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Local Reg Anesth 2020 22;13:49-55. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesiology and Acute Pain Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Intractable headaches can be debilitating, often leading to significant distress, prolonged medical treatment, and unanticipated hospital admissions. There have been significant advances in the treatment of primary intractable headaches such as migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches beyond medical management. Treatments may now include interventional strategies such as trigger-point injections, peripheral nerve stimulators, or peripheral nerve and ganglion blocks. Read More

Cureus 2020 May 24;12(5):e8267. Epub 2020 May 24.

Hematology and Oncology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, QAT.

Empyema necessitasis (EN) also referred to as empyema necessitans (EN) is a rare complication of empyema that can involve soft tissues outside the pleural cavity and can lead to brachial plexus injury. Although, brachial plexus injury most commonly occurs as a result of trauma, inflammation, or malignancies, but it has been rarely seen in EN. We are reporting a rare and challenging case of empyema necessitasis (EN) causing impingement of brachial plexus in a 42-year-old, type 2 diabetic patient, who initially presented to the hospital with left-sided pleuritic chest pain and acute onset of left upper limb weakness. Read More

Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020 Jun 27. Epub 2020 Jun 27.

Impact Physics, CCDC ARL, Aberdeen, MD, 21005, USA.

A nonlinear viscoelastic model for the lung is implemented and evaluated for high-rate loading. Principal features of the model include a closed-cell approximation of the bulk compressibility accounting for air inside the lung and a damage-injury component by which local trauma is induced by cumulative normalized internal energy and amplified by gradients of energy density. The latter feature is adapted for use in standard numerical (i. Read More

Med Arch 2020 Apr;74(2):115-118

Private Clinic "Karabeg" Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction: Widespread opinion that penetrating chest injuries are more urgent, in terms of treatment and care, contributed to underestimation of the urgency of blunt chest trauma, which in most cases is treated conservatively. It remains an open question frequency when the injuries of the heart and pericardium are not timely diagnosed and surgically treated.

Aim: To demonstrate the importance of well-timed surgical treatment of blunt chest trauma, when coupled with cardiac and pericardial injuries. Read More

J Safety Res 2020 Jun 21;73:1-7. Epub 2020 Feb 21.

Transportation Research Center, Civil Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States. Electronic address:

Introduction: Side impact crash injuries tend to be severe, mainly due to the effects of the mechanism of such crashes. This study addresses the relationship between side impact crash injury severities and side impact safety ratings of the passenger cars involved in such crashes. It is motivated by the lack of research on side impact safety ratings in relation to the real-world crash outcomes. Read More

Echocardiography 2020 Jun 17. Epub 2020 Jun 17.

Department of Cardiology, Holy Family Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India.

Here, we present a young asymptomatic male patient incidentally diagnosed to have aortic regurgitation (AR). The patient had a history of a blunt trauma to the thorax two years back but did never have any symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a moderately dilated left ventricle with normal systolic function and severe AR with normal nondilated aortic root and tri-leaflet aortic valve. Read More

Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2020 May 19. Epub 2020 May 19.

Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

Splenosis is a benign acquired condition characterized by the presence of heterotopic viable splenic tissue in other organs or within cavities such as peritoneum, retroperitoneum, or thorax after splenic trauma or surgery. Abdominal splenosis is often an incidental finding and computed tomography and magnetic resonance usually allow a confident diagnosis. The typical enhancement that parallels the spleen is a useful hallmark of splenosis. Read More

Heart Surg Forum 2020 May 22;23(3):E335-E342. Epub 2020 May 22.

University of Virginia School of Medicine,Charlottesville,Virginia.

Many cardiothoracic operations put the nerves of the thorax at risk. In fact, nerve injuries are one of the most common reasons cited in malpractice cases brought against cardiothoracic surgeons. While all physicians learn about the nerves of the thorax during anatomy courses in medical school, little is written about avoiding injury to these important nerves in the cardiothoracic surgical literature. Read More

J Ultrasound 2020 Jun 9. Epub 2020 Jun 9.

Department of Emergency Radiology, S. Camillo Hospital, C.ne Gianicolense, 87, 00152, Rome, Italy.

Background: Extended focused abdominal sonography for trauma (e-FAST) is part of the primary survey in patients with high-energy trauma. However, it does not identify patients with retroperitoneal haemorrhage associated with significant pelvic trauma. A traumatic diastasis of pubic symphysis, as well as an 'open book' (OB) pelvic injury, is a diagnostic clue to recognize unstable pelvis with higher risk of bleeding. Read More

Int Orthop 2020 Jun 7. Epub 2020 Jun 7.

Orthopedic Department, Clinique Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France.

Purpose: Based on the recent literature, chest computed tomography (CT) examination could aid for management of patients during COVID-19 pandemic. However, the role of chest CT in management of COVID-19 patients is not exactly the same for medical or surgical specialties. In orthopaedic or trauma emergency, abdomen, pelvis, cervical, dorsal, and lumbar spine CT are performed to investigate patients; the result is a thoracic CT scan incorporating usually the thorax; however, information about lung parenchyma can be obtained on this thorax CT, and manifestations of COVID-19 can be diagnosed. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2020 14;71:346-348. Epub 2020 May 14.

The Cancer Foundation Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address:

Introduction: Although a rare complication, Biliothorax, or chole-thorax as it has been called in literature, is a devastating entity if not recognized early. Various causes have been reported for biliothorax like inflammatory, abdominal trauma, neoplastic, the most frequent being percutaneous hepatic intervention.

Case: We present the case of a 60 year old male, treated for colon cancer, who developed this complication after liver surgery. Read More

Trauma Case Rep 2020 Aug 21;28:100308. Epub 2020 May 21.

Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital of Kansas City, MO, United States of America.

Chylothorax is a potentially devastating complication of lymphatic trauma of the thorax. To date, no recommendations have provided decision making support for prompt definitive treatment. We present a 53 year old male involved in a motor vehicle collision sustaining 9 left rib fractures with flail segments. Read More

Arch Bone Jt Surg 2020 Mar;8(2):204-208

Cedar Rapids Medical Education Foundation, Iowa, USA.

Intrathoracic displacement of the humeral head is a very uncommon condition and can be life threatening due to lung or heart injuries. There is a report of this condition where intrathoracic bone fragment was missed. Because of rare incidence there is no guideline for approach and treatment of this condition. Read More

Unfallchirurg 2020 Jun 2. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Sporttraumatologie, Marienhausklinikum Hetzelstift, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Deutschland.

Background: In February 2020 Germany was also hit by the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic. Even patients infected by SARS-CoV‑2 or COVID-19 may need operative procedures. Currently, no uniform recommendations exist on precautions to be taken when operating on these patients. Read More

World J Emerg Surg 2020 Jun 1;15(1):37. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

Unit of General Surgery "V. Bonomo", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", Polyclinic of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.

Background: Giant hiatal hernia (GHH) is a condition where one-third of the stomach migrates into the thorax. Nowadays, laparoscopic treatment gives excellent postoperative outcomes. Strangulated GHH is rare, and its emergent repair is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2020 15;71:205-208. Epub 2020 May 15.

Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, The Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia. Electronic address:

Introduction: Rupture of the pericardium complicating blunt thoracic trauma may lead to cardiac luxation if not early recognized and appropriately surgically treated. This condition is exceedingly rare and carries a high mortality rate.

Case Presentation: A 37-year-old man presented with severe multiple injuries following a road traffic crash, including blunt trauma to the thorax and abdomen. Read More

Pol J Radiol 2020 12;85:e90-e96. Epub 2020 Feb 12.

Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Purpose: To describe and explain the blast injuries and imaging findings in the Ankara terrorist explosion that took place on October 10, 2015.

Material And Methods: A total of 77 patients who underwent radiologic imaging were classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, according to the injury type. The patients were evaluated based on body regions, such as head and neck, thorax, abdomen, lower extremity, and upper extremity. Read More

J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020 May 26. Epub 2020 May 26.

Division of Trauma and Critical Care, University of Southern California.

Background: A penetrating injury to the "cardiac box" is thought to be predictive of an injury to the heart, however, there is very little evidence available to support this association. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between penetrating trauma to the cardiac box and a clinically significant injury.

Methods: All patients presenting to a Level 1 trauma center from 01/2009 - 06/2015 who sustained a penetrating injury isolated to the thorax were retrospectively identified. Read More

Injury 2020 May 11. Epub 2020 May 11.

Digestive surgery department, hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy, 101, avenue Henri-Barbusse, BP 406, 92141 Clamart cedex, France.; French Military Health Service, Val de Grâce Military Academy, Paris, Paris, France.. Electronic address:

Background: During the last few decades, French armed forces have regularly deployed in asymmetric conflicts. Surgical support for casualties of these conflicts occurs in NATO role 2 and 3 medical treatment facilities (MTF); definitive surgical care occurs in France following a strategic medical evacuation. The aim of this study was to describe the combat injury profile of these soldiers who presented with either non-exclusively orthopedic and/or brain injuries. Read More

Indian J Crit Care Med 2020 Mar;24(3):184-189

Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Introduction: Good analgesia has been shown to reduce the risk of pneumonia, chronic pain, and mortality in patients with multiple rib fractures (MRFs). This survey explores the current analgesic practice in the UK, protocol use, barriers to provision, and physician preferences.

Materials And Methods: A web-based survey was distributed nationally to an enriched cohort of clinicians working in UK trauma units with an interest in MRF management. Read More

Injury 2020 Jul 8;51(7):1608-1617. Epub 2020 May 8.

Committee on Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care and Trauma Management (Sektion NIS) of the German Trauma Society (DGU), Germany.

Purpose: Multiple trauma patients have a high risk of missed injuries. The main point of our study was to provide new epidemiological data on hand and forearm injuries in multiple trauma with a focus on those that were missed. Therefore, we used the database of the TraumaRegister DGU®. Read More

J Surg Res 2020 May 7;253:254-261. Epub 2020 May 7.

Information Systems, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California.

Background: Pediatric patients admitted for trauma may have unique risk factors of unplanned readmission and require condition-specific models to maximize accuracy of prediction. We used a multicenter data set on trauma admissions to study risk factors and predict unplanned 7-day readmissions with comparison to the 30-day metric.

Methods: Data from 28 hospitals in the United States consisting of 82,532 patients (95,158 encounters) were retrieved, and 75% of the data were used for building a random intercept, mixed-effects regression model, whereas the remaining were used for evaluating model performance. Read More

Pancreatology 2020 Jun 5;20(4):665-667. Epub 2020 May 5.

Pancreatitis Centre East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Background/objectives: Abdominal pain is one of the known symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Little is known about the development of acute pancreatitis as a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. This case report describes the presentation of acute pancreatitis in two of three family members with severe COVID-19 infection. Read More

Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul 2019 28;53(3):318-321. Epub 2019 Aug 28.

Department of General Surgery, Medical Park Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Hemangiomas are the most common benign primary hepatic neoplasms, often being incidentally discovered. In most of the cases, they are small, asymptomatic and often require follow up. Giant hemangiomas are known as being larger than 5 cm and mostly consists of a cavernous haemangioma, is usually asymptomatic, diagnosed incidentally. Read More

J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020 May 1. Epub 2020 May 1.

Navy Trauma Training Center, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Background: Little is known regarding the effect of hemorrhagic shock on the diagnosis and treatment of tension pneumothorax (tPTX). Recently, the Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines included the 10-gauge angiocatheter (10g AC) as an acceptable alternative to the 14g AC. This study sought to compare these two devices for decompression of tPTX and rescue from tension-induced pulseless electric activity (tPEA) in the setting of a concomitant 30% estimated blood volume (EBV) hemorrhage. Read More

BMC Pulm Med 2020 May 4;20(1):121. Epub 2020 May 4.

Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Background: An asymptomatic SCUBA (Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diver was discovered to have an intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration during routine pre-course screening. This is the first reported case of a diver who, having previously completed several recreational and military diving courses, was subsequently diagnosed with a congenital lung condition, possibly contraindicating diving. Presently, there is no available literature providing guidance on the diving fitness of patients with such a condition. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2020 May 2. Epub 2020 May 2.

Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Nacional de Niños, "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, Costa Rica.

Stingray injuries are rare, mostly causing injuries to the lower extremities but occasionally fatal if there is direct puncture of the thorax, abdomen, or neck. Direct combined stingray injury to the central nervous system has not been reported in the literature. Herein we present the case of a 12-year-old boy who, while wading at the seashore of the Costa Rica's Pacific Ocean, sustained a combined oblique penetrating injury to the C6 vertebra caused by a Stingray. Read More

ANZ J Surg 2020 04;90(4):477-480

Hospital Administration, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.

Background: Most of the trauma patients who die in the first 24 h from arrival to the hospital do so as a result of haemorrhagic shock. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) facilitates expedient proximal aortic control, potentially bridging a needed gap for partial or non-responders to traditional resuscitation en route to emergent definitive haemostasis. This resuscitation tool continues to evolve and has recently achieved some consensus defined indications for its use. Read More

Injury 2020 Jun 10;51(6):1306-1311. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.

Aims: To investigate the incidence and pattern of injury in patients with a diagnosis of a fall from a stairlift.

Methods: Data was analysed from the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database from 2000 to 2018 for those recorded suffering stairlift related injuries between the ages of 40-100 years. Patient demographics, injury mechanism and pattern, mortality rate and height of fall were analysed. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 Apr 17;21(8). Epub 2020 Apr 17.

Max-Planck Institute for Heart- and Lung-Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.

Arteriogenesis is a process by which a pre-existing arterioarterial anastomosis develops into a functional collateral network following an arterial occlusion. Alternatively activated macrophages polarized by IL10 have been described to promote collateral growth. This study investigates the effect of different levels of IL10 on hind-limb reperfusion and the distribution of perivascular macrophage activation types in mice after femoral artery ligation (FAL). Read More

Stapp Car Crash J 2019 Nov;63:177-193

Vehicle Safety Sciences, LLC.

There has been recent progress over the past 10 years in research comparing 6-year-old thoracic and abdominal response of pediatric volunteers, pediatric post mortem human subjects (PMHS), animal surrogates, and 6-year-old ATDs. Although progress has been made to guide scaling laws of adult to pediatric thorax and abdomen data for use in ATD design and development of finite element models, further effort is needed, particularly with respect to lateral impacts. The objective of the current study was to use the impact response data of age equivalent swine from Yaek et al. Read More

Stapp Car Crash J 2019 Nov;63:127-146

Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan).

Far side has been identified in the literature as a potential cause of numerous injuries and fatalities. Euro NCAP developed a far side test protocol to be performed to assess adult protection. A monitoring phase was undertaken between January 2018 and December 2019, and the far side assessment will become part of the rating for all vehicles launched in 2020 onward. Read More

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2020 Apr 17. Epub 2020 Apr 17.

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.

Introduction: Radiography remains limited in costal cartilage injuries, and sonography, CT and MR imaging turns out to be more sensitive in the detection of cartilage injuries. This study aims to determine the frequency of costal cartilage fractures detected in the CT images of the patients with high energy chest trauma and to evaluate the association of costal cartilage fracture with the complications of trauma.

Methods: The CT images of 93 patients aged 18-91 years with a trauma admitted to the Emergency Department of the State Hospital between February 2019 and June 2019 were studied retrospectively. Read More

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2020 Apr 16. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Fundacion Valle del Lili University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Cali, Colombia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of REBOA and mortality in a group of patients with penetrating trauma to the torso, treated in a level-I trauma center from Colombia.

Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, patients with penetrating trauma, requiring emergency surgery, and treated between 2014 and 2018, were included. The decision to use or not use REBOA during emergent surgery was based on individual surgeon's opinion. Read More

Clin Exp Emerg Med 2020 03 31;7(1):67-70. Epub 2020 Mar 31.

Servizio Anestesia e Rianimazione 2, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

In recent years, several techniques of regional anesthesia have been proposed to provide analgesia to the anterior thoracic cage; notably, most of these techniques require a parasternal approach. However, in this context, the potential role of a more common and well-established technique, namely the modified pectoral nerve block (known as PECS II block), has been poorly investigated. Here, we describe a case involving a patient with bilateral anterolateral multiple rib fractures associated with sternum fracture, who was successfully treated using bilateral PECS II blocks. Read More

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2020 Mar 27. Epub 2020 Mar 27.

Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus, Building W1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.

Background: The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence, epidemiology and relevance of shoulder injuries in polytraumatized patients in a large national trauma database. We hypothesize a high prevalence of shoulder injuries in traffic accidents and a high prevalence of concomitant injuries of the thorax leading to an aggravated clinical course and higher Injury Severity Score (ISS). Furthermore, we hypothesize an increased rate of surgical treatment with the severity of the injury. Read More

Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2020 Mar-Apr;25(2):206-211. Epub 2019 Dec 26.

Dept. of Pathology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Fars, Iran.

Introduction: Radiation therapy is one of the most common tools for treating cancer. The aim is to deliver adequate doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and the most challenging part during this procedure is to protect normal cells from radiation. One strategy is to use a radioprotector to spare normal tissues from ionizing radiation effects. Read More

Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020 Feb;10(2):451-463

Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.

Background: To study the predictive value of semi-quantitative pleural effusion and pulmonary consolidation for acute pancreatitis (AP) severity.

Methods: Thorax-abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations were performed on 309 consecutive AP patients in a single center. Among them, 196 were male, and 113 were female, and the average age was 50±16 years. Read More

World J Orthop 2020 Feb 18;11(2):107-115. Epub 2020 Feb 18.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.

Background: Airborne sports have become more popular in recent years. The number of accidents has increased linearly as athletes take increasingly greater risks to experience the adventurous spirit of this kind of sports.

Aim: To investigate the variety of injuries in airborne sport accidents, as well as which acute treatment these patients receive, both before and after admission to a level-one-trauma center. Read More

Chin J Traumatol 2020 Jun 21;23(3):176-180. Epub 2020 Jan 21.

Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Purpose: Trauma is a major health concern. Length of hospital stay (LOS) has been targeted as an important metric to assess trauma care. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors that affect LOS among trauma patients in a trauma center in Southwestern Iran. Read More

Pediatr Transplant 2020 May 12;24(3):e13684. Epub 2020 Mar 12.

Institute of Liver Transplantation, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.

Diaphragmatic hernias (DHs) are rare complications after pediatric liver transplantation (PLT). It is now widely accepted that DHs after liver transplantation (LT) is a pediatric related condition. PLTs (under of age 18) performed between January 2013 and June 2019 at Malatya Inonu University Institute of Liver Transplantation were retrospectively scanned. Read More

Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Feb 27. Epub 2020 Feb 27.

Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.

Background: Severe maternal morbidity continues to be an issue of national and global concern and is increasing in incidence. The incidence of infertility is also on the rise, and infertile women experience a higher risk of incident chronic medical disease and cancer, suggesting that fertility may serve as a window to a woman's overall health.

Objective: To investigate the risk of severe maternal morbidity by maternal fertility status. Read More

J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020 Feb 24. Epub 2020 Feb 24.

Military Teaching Hospital Sainte Anne Intensive Care Unit Anesthesiology Department - Toulon (France).

Background: According to the Joint Theater Trauma Registry, 26-33% of war casualties develop Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), with high mortality. Here we aimed to describe ARDS incidence and severity among patients evacuated from war zones and admitted to French intensive care units (ICUs).

Methods: We performed an observational retrospective multicentric review of all patients evacuated from war zones and admitted to French ICUs between 2003-2018. Read More

Emerg Radiol 2020 Jun 24;27(3):293-301. Epub 2020 Feb 24.

Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

Purpose: To qualitatively assess the legibility of radiopaque patient identification stickers and their effect on image quality. These stickers are intended for use as a part of a patient registration and identification pack utilized in a mass casualty incident (MCI), to prevent errors in correlating patients with their diagnostic imaging and reports.

Methods: Four different prototype designs of stickers with radiopaque identification numbers which are legible on radiographs and CT were created. Read More

Accid Anal Prev 2020 Apr 12;138:105443. Epub 2020 Feb 12.

Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

To prioritize how the development of mathematical human body models for injury prediction in crash safety analysis should be made, the most frequent injuries in the NASS CDS data from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed. The crashes were divided into seven types, from front to side. Non-minor injuries (AIS2+) were analyzed in two steps. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Feb;99(7):e19046

Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Introduction: It is well known that the main segments of spinal fracture is thoracolumbar (T11-L11). Therefore, in addition to the lumbar, the lower thoracic vertebra (T9-T12) often has the clinical needs of implantation of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws. However, the anatomic parameters of the lower thoracic vertebrae are quite different from those of the lumbar vertebrae, which means that if CBT screws are to be implanted in the lower thoracic vertebrae, the selection of the screw entry point, the length, diameter, angle and path of the screws in each segment need to be redefined. Read More