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Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019 Jan 27;17(1):e84427. Epub 2019 Jan 27.

Department of Radiation Oncology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Background: Orbital radiotherapy (RT) is an effective and consolidate treatment for steroid-refractory Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO); however, long term effects are not well known.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term efficacy and toxicity of orbital RT plus concomitant systemic steroids in a population of patients with moderate-to-severe GO or with eyesight threatening symptoms refractory to steroids.

Methods: Forty patients with moderate-to-severe GO or with eyesight threatening symptoms not responsive/resistant to steroids were treated with orbital RT at the dose of 20 Gy in 10 fractions plus concomitant steroids. Read More

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019 Mar 13. Epub 2019 Mar 13.

Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that can be disfiguring and potentially sight threatening. Suppression of inflammation in active disease can reduce the risk of visual loss and limit long-term sequelae. Current management involves inflammation suppression using glucocorticoids. Read More

Nucl Med Commun 2019 Mar 6. Epub 2019 Mar 6.

Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Temple University Health System.

Background: Radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) is an established treatment for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. RAI is reported to be associated with a 20-30% incidence of development or exacerbation of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). This study compares the progression of GO in patients who had evidence or no evidence of GO before RAI therapy. Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab J 2019 Feb 8;3(1). Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Division of Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Purpose: To report a case of orbital fat expansion leading to globe prolapse in a Graves' disease patient undergoing high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. To evaluate the growth factor receptor specificities of plasma autoantibodies in Graves' disease patients who exhibited contrasting subtypes of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, i.e. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018 12;9:801. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Ocular myasthenia gravis (Ocular MG, OMG) shares many clinical features with thyroid-associated orbitopathy or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). In the rare instance of their coexistence, clinicians may fail to diagnose ocular MG when TAO is also present. Here we report the case of a patient with both TAO and ocular MG, whose "hyperthyroidism"-most likely the hashitoxicosis variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis-rapidly transformed to hypothyroidism after radioactive iodine therapy. Read More

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2019 Mar;58(3):185-190

Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China.

To investigate the effects of pirfenidone on orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and its underlying mechanisms. OFs from patients with TAO were isolated and cultured in DMEM. Cells were divided into four groups and treated with 0, 250, 500 and 1 000 μg/ml pirfenidone for 24, 48 or 72 hours, respectively. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Feb 18;19(1):53. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Banpodaero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

Background: To demonstrate that the Corvis ST could be used to quantify the biomechanical parameters of the orbital soft tissues by measuring and comparing whole eye movement (WEM) using the Corvis in normal eyes and in eyes of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy.

Methods: Forty four eyes of 44 ophthalmologically normal subjects and 28 eyes of 28 patients with Graves ophthalmopathy were included in the study. After Corvis test, the examiners recorded WEM by air puff. Read More

Int J Endocrinol 2019 15;2019:7429187. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201318, China.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of , namely, rs1061501, rs1131665, and rs1061502 for genotyping using PCR-based ligase detection reaction (LDR) method in a total of 1659 participants (592 with Graves' disease, 297 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 770 healthy controls). Gene-disease and genotype-clinical phenotype associations were evaluated for the three SNPs. Read More

J Ultrason 2018 ;18(75):349-354

Imperial College NHS Trust, Western Eye Hospital , London , UK.

Pathological processes within the orbits are a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies, clinical pictures and therapy models. Due to poor access to the orbits in a clinical examination, imaging plays a significant role in both diagnosis and treatment monitoring in patients with an orbital pathology. One of such imaging modalities is ultrasonography. Read More

Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2018 28;5(11):000966. Epub 2018 Nov 28.

Medicine IV Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal.

A 65-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of severe bilateral proptosis, palpable lymphadenopathy and moderate hepatosplenomegaly. A blood test was positive for hepatitis C infection. CT showed palpebral infiltrative lesions with regional progression through the temporal and masticatory spaces to the pharynx and hypopharynx causing almost complete airway obstruction. Read More

Med Sci Monit 2019 Feb 6;25:1024-1031. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland).

BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a common endocrine autoimmune disease. The present study explored corneal nerve changes in TAO patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-eight Chinese TAO patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in the study. Read More

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2019 Feb 31;144(3):152-155. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Funktionsbereich Spezielle Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf.

Diagnosis:  Also accordingly to the recent European Thyroid Association Guidelines 2018, TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) measurement is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of Graves' disease (GD) and to distinguish from autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Bioassays are used for distinguishing stimulating from blocking antibodies and are used for scientific questions.

Therapy:  According to the current guidelines - and with exception for pregnant women - the use of thiamazol/carbimazole is generally favored from propylthiouracil (PTU). Read More

Ter Arkh 2018 Nov;90(10):35-39

N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

Aim: To analyze the association between the polymorphic markers in CTLA4, TNF, IL10 and IL16 genes and the risk of manifestation of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO) in patients with Graves' disease (GD).

Materials And Methods: Case-control study included 248 patients with GD. Using polymerase chain reaction we studied the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers such as A60G (rs3087243) in CTLA4 gene, G(-308)A (rs1800629) in TNF gene, G(-1082)A (rs1800896) in IL10 gene, T3249C (rs4778641) in IL16 gene among 141 patients with Graves' disease and EO and 107 patients with GD without EO. Read More

Arch Med Sci 2019 Jan 20;15(1):55-64. Epub 2017 Oct 20.

Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.

IgG4-related disease is a set of symptoms resulting from a chronic, usually multiple organ inflammatory condition which affects various organs. It consists of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations with attendant fibrosis and deep vein thrombosis. Frequently observed tissue lesions are accompanied by elevated IgG4 levels in serum. Read More

J Ophthalmol 2018 23;2018:3529395. Epub 2018 Dec 23.

Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to observe changes in choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods: The right eyes of 36 patients (27 females and 9 males) with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and those of 36 age-, gender-, and diopter-level-matched healthy participants were evaluated. The patients' data were obtained within 3 months after the onset of Graves' disease (GD). Read More

J AAPOS 2019 Jan 18. Epub 2019 Jan 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Purpose: To describe surgical management and outcomes for large-angle esotropia of ≥50 secondary to Graves ophthalmopathy using combined initial nonadjustable medial rectus recessions and lateral rectus resections.

Methods: The medical records of consecutive patients undergoing strabismus surgery for large-angle esotropia secondary to Graves ophthalmopathy from 1995 to 2012 by a single surgeon at each of two institutions was performed. Patient characteristics, surgical technique, and pre- and postoperative measurements of ocular alignment were analyzed. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2019 7;13:131-135. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia,

Objective: To assess the tear-evaporation rate in thyroid-gland patients using a VapoMeter.

Methods: Twenty thyroid gland patients aged 18-43 years (mean 34.3±6. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Jan;98(3):e14162

Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi.

In this study, we try to explore the effect of orbital decompression treatment on severe dysthyroid optic neuropathy.We retrospectively collected demographic and clinical characteristics of thyroid eye disease patients who performed orbital decompression. Then we analyzed the change of best-corrected visual acuity and exophthalmometry after surgery and the correlations among clinical parameters. Read More

J Formos Med Assoc 2019 Jan 7;118(1 Pt 3):387-394. Epub 2018 Jul 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Background/purpose: To compare the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) who had undergone bone removal orbital decompression (BROD) or fat removal orbital decompression (FROD) with those who had not undergone any orbital decompression.

Methods: The records of patients with GO who underwent strabismus surgery over a period of 66 months were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Eighty-nine patients with a mean age of 55. Read More

Autoimmun Rev 2019 Mar 11;18(3):287-292. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa 56126, Italy. Electronic address:

Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) are the two main clinical presentations of AITD, and their clinical hallmarks are thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. GD, and AT, can be associated with other organ specific, or systemic autoimmune diseases in the same patient. However discordant results have been reported in the literature about the possible associations. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Jan 8;16(1). Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Paediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.

Background: Ophthalmopathy is a rare extra-thyroid manifestation of Graves' disease, in paediatrics. Intravenous corticosteroids are the main treatment of moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy. In this paper, we describe a moderate-to-severe active Graves' ophthalmopathy in a child and the response to oral therapy with prednisone. Read More

Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019 Jan;59:15-20

Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

"New Therapeutic Targets" is the theme of articles in the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 59. Reviews in this volume discuss targets for a variety of conditions in need of new therapies, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, obesity, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, tinnitus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, pain, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle wasting diseases, cancer, and anemia associated with chronic renal disease. Numerous articles in this volume focus on the identification, validation, and utility of novel therapeutic targets, in particular, ones that involve new or unexpected molecular entities. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 8;19(1). Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.

Background: Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) constitutes an immune-mediated inflammation of the orbital tissues of unclear etiopathogenesis. TAO is most prevalent in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease (GD); however, severe cases of orbitopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) have rarely been described.

Case Presentation: Herewith we report an unusual case of a middle-aged clinically and biochemically euthyroid woman with a stable HT, who developed a severe unilateral left-sided TAO. Read More

Nucl Med Commun 2019 Mar;40(3):194-198

Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, Calmette University Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Thyroid eye disease is the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease and it can have a major negative impact on the quality of life of affected patients. Therefore, it is crucial to have a correct and early diagnosis. Thyroid eye disease management should be multidisciplinary. Read More

Clin Exp Med 2019 Jan 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Immunoendocrinology, EndoMed, Bem tér 18/C., Debrecen, 4026, Hungary.

Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter and autoantibodies against TSH receptor, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg). Graves' hyperthyroidism is characterized by T dominance due to the conversion of T into T through type 1 and 2 deiodinase enzymes (DIO1, DIO2). Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) therapies inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis blocking the activity of deiodinase and TPO enzymes. Read More

Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019 Jan 3;56(1):18-32. Epub 2019 Jan 3.

a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.

Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, as negative co-stimulatory molecules, are indispensable for regulating both physiological and pathological immune responses. The PD-1/PD-L1-mediated signaling pathway has been studied extensively in cancer research and has become a hotspot for biopharmaceuticals and immunotherapy. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies to PD-1 have just been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat certain types of malignancies. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2018 22;2018:4845894. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

Background: Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a complicated autoimmune disease. Various therapies have been used to manage GO; however the optimum therapy is not clear. Glucocorticoids (GCs) therapy is the mainstay of treatment especially for active moderate to severe patients, which needs evidence-based support. Read More

Eur Thyroid J 2018 Nov 20;7(6):289-293. Epub 2018 Jul 20.

Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.

Background: Deiodinase type 2 (DIO2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of the active form of thyroid -hormone triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroxine (T4) and is important for maintaining intracellular T3 levels. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DIO2 were associated with several diseases. The association of SNPs in DIO2 with Graves' disease (GD) was suggested in 2 Russian studies. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2018 27;12:2415-2421. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan,

Purpose: This study was performed to observe changes prospectively in exophthalmos and orbital fat in patients with inactive thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) treated with bimatoprost.

Methods: In this 12-month single-treatment pilot observational study, 13 patients with inactive-phase TAO were administered bimatoprost to treat exophthalmos due to TAO. Exophthalmos values and orbital tissue volumes were measured on MRI by technicians in a masked fashion. Read More

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019 Apr;104(4):1077-1078

Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

J Cell Biochem 2019 Apr 19;120(4):6299-6303. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the levels of interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-17 in tears and orbital tissues of the patients with the Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) (active and inactive stages) and in controls.

Methods: Twenty-four active GO patients (CAS ≥ 3/7) were collected in our research. All patients were treated with corticosteroids during the therapy process (4-15 months) and developed into the inactive phase (CAS ≤ 2/7). Read More

Gene 2019 Apr 15;691:132-140. Epub 2018 Dec 15.

Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China. Electronic address:

Background/aim: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an increased volume of adipose/connective tissue. This study aims to explore whether steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) is implicated in development of TAO through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway.

Methods: Initially, we extracted orbital preadipocytes from 10 TAO patients for culture and identification. Read More

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019 Apr;104(4):1075-1076

Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland.

Orbit 2018 Dec 18:1-6. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

c Medical Faculty, Medical Biochemistry Department , Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Ankara , Turkey.

Purpose: To evaluate thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) and its relationship with clinical findings in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO).

Methods: This study included 52 patients with GO and 34 healthy controls. Tests of TDH were conducted using the novel automated spectrophotometric method. Read More

J Curr Ophthalmol 2018 Dec 19;30(4):353-358. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

Eye Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the demographics, clinical features, severity, and activity of thyroid eye disease (TED) in patients of a referral center in the north of Iran.

Methods: Patients with TED who were referred to Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Rasht, Iran from March 2012 to March 2014 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The measurements of proptosis, lid width, lagophthalmos, extraocular muscle function, and visual acuity were recorded. Read More

J Oncol Pract 2018 Dec;14(12):747-749

Inova Fairfax Hospital and Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA; and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Eye (Lond) 2019 Feb 7;33(2):176-182. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmoapthy (TAO) is the most common orbital disease. As an autoimmune disorder, it is caused by self-reactive lymphocytes that escape immune tolerance, but the mechanism is not fully understood. The basic process of TAO is the infiltration of immune cells in orbital tissues, the activation of orbital fibroblasts (OFs), and the proliferation and differentiation of OFs and lymphocytes. Read More

Endocrine 2018 Dec 1. Epub 2018 Dec 1.

Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse administration on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck in patients with moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO).

Methods: Thirty-five patients with GO in euthyreosis were treated with 12 IVMP pulses (6 × 0.5 g, 6 × 0. Read More

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai.

Context: Unique features of local immunity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) may affect disease progression.

Objective: To investigate the association between the orbital immune microenvironment and TAO development.

Design/setting/participants: TAO and control orbital connective tissues were collected. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Feb 28;257(2):405-411. Epub 2018 Nov 28.

Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.

Purpose: To examine the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) who showed asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement.

Methods: Sixteen patients were included in this retrospective, observational case series. The following data were collected: sex, age, laterality, past medical history, laboratory results for thyroid function and other autoimmune disorders, pathological results, other systemic lesions related to lacrimal gland pathology, and the clinical course after treatment. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 11 27;11:CD012984. Epub 2018 Nov 27.

Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, UK, EC1V 2PD.

Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder that constitutes a major clinical and therapeutic challenge. Current treatment options for moderate-to-severe TED include immunotherapy, orbital radiotherapy and decompression surgery. Limited drugs of proven efficacy are available for the treatment of people with TED. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Nov 23;18(1):305. Epub 2018 Nov 23.

Department of Ophthalmology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, 34098, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: Previous techniques resulted with low rates of successful fusion after the surgeries and high necessity of additional surgeries in the treatment of thyroid orbitopathy related strabismus. In this study, reviewing the results of our patients who had surgical correction with relaxed muscle positioning technique due to thyroid orbitopathy related strabismus to evaluate the effectiveness of the surgery was aimed.

Methods: The medical records of 8 patients who had surgical correction with intraoperative relaxed muscle positioning (IRMP) technique were studied retrospectively. Read More

Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2019 01 1;24:35-47. Epub 2019 Jan 1.

Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.

Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause for hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete areas. The disease is caused by the appearance of stimulating TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAb) leading to hyperthyroidism. Blocking and neutral TRAb have, however, also been described. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Nov 21;18(1):303. Epub 2018 Nov 21.

Department of Ophthalmology and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.

Background: To investigate the concentrations of oxidative stress markers, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyquanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), in tears and their correlation with the clinical activity score (CAS) in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) according to disease activity.

Methods: We recruited 27 participants with inactive stage GO, 35 participants with active stage GO, and 25 healthy controls without GO. The tear concentrations of 8-OHdG and MDA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018 Nov 20:1-4. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

a Department of Internal Medicine , Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital , Dijon , France.

Purpose: To discuss the use of tocilizumab in mild to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy as corticosteroid-adjunctive therapy.

Methods: Retrospective case reports.

Results: Three patients with corticosteroid-resistant or advanced diplopia-associated Graves' ophthalmopathy were subsequently treated with monthly intravenous tocilizumab at a dose of 8 mg/kg. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018 Nov;55(6):355

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019 Feb;104(2):581-594

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Context: Orbital tissues in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy exhibit particular reactivity and undergo characteristic remodeling. Mechanisms underlying these changes have remained largely unexplained. Studies have characterized orbital connective tissues and derivative fibroblasts to gain insights into local manifestations of a systemic autoimmune syndrome. Read More

Acta Clin Croat 2018 Jun;57(2):301-306

Department of Ophthalmology, Rijeka University Hospital Center, Rijeka, Croatia.

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a common manifestation of Graves' disease. The aim of the study was to assess the six percent of patients with TAO that develop dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), which is the most serious complication of TAO. As DON can cause perma-nent damage, it is essential to detect DON early when visual loss is still reversible. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Nov/Dec;34(6):600-601