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J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2018 Nov;108(6):532-534

Metatarsalgia is characterized by pain in the forefoot, which is associated with increased stress over the metatarsal head region. Despite the availability of a variety of conservative or surgical treatments for this condition, a few cases have demonstrated relapse or poor response to treatment. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) can provide pain relief in patients with diverse chronic conditions without causing neural injury. Read More

Med Clin North Am 2019 Mar 3;103(2):371-382. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Entrapment neuropathies in the lower limbs are a common neurologic problem and may present in any medical setting. Accurate identification and management of these nerve palsies can prevent pain, sensory loss, incoordination, and muscle weakness that may significantly affect a patient's functional mobility. In this article, the authors focus on the cause, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of select entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity, including palsies of the common peroneal, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, and posterior tibial nerves. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Jan 3. Epub 2019 Jan 3.

Professor, Department of Neurologic Surgery and Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address:

Soft tissue ganglion cysts are a well-known cause of tibial nerve compression in the tarsal tunnel. We describe a patient who presented with tibial nerve symptoms and was found to have an adventitial cyst of the tibial vein arising from the subtalar joint, with the joint connection confirmed both on imaging and at surgery. Surgical decompression of the cyst with transection of the vascular pedicle arising from the subtalar joint improved her symptoms at 6 months, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed resolution of the cyst. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2018 Dec 27. Epub 2018 Dec 27.

Institute Avanfi, Madrid, Spain.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine whether ultrasound (US)-guided surgery is a viable type of surgery for performing an effective release/decompression of the constricting structures that are responsible for focal nerve compression in tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Methods: Ultrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens to delineate the anatomic course of the nerves and vessels in the medial ankle that comprise the structures involved in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens and assisted in delineating a safe surgical zone to adequately and effectively release these constrictive structures of the proximal and distal tarsal tunnels. Read More

J Clin Med 2018 Dec 12;7(12). Epub 2018 Dec 12.

Department of Nursing, University Center of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.

Based on changes in lung function and musculoskeletal disorders in patients with asthma, this study aimed to compare the tarsal tunnel and fibular bone pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of patients with asthma and healthy matched-paired controls. A case-control study was performed. One hundred participants were recruited: 50 asthma patients and 50 healthy matched-paired controls. Read More

Med Ultrason 2018 Dec;20(4):540-541

Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.

We reported a 43-year-old man with right-foot numbness under the tentative diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome. The initial ultrasound examination did not identify any remarkable findings at the level of the medial malleolus. Owing to the failure of conservative treatments, he was referred for US-guided injection of the tibial nerve. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2018 Nov 30:1938640018816363. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Section for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Background: Lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy (LCO) is a common procedure used to correct hindfoot varus. Several complications have been described in the literature, but only a few articles describe tibial nerve palsy after this procedure. Our hypothesis was that tibial nerve palsy is a common complication after LCO. Read More

Phys Sportsmed 2018 Nov 5:1-7. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

f Department of Neurological Surgery , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA.

Introduction: Sports surveillance databases provide valuable information regarding common ailments, yet fewer studies have focused on more rare peripheral nerve injuries. Our objective was to characterize peripheral nerve injuries in high school athletics with respect to incidence, time loss, mechanism, and diagnoses.

Methods: Sport-related nerve injury data on high school athletes were collected during the 2005/2006 through 2015/2016 academic years via the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) database. Read More

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018 Oct;98(37):2995-2998

Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China.

To explore the effects of ankle arthroscopy technique in treating the tarsal tunnel syndrome. From May 2014 to May 2016, the ankle arthroscopy technique was used for surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome in the Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery in Xuzhou Central Hospital. Twenty-two patients with 24 feet with tarsal tunnel syndrome were hospitalized for treatment, with 10 left feet and 14 right feet, aged 26-57 years. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2019 Jan 31;41(1):43-51. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Müllerstr. 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Background: The aim of this study is to provide a safe ultrasound-guided minimally invasive surgical approach for a proximal tarsal tunnel release concerning nerve entrapments.

Methods And Results: The study was carried out on ten fresh-frozen feet. All of them were examined by high resolution ultrasound at the medial ankle region. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2019 Jan 27;41(1):29-41. Epub 2018 Oct 27.

Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstr. 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Purpose: Neuropathy of the Baxter nerve (BN) seems to be the first cause of the heel pain syndrome (HPS) of neurological origin.

Methods: 41 alcohol-glycerol embalmed feet were dissected. We documented the pattern of the branches of the tibial nerve (TN) and describe all relevant osteofibrous structures. Read More

Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018 11 14;29(4):783-792. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

In the electrodiagnostic (EDX) approach of the patient who presents with foot pain, numbness, and/or tingling, it is important to consider a broad differential diagnosis of both neuropathic and nonneuropathic conditions, including focal and systemic causes. This article assists the electromyographer in the selection and utilization of the most appropriate EDX studies for evaluation. The EDX findings and impression can then help guide potential treatment options for the patient with foot pain and other symptoms. Read More

Case Rep Orthop 2018 12;2018:2737982. Epub 2018 Sep 12.

Trauma and Orthopaedics Institute "Carlos Ottolenghi", Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Peron 4190, C11000ABD CABA, Argentina.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy of the tibial nerve within the tarsal tunnel that lies beneath the retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle. It is often underdiagnosed. Talus bipartitus is a rare anatomical variant; only a few cases have been described in medical literature. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2018 Sep 13. Epub 2018 Sep 13.

Clinique des Grangettes, Ch. des Grangettes 7, 1224, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland.

We present the cases of four patients (two men and two women, mean age of 48.5 years) with surgically confirmed partial anterior tarsal syndrome, diagnosed by ultrasound. All patients reported pain in the dorsal aspect of the forefoot radiating to the first intermetatarsal space. Read More

Case Rep Orthop 2018 30;2018:4704362. Epub 2018 Jul 30.

Department of Orthopaedics & Trauma, Ganga Medical Centre & Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., 313 Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India.

Schwannoma is a benign, noninvasive tumour of the peripheral nerve sheath with rare occurrence in the extremities. We present a case of a schwannoma in the posterior tibial nerve which presented with symptoms suggestive of tarsal tunnel syndrome. The patient was managed with surgical excision of the tumour under microscope, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Nov;142(5):1258-1266

Rotterdam and Utrecht, The Netherlands From the Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center; the Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, the Department of Internal Medicine/Centre for Diabetes, and the Department of Statistics and Education, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland; the Xpert Clinic, Hand and Wrist Surgery; and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Utrecht Medical University Center, Utrecht University.

Background: Nerve entrapments like carpal tunnel syndrome are more prevalent in patients with diabetes, especially in those with diabetic polyneuropathy. Our study aims were to investigate the validity of the Tinel sign in diagnosing tibial neuropathy and determine the prevalence of tibial nerve entrapment in both a diabetic and nondiabetic population.

Methods: Two hundred forty nonneuropathic subjects with diabetes and 176 diabetic subjects with neuropathy participating in the prospective Rotterdam Diabetic Foot Study and 196 reference subjects without diabetes and without neuropathy complaints were evaluated. Read More

Asian Spine J 2018 Aug 27;12(4):720-725. Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.

Study Design: Retrospective study (level of evidence=3).

Purpose: We examine the relationship between residual symptoms after discectomy for lumbar disc herniation and peripheral nerve (PN) neuropathy.

Overview Of Literature: Patients may report persistent or recurrent symptoms after lumbar disc herniation surgery; others fail to respond to a variety of treatments. Read More

J Ultrasound 2018 Jul 17. Epub 2018 Jul 17.

Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.

The tibial nerve intraneural ganglion cyst-which presents with fluid accumulated inside the nerve epineurium-is a rare etiology of tarsal tunnel syndrome. We report a case with insidious onset of numbness over his left medial ankle. Ultrasound imaging revealed that the tibial nerve was encircled by crescent-shaped anechoic substances, spanning from the distal leg to the sole. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2018 Jul 1:1938640018788431. Epub 2018 Jul 1.

Trauma Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Background: Peripheral fractures of the talus are uncommon. Almost all the literature regarding talar fractures consists of central intra-articular fractures, whereas studies about peripheral talar fractures are lacking. The aim of this study is to increase awareness in diagnosing an unusual peripheral extra-articular medial impression fracture of the talus. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Jun;97(25):e11008

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongam-gu, Cheonan.

Rationale: Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches within the tarsal tunnel that is often caused by a variety of space-occupying lesions, such as ganglia, lipomas, varicosities, neural tumors, trauma, or systemic disease. The os sustentaculi is a small accessory bone, bridged to the posterior aspect of the sustentaculum tali by fibrocartilage. To the best of our knowledge, this is a rare case of successful treatment of TTS caused by the os sustantaculi. Read More

Am J Med 2018 Jul;131(7):e319

Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Tochigi Medical Center, Tochigi, Japan.

Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2018 May;47(5)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.

This case report is a rare form of lymphoma recurrence which presented as tarsal tunnel syndrome. The patient had been previously treated for the malignancy and was presumed to be in remission; however, standard radiology imaging protocols failed to include the distal extremities on these scans. The patient presented to the orthopedic clinic with tarsal tunnel symptoms and a mass in the tarsal tunnel. Read More

Pain Physician 2018 05;21(3):E225-E234

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Korea.

Background: Recently, clinicians have been applying pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) stimulation on various peripheral nerves to manage patients' peripheral neuropathic pain.

Objectives: To review the literature on the use and efficacy of PRF for controlling peripheral neuropathic pain.

Study Design: This is a narrative review of relevant articles on the effectiveness of PRF for peripheral neuropathic pain. Read More

Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018 Jan-Mar;21(1):35-41

Department of Neurology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Background: Nerve conduction studies are considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing secondary tarsal tunnel syndrome (s TTS), but their utility in the diagnosis of idiopathic tarsal tunnel syndrome (i TTS) is largely unknown.

Objective: We sought to investigate the value of motor nerve conductions studies (MNCS) in the diagnosis of clinically suspected TTS.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-six (52 limbs) adult patients of clinically suspected TTS were subjected to motor nerve conductions of posterior tibial nerve, and its branches and motor conduction parameters were compared with those of 45 healthy controls. Read More

MMW Fortschr Med 2018 Apr;160(6):58-59

Neurologische Klinik, Kliniken des Landkreises Neumarkt i. d. OPf., Neumarkt i. d. OPf., Deutschland.

Case Rep Med 2018 14;2018:3214561. Epub 2018 Feb 14.

SUNY Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES), a condition predominantly affecting young individuals, is a rare clinical entity that can result in significant morbidity. The presence of lower limb pain and claudication in young, physically active individuals should prompt consideration for PAES. Early diagnosis and management is crucial to prevent long-term complications; however, diagnosis is fraught with challenges due to the rarity of the disease and its similar clinical presentation with more common conditions. Read More

Surg J (N Y) 2018 Jan 28;4(1):e18-e22. Epub 2018 Feb 28.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Plexiform neurofibromas of the foot are rare, benign tumors of the peripheral nerves. Diagnosis can be challenging if they present with symptoms mimicking other peripheral nerve pathologies. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment syndrome of the entire tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus and under the flexor retinaculum. Read More

Acta Med Okayama 2018 Feb;72(1):77-80

Department of Orthopedics, Nagano Prefectural Suzaka Hospital, Suzaka, Nagano 382-0091, Japan.

Schwannoma is the most common tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath. However, there have been few reports on schwannoma of the posterior tibial nerve causing tarsal tunnel syndrome. We report on a 60-year-old man with tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by a schwannoma of the posterior tibial nerve, which was first diagnosed as a ganglion cyst. Read More

J Man Manip Ther 2017 Dec 30;25(5):294-299. Epub 2016 Nov 30.

Orthopaedic Manual Therapy Fellowship, OSU Spots Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.

Background: The diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome can be challenging as other pathologies involving bone, muscle, nerve and vascular structures can mimic the syndrome. The purpose of this Fellow's Case Problem is to describe the clinical decision-making and physical therapy differential diagnosis regarding a 25-year-old patient with un-resolved neurovascular complaints following chronic exertional compartment syndrome surgical release.

Diagnosis: After surgery, the patient's previous complaint of numbness and tingling in the plantar surfaces of her first and second toes of right foot was still present. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Apr 2;112:e778-e782. Epub 2018 Feb 2.

Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.

Objective: Some patients experience failed back surgery syndrome after lumbar spine surgery. We report the effect of additional treatments for paralumbar spine and peripheral nerve diseases addressing residual symptoms after surgery.

Methods: We enrolled 74 patients (59 men and 15 women; mean age 62. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Apr 4;24(2):92-98. Epub 2017 Feb 4.

Operating Unit of Orthopedics and Traumatology, AUSL of Romagna, Ceccarini Hospital, Riccione 47838, Italy.

Morton's neuroma is one of the most common causes of metatarsalgia. Despite this, it remains little studied, as the diagnosis is clinical with no reliable instrumental diagnostics, and each study may deal with incorrect diagnosis or inappropriate treatment, which are difficult to verify. The present literature review crosses all key points, from diagnosis to surgical and nonoperative treatment, and recurrences. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2018 Jan;97(2):86-93

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.

The differential diagnosis of heel pain is extensive, but a mechanical etiology is the most common. The specific anatomic location of the pain can help guide diagnosis. The most common diagnosis is plantar fasciitis, which leads to medial plantar heel pain, especially with the first weight-bearing steps after rest. Read More

No Shinkei Geka 2018 Jan;46(1):11-19

Department of Radiology, Chiba Shintoshi Rurban Clinic.

Background: Tarsal tunnel syndrome(TTS)is an entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve within the tarsal tunnel below the medial malleolus. An accurate diagnosis is difficult, and TTS is usually diagnosed from clinical symptoms due to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools. We aimed to standardize the diagnosis of TTS using MRI, and report the MRI conditions for clear visualization of the tarsal tunnel. Read More

Orthopade 2018 Feb;47(2):168-169

Rechtsanwalt für Medizinrecht, Hafenstr. 14, 59067, Hamm, Deutschland.

Ann Anat 2018 Mar 21;216:9-22. Epub 2017 Nov 21.

Medical University of Vienna, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Waehringer Strasse 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address:

The quadratus plantae (QP) is a highly variable structure. A number of partly inexact descriptions of this entity have been provided in textbooks of anatomy. Although several authors have examined the QP, its exact site of origin and type of insertion have hitherto not been specified. Read More

Anat Cell Biol 2017 Sep 20;50(3):171-174. Epub 2017 Sep 20.

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.

Retinacula are thickenings of deep fascia in the region of joints that hold down the tendons preventing them from bowing out of position. In the region of ankle, number of such retinacula have been described. Retinacula like superior and inferior extensor retinacula have been described which hold down the tendons of leg muscles passing to the foot beneath them. Read More

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2017 25;5:2050313X17727638. Epub 2017 Aug 25.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Aiyukai Memorial Hospital, Nagareyama, Japan.

Objectives: Muscle hypertrophy is a relatively rare condition that may cause nerve entrapment syndromes. We report the case of a 14-year-old girl with unilateral hypertrophy of the abductor hallucis muscle with entrapment of the medial plantar nerve and review the literature.

Methods: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed unilateral hypertrophy of the abductor hallucis muscle. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Sep 7;2017. Epub 2017 Sep 7.

Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is one of the frequently encountered entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb. Most often the aetiology is considered to be idiopathic. However, it has to be thoroughly investigated to rule out diverse extrinsic and intrinsic causes. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2017 Dec 1;38(12):1367-1373. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

1 Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Background: Calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used to correct varus hindfoot alignment in patients with symptomatic cavovarus deformity. Translational, closing wedge, and Malerba-type osteotomies have been implicated in the development of tarsal tunnel syndrome and neurologic injury to branches of the tibial nerve. The authors hypothesized that there would be minimal clinically important injury to the tibial nerve by performing a translational calcaneal osteotomy from a medial approach. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Jan - Feb;57(1):167-169. Epub 2017 Aug 26.

Professor, Department of Neurology, American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Director, Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address:

We report a case of isolated posterior tibial B-cell lymphoma of the posterior tibial nerve presenting as tarsal tunnel syndrome. This diagnosis was considered because of the clinical presentation and electrophysiologic abnormalities. It was further confirmed by the magnetic resonance imaging findings of the ankle and tissue pathologic findings. Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2017 Mar-Apr;7(2):62-65

Department of Orthopaedic, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA.

Introduction: Synovial chondromatosis is a rare, benign monoarticular condition characterized by the metaplastic formation of cartilaginous nodules from the synovium of joints (intra-articular), tendons and bursae (extra-articular). These nodules have the potential to detach and form loose bodies within the joint space. The most common locations are the large joints such as the knees, hips, elbows, and shoulders, with less common locations being the foot and ankle joints. Read More

Neurol Sci 2017 Oct 29;38(10):1735-1739. Epub 2017 Jun 29.

Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or its terminal branches within its fibro-osseous tunnel beneath the flexor retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle. The condition is frequently underdiagnosed leading to controversies regarding its epidemiology and to an intense debate in the literature. With the advent of nerve imaging techniques, the diagnostic confirmation and the etiological identification have become more accurate. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2017 Jul - Aug;56(4):865-867

Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.

Glomus tumors are painful benign neoplasms. They commonly present in the hand and are mostly solitary lesions. We report a rare case of multiple glomus tumors in the lower leg. Read More

Foot (Edinb) 2017 Aug 30;32:22-26. Epub 2017 Mar 30.

Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, and Orthopaedic Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address:

We present two case reports of peripheral nerve tumors (schwannoma and neurofibroma) that presented as tarsal tunnel syndrome for many years. There has never been a report of multiple neurofibroma of the posterior tibial nerve presenting as a tarsal tunnel syndrome. Both patients were treated surgically with good outcomes. Read More

Am J Med 2017 Oct 8;130(10):e437-e438. Epub 2017 Jun 8.

Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu-cho, Simotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan.

Agri 2017 Jan;29(1):43-46

Deparmemt of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, İstanbul Yeni Yuzyil University Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.

Pain heel constitutes 15% of foot pain. Pain may be caused by plantar fasciitis, calcaneal fractures, calcaneal apophysitis, heel pad atrophy, inflammatory diseases or related with nerve involvement. Tibial, plantar and/or medial nerve entrapment are the neural causes of pain. Read More

Acta Chir Belg 2018 Jun 28;118(3):188-191. Epub 2017 Apr 28.

a Department of Vascular Surgery , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.

Painful tarsal tunnel syndrome is a compression neuropathy with a variety of possible sources. As it presents a challenging differential diagnostic problem, it is often under-diagnosed. Among the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, varicose veins are the main source in case of a venous etiology. Read More

Sci Rep 2017 04 11;7:46351. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

Medical student in clinical medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China.

The fine dissection of nerves and blood vessels in the tarsal tunnel is necessary for clinical operations to provide anatomical information. A total of 60 feet from 30 cadavers were dissected. Two imaginary reference lines that passed through the tip of the medial malleolus were applied. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2017 03;107(2):171-174