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Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Jun;99(26):e20893

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Dongam-gu, Cheonan.

Rationale: Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve and its branches. Tarsal coalition is defined as a fibrous, cartilaginous, or osseous bridging of 2 or more tarsal bones. TTS with tarsal coalition is uncommon. Read More

Clin Orthop Surg 2020 Jun 14;12(2):245-251. Epub 2020 May 14.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Background: Accessory bones and tarsal coalitions are the most common developmental variations of the foot and ankle. However, their clinical implications are not well understood because there is no established prevalence data in the normal population and the reported prevalence varies widely. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence of accessory ossicles and tarsal coalitions in a healthy, asymptomatic Korean population. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2020 Apr 27;9(4):e559-e563. Epub 2020 Mar 27.

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Posterior ankle pain is a common foot and ankle problem faced by orthopaedic surgeons. It can have many causes, including posterior ankle joint pathologies (synovitis or osteochondral lesion), ankle impingement (posterior, posterolateral, or posteromedial), flexor hallucis longus pathologies, peroneal tendon problems, posterior tibial tendinopathy, Achilles tendon pathology, posterior subtalar tarsal coalition, or tarsal tunnel syndrome. Most of these pathologies can be managed effectively by an endoscopic approach. Read More

JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2020 Jan-Mar;10(1). Epub 2020 Feb 13.

Steps2Walk, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland.

Middle facet tarsal coalition is one of the commonly seen tarsal coalitions in clinical practice that can cause pain and associated flatfoot deformity. Excision of the coalition is one of the treatment options for symptomatic cases. Although symptoms may subside in children following a period of immobilization, resection should be considered as a treatment alternative for children and adolescents because of the potential for restoration of subtalar joint movement. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2020 Apr 14. Epub 2020 Apr 14.

Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.

Objectives: Extra-articular posteromedial talocalcaneal coalition (EA-PM TCC) accounts for approximately one-third of TCC, but its radiographic features are not well-described. The current study aims to compare the radiographic features of EA-PM TCC with normal ankles and with the commoner forms of TCC.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of cases of TCC over 12 years for whom radiographs, CT, and/or MRI study were available. Read More

BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020 Mar 24;21(1):185. Epub 2020 Mar 24.

Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.

Background: The management of painful rigid flatfoot (RFF) with talocalcaneal coalition (TCC) is controversial. We aimed to compare operative and nonoperative treatment in children with RFF and TCC.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiographs of children with RFF and TTC treated between 2005 and 2015. Read More

EFORT Open Rev 2020 Feb 26;5(2):80-89. Epub 2020 Feb 26.

Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina.

A tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection between two or more tarsal bones caused by failure of mesenchymal segmentation.The two most common tarsal coalitions are calcaneonavicular coalition (CNC) and talocalcaneal coalition (TCC). Both CNC and TCC can be associated with significant foot and ankle pain and impaired quality of life; there may also be concomitant foot and ankle deformity. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2020 Mar - Apr;59(2):385-387

Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address:

Tarsal coalition is a condition characterized by abnormal connections between ≥2 tarsi. Although tarsal coalition is not rare, tarsal coalitions involving >2 tarsi are very unusual. In this report, we describe a case of multiple tarsal coalitions in a 24-year-old male who experienced progressively worsening pain for 3 to 4 months before presenting for care. Read More

Acta Radiol 2020 Feb 19:284185120905034. Epub 2020 Feb 19.

SEDI II - Eigier Diagnósticos, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020 Feb;34(2):173-178

Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopaedics Hospital, Zhengzhou Henan, 450052, P.R.China.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the Evans lateral lengthening calcaneal osteotomy (E-LLCOT) in treatment of talocalcaneal coalition (TCC) with hindfoot valgus deformity.

Methods: Between January 2014 and October 2017, 10 patients (13 feet) of TCC with hindfoot valgus deformities underwent E-LLCOTs. There were 6 males (8 feet) and 4 females (5 feet) with an age of 13-18 years (mean, 15. Read More

Instr Course Lect 2020 ;69:371-380

Tarsal coalitions are common, but fortunately the majority of patients with coalitions are asymptomatic and do not require intervention. When symptomatic, preoperative radiographs and CT scans are useful to characterize the type and extent of coalition. If a trial of nonsurgical management fails, resection, deformity correction, and triple arthrodesis may be considered. Read More

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020 Jan;34(1):46-52

Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian, 362000, P.R.China.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic talocalcaneal coalition resection in painful adults via a modified posterior approach.

Methods: Between January 2015 and December 2017, 9 patients with painful talocalcaneal coalition accepted arthroscopic resection via the posterior malleolus high lateral observation approach combined with the lower medial operation approach. Of them, 6 were male and 3 were female, aged from 19 to 30 years (mean, 24 years). Read More

Int J Paleopathol 2020 03 5;28:32-41. Epub 2020 Jan 5.

The Ohio State University, United States. Electronic address:

Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the frequency and types of tarsal coalition represented in medieval remains from Exeter, England.

Materials: 183 individuals from the Cathedral Green site in Exeter, England.

Methods: Gross macroscopic analysis combined with radiographic examination and comparison with clinical and archaeological literature. Read More

Zhongguo Gu Shang 2019 Nov;32(11):1057-1062

The 6th Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhuhai Branch, Zhuhai 519015, Guandong, China;

Objective: To explore CT imaging features and reason for missed diagnosis of clinical practice of occult anterior calcaneal process fracture.

Methods: From July 2013 to November 2018, the clinical data of 13 patients with occult an anterior calcaneal process fracture were retrospectively analyzed, including 2 males and 11 females, aged from 22 to 54 years old. Classification of fracture, displacement of fracture, direction of fracture line, size of fracture, with or without tarsal coalition, other fractures and misdiagnosis, the time from injury to diagnosis, condition of treatment and fracture healing were observed according to case history, data of X-ray and CT. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2020 Feb;32(1):93-99

Hospital do Trabalhador, Curitiba, Brazil.

Purpose Of Review: Tarsal coalitions may cause painful pes planovalgus and recurrent sprains, and can lead to arthrosis if improperly managed. In this review, we discuss the current topics related to talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions.

Recent Findings: Tarsal coalitions are initially managed with conservative therapy, and when this approach fails, surgery is performed. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2020 May 29;49(5):699-705. Epub 2019 Nov 29.

Department of Radiology; Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1250 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.

Objective: The purposes of this study was to determine the prevalence of the accessory anterolateral talar facet (AALTF); to evaluate the relationship between AALTF, focal abutting bone marrow edema (FABME), and sinus tarsi edema; and to study the prevalence of tarsal coalitions in patients with the AALTF utilizing ankle MR images.

Materials And Methods: 5-T ankle MR images were reviewed for the presence of AALTF, FABME, sinus tarsi edema, tarsal coalition, and location and type of coalition (cartilaginous, fibrous, and osseous). Multivariate analysis was performed to examine the correlation between AALTF and the other variables. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2020 Jan - Feb;59(1):173-177. Epub 2019 Nov 19.

Assistant Professor, Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine, Independence, OH.

Coalitions of the hindfoot are a relatively rare but challenging condition encountered by foot and ankle surgeons. Those that manifest between the cuboid and navicular (cubonavicular coalitions) are seen even more infrequently and are estimated to comprise ∼1% of all tarsal coalitions. Treatment for cubonavicular coalitions parallels protocols for more common hindfoot coalitions. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Nov;58(6):1223-1228

Surgeon, Bitlis Tatvan State Hospital, Bitlis, Turkey.

Few studies have evaluated the long-term functional and radiological outcomes of tarsal coalition resections. This study aimed to report and compare the functional and radiological outcomes after talocalcaneal (TC) and calcaneonavicular (CN) coalition resections. Thirty-three patients between 12 and 35 years old with symptomatic tarsal coalitions participated, each undergoing tarsal coalition resections (24 TC and 9 CN). Read More

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2019 Oct 25;23(5):497-510. Epub 2019 Sep 25.

Munich-Pasing Radiological Centre, Munich, Germany.

Formation of the skeletal elements of the foot involves different stages of development. Failure in segmentation of the cartilaginous plate is supposed to be the underlying mechanism leading to tarsal coalition. Variants or disorders in ossification might result in harmless osseous anomalies or symptomatic disease. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop B 2020 Jul;29(4):370-374

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA.

Tarsal coalitions have been reported in the setting of equinovarus foot deformities, but only as rare isolated findings. Failure to recognize this diagnosis may inhibit successful equinovarus correction. Here, we review a series of tarsal coalitions seen in congenital and neuropathic equinovarus deformity at two institutions, to report the breakdown of types of coalitions encountered, and to suggest methodology to facilitate earlier diagnosis. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2020 Mar;49(3):417-424

University of California, San Diego, 408 Dickinson St., Mail Code 8226, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.

Objective: The accessory anterolateral talar facet (AALTF) is a developmental entity described as a potential cause for rigid, painful flat foot. This study evaluates the possible association between the AALTF and other flat foot etiologies, specifically different types of tarsal coalitions.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated patients with tarsal coalition or sinus tarsi syndrome for an AALTF on CT and MRI. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2019 Sep 17;14(9):1156-1158. Epub 2019 Jul 17.

Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98105, USA.

Tarsal coalitions may cause altered foot biomechanics leading to patient disability from osteoarthritis and other sequelae. While some types of coalition are common, isolated talonavicular coalitions are relatively rare. We present two cases of osseous talonavicular coalition that were incidentally discovered in adults and were most likely asymptomatic. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2019 Aug 12;14(8):1027-1030. Epub 2019 Jun 12.

University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey.

Postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity, formerly termed as fibular hemimelia, is characterized by lower limb length discrepancy and a broad spectrum of anomalies involving the ipsilateral limb. It is a rare skeletal abnormality with an incidence of 5.7-20 cases per 1 million births. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Jun 6;12(6). Epub 2019 Jun 6.

Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.

Tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome is a progressive condition involving synostosis of the wrist, ankle and digits. We describe a mother and her newborn that have this rare inherited condition where the diagnosis was made only after the baby's birth. The baby's condition was suspected on antenatal scanning, and he was born with reduced range of motion of his digits, elbows and ankles. Read More

Front Genet 2019 18;10:353. Epub 2019 Apr 18.

Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Background: Proximal symphalangism (SYM1) is a rare genetic bone disorder characterized by the fusion of proximal interphalangeal joints in the hands and feet. Genetic studies have identified two genes underlying SYM1 as the noggin (NOG) and the growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5).

Case Report: In the present report, a 43-year-old gravida at 11 weeks of gestation was referred for evaluation of abnormal fusions of the joints. Read More

Foot (Edinb) 2019 Jun 25;39:92-95. Epub 2019 Mar 25.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.

Peroneal spastic flatfoot caused by tarsal coalition is well known; however, tibial spastic varus foot is a rare clinical entity also caused by tarsal coalition in most cases. The os calcaneus secundarius is a rare accessory bone between the anterior process of the calcaneus and the navicular bone. The case of a 29-year-old woman with tibial spastic varus foot caused by os calcaneus secundarius is presented. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2020 Feb 15;26(2):228-232. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address:

Background: This study aims to examine changes in pain intensity in the long course of symptomatic tarsal coalition.

Methods: Thirty consecutive patients who were treated for symptomatic tarsal coalition was retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: the nonsurgical group (14 patients) and the surgical group (16 patients). Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 May 23;58(3):599-603. Epub 2019 Mar 23.

Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.

Talocalcaneal synostosis is a congenital failure of the segmentation between tarsal bones. It may be very difficult to differentiate from talocalcaneal coalition, known as the most common tarsal coalition, especially in cases with a large bone bridge. Complete talocalcaneal synostosis is very rare, and there are few references in the literature about the clinical outcomes and operative methods for symptomatic synostosis. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 May 20;58(3):581-585. Epub 2019 Mar 20.

Orthopedic Surgery Consultant, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection between 2 or more tarsal bones, with the most common sites being between the talus and the calcaneus and between the navicular and the calcaneus. The occurrence of multiple and massive tarsal coalitions is rare. We describe a rare case of nonsyndromic bilateral tarsal coalition involving most of the tarsal bones and extending to the metatarsal bones in a 4-year-old female. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Mar;58(2):374-376

Orthopedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bergman Clinics, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.

We report a rare case of a female, aged 42 years, with symptomatic bilateral triple tarsal coalition, that is, talocalcaneal, calcaneonavicular, and talonavicular tarsal coalition. The patient was treated conservatively by adjusting her activities. At the 12-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Mar;58(2):337-340

Resident Physician, Department of Orthopedics, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK. Electronic address:

Subtalar coalitions are a significant cause of morbidity, especially in the pediatric population. Arthrodesis was considered the standard of care, with coalitions involving >50% of the joint until the mid-1990s. Today, some are recommending resection of the coalition first and to save hindfoot arthrodesis as a salvage procedure. Read More

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019 Jan-Apr;27(1):2309499019832719

1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

Purpose: We aimed to determine the factors that influence the symptoms of naviculo-cuneiform (NC) coalition using radiography and computed tomography (CT).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic and CT findings of 37 NC coalition cases. The existence of a large pit (depth >3 mm), irregular articular surface, joint space narrowing, dorsal bony spur, subchondral sclerosis, multiple subchondral bony cysts, and intra-articular loose body were evaluated on radiographs or CT. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2019 06 27;40(6):727-732. Epub 2019 Feb 27.

1 Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

J Orthop Case Rep 2018 Sep-Oct;8(5):3-6

Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children's Hospital Altona, Bleickenallee 38, 22763 Hamburg, Germany.

Introduction: Tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) rupture and cuboid-navicular coalition (CNC) are rare, to the best of our knowledge, only 238 cases of TAT rupture and 34 cases of CNC are described in the past century.

Case Report: A 47-year-old man came with a sudden onset of foot pain including drop foot to our department. We diagnosed a TAT rupture, which was fixed through suture. Read More

Bull Emerg Trauma 2019 Jan;7(1):80-83

Medical University of Graz, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Graz, Austria.

Tarsal coalition is an often unrecognised cause of foot and ankle pain and represents a congenital osseous, cartilaginous or fibrous connection between two or more tarsal bones. Fractures in combination with tarsal coalitions are rarely described in the literature. We report the case of a 43-year-old male patient with a talocalcaneal coalition who sustained an open comminuted calcaneal fracture and a closed transverse cuboid fracture. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Mar 21;58(2):243-247. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Director of Residency Training, Division of Foot & Ankle Surgery, West Penn Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address:

Lateral hindfoot pain associated with stage 2 to 3 adult-acquired flatfoot is often attributed to subfibular impingement. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally performed to assess the extent of degeneration within the posterior tibial tendon, attenuation of medial soft tissue constraints, and degeneration of hindfoot and/or ankle articulations. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of lateral collateral ligament disease/injury associated with stages 2 and 3 adult-acquired flatfoot. Read More

Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol 2019 Jan - Feb;63(1):20-23. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Departamento de Ortopedia y Traumatología Infantil, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina.

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that hindfoot deformity should be considered in the surgical treatment of tarsal coalitions. Many authors have used the angle between the talus and the calcaneus (TCA) for decision-making. However, its reliability has not been demonstrated and the measurement technique has not been standardized. Read More

J Int Med Res 2018 Dec 19;46(12):5322-5330. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China.

Tarsal coalition refers to an abnormal fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony connection that develops between two or more tarsal bones. Talocalcaneal coalition and calcaneonavicular coalition account for more than 90% of all cases of tarsal coalition. Coalition exists early at birth, but bony connection usually develops during the patient's late growth period. Read More

J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018 Oct;62 Suppl 1:118-119

Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.

J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018 Oct;62 Suppl 1:164-165

Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.

Cureus 2018 Jul 8;10(7):e2944. Epub 2018 Jul 8.

Orthopaedics, Nemours Children's Hospital, Jacksonville , USA.

Introduction: Recommendations for the initial treatment (nonoperative measures to surgical excision) of symptomatic tarsal coalitions vary. Because nonoperative outcomes are poorly established, we retrospectively evaluated their success in preventing surgery and achieving pain relief for pediatric patients with symptomatic tarsal coalitions.

Materials And Methods:  A retrospective study of pediatric patients with symptomatic tarsal coalitions treated at a single institution was undertaken. Read More

Foot Ankle Clin 2018 Sep 28;23(3):435-449. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Spitalstrasse 16, Kantonsspital Lucerne, Lucerne 6000, Switzerland.

Tarsal coalitions are the result of impaired mesenchymal separation of the tarsal bones. The most common types include calcaneonavicular or talocalcaneal coalitions. Subtalar stiffness results in pathologic kinematics with increased risk of ankle sprains, planovalgus foot deformity, and progressive joint degeneration. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2018 May - Jun;57(3):501-504

Attending Physician, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Spastic peroneal flatfoot (SPFF) is a rare hindfoot pathology usually seen in the adolescent age group that is characterized by painful spasms in the peroneal muscles. We have clinically observed that patients with SPFF also have some behavioral and emotional difficulties and problems in their academic achievements. Because of these observations, we investigated the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders and intellectual disability among young subjects with SPFF. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2018 08 21;39(8):935-941. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

3 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Background: The purpose of the study was to present a novel operative technique in the management of medial talocalcaneal coalition (TC) and to report our clinical and radiologic results after interposition of a pediculated flap (PF) of the tibialis posterior tendon sheath.

Methods: Twelve feet of 10 patients with a medial TC were treated with the interposition of PF of the tibialis posterior tendon sheath following resection. Pre- and postoperative clinical examinations were performed to evaluate the range of motion and the function of the tibialis posterior muscle of the affected foot. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2018 09 17;39(9):1082-1088. Epub 2018 Apr 17.

1 Alzahraa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the technique of endoscopic resection of talocalcaneal coalition (TCC) by using 2 posterior portals and to report the outcomes of endoscopic resection of different types and sites of TCC.

Methods: An interventional prospective study was conducted on 20 feet in 18 consecutive patients who were diagnosed by computed tomography to have TCC for which nonoperative treatment had failed and endoscopic resection was performed. The patients were divided into groups according to the site of the coalition (middle facet or posterior facet) and according to type (fibrous, cartilage, or bony). Read More

Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019 02 27;105(1S):S123-S131. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Paediatric orthopaedics department, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.

Tarsal coalition is due to failure of segmentation between two or more foot bones during embryological development at a site where the joint cleft fails to develop. Depending on the nature of the tissue connecting the bones, the abnormality is a syndesmosis, synchondrosis, or synostosis. Although the coalition exists at birth, synostosis usually develops only late during growth. Read More

Presse Med 2018 Apr 23;47(4 Pt 1):413-415. Epub 2018 Mar 23.

CHU d'Amiens, groupe hospitalier sud, service d'orthopédie pédiatrique, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.

Clin Genet 2018 07 14;94(1):159-164. Epub 2018 Apr 14.

Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

The location and/or type of variants in FLNB result in a spectrum of osteochondrodysplasias ranging from mild forms, like spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome and Larsen syndrome, to severe perinatal lethal forms, such as atelosteogenesis I and III and Boomerang dysplasia. Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome is characterized by disproportionate short stature, vertebral anomalies and fusion of carpal and tarsal bones. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in FLNB are known to cause spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome and 9 families and 9 pathogenic variants have been reported so far. Read More