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Mar 25;10(1):5399. Epub 2020 Mar 25.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Patients with acquired adult-onset strabismus mainly present with binocular diplopia. Although cranial nerve palsies are reportedly the most common cause of binocular diplopia in adults, thyroid disease can also cause diplopia. In patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, upper lid retraction and proptosis are the most common initial findings, but diplopia could be the first manifestation. Read More

Ophthalmology 2020 Apr;127(4S):S160-S171

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Context: Although widely used for more than 85 years, the efficacy of radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) has not been established convincingly.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of radiotherapy for GO.

Design: Prospective, randomized, internally controlled, double-blind clinical trial in a tertiary care academic medical center. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020 03;61(3):39

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Purpose: Inflammation, hyaluronan production, and adipogenesis are the main pathological events leading to Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol found in the resin of the guggul plant, is a well-known treatment for several inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Here we investigated the effects of GS treatment on GO pathology. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 Mar;56(3):183-188

Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab. of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300020, China, is a doctor of continuing education, working at the Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.

To evaluate the effect of extraocular muscle surgery in treating secondary esotropia with diplopia after orbital decompression for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Retrospective case series study. Eleven secondary esotropic patients with diplopia after orbital decompression for TAO who underwent extraocular muscle surgery during March 2016 and October 2018 in Tianjin Eye Hospital were included. Read More

Eye Vis (Lond) 2020 10;7:16. Epub 2020 Mar 10.

1School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China.

Background: The goal was to investigate changes of the inner intra-retinal layer thicknesses and retinal capillary density (RCD) around the macula in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients with or without dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON).

Methods: Forty-four TAO patients including 23 non-DON and 21 DON patients, and 38 healthy participants were enrolled. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography equipped with Angiovue was used to obtain three-dimensional retinal thickness maps and microvascular images of the superficial and deep retinal capillary layers (SRCL and DRCL, respectively) around the macula. Read More

Comput Biol Med 2020 Mar 26;118:103628. Epub 2020 Jan 26.

Department of Ophthalmology, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea.

Purpose: Orbital decompression for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an ophthalmic plastic surgery technique to prevent optic neuropathy and reduce exophthalmos. Because the postoperative appearance can significantly change, sometimes it is difficult to make decisions regarding decompression surgery. Herein, we present a deep learning technique to synthesize the realistic postoperative appearance for orbital decompression surgery. Read More

Drugs 2020 Apr;80(5):509-512

Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.

Teprotumumab (teprotumumab-trbw; TEPEZZA™ - Horizon Therapeutics) is a monoclonal antibody insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) antagonist developed for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (Graves ophthalmopathy/orbitopathy, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy). Based on positive results from two multinational clinical trials teprotumumab was recently approved for this indication in the US. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of teprotumumab leading to this first approval for thyroid eye disease. Read More

Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020 Feb 28. Epub 2020 Feb 28.

Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, France. Electronic address:

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy can result in proptosis. In such cases, orbital decompression surgery is often warranted to reduce the adverse impact on patient quality of life. Due to the anatomical complexity of the orbit, navigation can be of considerable assistance during orbital decompression. Read More

Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020 05;16(5):259-260

Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.

Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020 Jun 25;43(3):277-284. Epub 2020 Feb 25.

School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Psaron 6, GR 25100, Aιgio, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Patras, University Campus, GR26504, Patras, Greece. Electronic address:

Addiction to cigarette smoking has high prevalence rates recorded worldwide. Smoking has been linked to several life-threatening systemic conditions such as cancer, heart attack and stroke, in addition to a range of ocular pathologies. In recent years, electronic cigarettes (EC) have emerged as alternatives to smoking. Read More

Exp Ther Med 2020 Mar 17;19(3):2303-2309. Epub 2020 Jan 17.

Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China.

The present study investigated the relationship between hyperthyroidism and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by examining saccade dynamics to identify defects in eye tracking in patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage and sensitive indicators that discriminated eye tracking ability in hyperthyroidism. A total of 33 outpatients with hyperthyroidism and 26 healthy controls participated in visually guided saccade (VGS) analysis. Patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into groups based on their medication status (medicated vs. Read More