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SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019 4;7:2050313X19827739. Epub 2019 Feb 4.

Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.

Methamphetamine, a potent psychostimulant, may cause a condition of mood disorder among users. However, arguments concerning methamphetamine-induced mood disorder remain insufficient. This case study describes a male with methamphetamine-induced bipolar disorder not accompanied by psychotic symptoms, who twice in an 11-year treatment period, manifested an ultra-rapid cycler condition alternating between manic and depressive mood states with 3- to 7-day durations for each. Read More

Eur J Endocrinol 2019 Jan;180(1):31-40

Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.

Background Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the main treatment for patients with hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Recently, an increasing number of reports emphasized DAs' psychological side effects, either de novo or as exacerbations of prior psychiatric disease. Methods Review of prospective and retrospective studies (PubMed 1976, September 2018) evaluating the psychological profile of DA-treated patients with hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2018 Aug 18;153(4):535-539. Epub 2018 Apr 18.

Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA -

Introduction: Isotretinoin, previously marketed as Accutane®, is an oral retinoid medication that is used to treat acne and other cutaneous disorders. Although the data is conflicting, previous reports suggest a causal relationship between isotretinoin and depression. When reviewing these previous reports, many patients who were diagnosed as "depressed" did not undergo a thorough psychiatric evaluation and/or were not diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Read More

Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016 Dec;15(6):466-475

Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

The pathogenesis of Bipolar I Disorder (BP-I) involves immune-mediated mechanisms, especially an imbalance in pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster, coding some of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, might play a role in various neuropathologies related to neuron inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of IL-1 gene cluster polymorphisms in determining the susceptibility to BP-I in Iranian population. Read More

J Psychiatr Pract 2017 01;23(1):36-43

PARSAIK, ABDELGAWAD, CHOTALIA, LANE, and PIGOTT: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX.

Background: The prevalence of childhood trauma and its impact on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with mood disorders is unknown. We studied the frequency of childhood trauma among inpatient adults with mood disorders and its association with clinical outcomes.

Methods: Patients admitted to our hospital with a primary diagnosis of mood disorders completed the short form of the Early Trauma Inventory-Self-Report (ETISR-SF), the Sheehan Disability Scale, and the Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity scale. Read More

Adv Biomed Res 2016 30;5:94. Epub 2016 May 30.

Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Background: This study has carried out to find the recovery rate, depression recurrence, changing of diagnose into bipolar mood disorder (BMD) and appearing other psychiatric disorders including obsessive compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), substance induced disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders after 6 years among students having major depression disorder in Isfahan and its relation to some demographic factors.

Materials And Methods: In this historical cohort study, 278 students studying in guidance school, in 2006 being 11-16-year-old and were diagnosed to have major depressive disorder participated. Data collection was done by completing children depression on inventory, Young Maria Rating Scale and also final diagnosis determination through interview by psychiatrists. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2016 Apr 18;238:166-171. Epub 2016 Feb 18.

Turning Point, Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

This study examined correlates of transient versus persistent psychotic symptoms among people dependent on methamphetamine. A longitudinal prospective cohort study of dependent methamphetamine users who did not meet DSM-IV criteria for lifetime schizophrenia or mania. Four non-contiguous one-month observation periods were used to identify participants who had a) no psychotic symptoms, (n=110); (b) psychotic symptoms only when using methamphetamine (transient psychotic symptoms, n=85); and, (c) psychotic symptoms both when using methamphetamine and when abstaining from methamphetamine (persistent psychotic symptoms, n=37). Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Feb 1;10(2):VC01-VC04. Epub 2016 Feb 1.

Nursing Incharge, Department of Psychiatry, UCMS , Bhairahawa, Nepal .

Introduction: Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) refers to the electrical stimulation of the brain to produce seizures for therapeutic purpose. Since the development of ECT, it's use has been consistent. Inspite of the common use, data pertaining to the use of ECT in Nepal is lacking. Read More

J Clin Psychiatry 2014 Mar;75(3):231-7

Hôpital Corentin-Celton, 4 parvis Corentin Celton, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France

Background: In the care of alcohol-dependent patients, co-occurring independent (ie, not substance-induced) mood and anxiety disorders present a significant challenge. Clinical trials of alcohol dependence treatment could help clinicians meet this challenge, but only if they enroll such complex patients. This study examined whether such individuals are likely to be included in alcohol dependence treatment trials under typical eligibility criteria. Read More

Lupus 2014 Feb 2;23(2):188-93. Epub 2013 Dec 2.

1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Despite precise definitions and exclusions for 19 syndromes of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), under some circumstances it appears to be difficult to differentiate whether neuropsychiatric symptoms are caused by SLE or by other reasons such as primary mental disorders or substance-induced mood disorders, especially induced by glucocorticoids or antimalarials. We report the case of a male patient with SLE who presented with an exacerbation of bipolar disorder triggered by chloroquine. Firstly, when the patient was diagnosed with SLE, he underwent six months of therapy with chloroquine without any psychiatric symptoms. Read More

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013 Feb;17 Suppl 1:65-85

Department of Emergency Medicine, A. Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.

Background: In this Part II psychiatric disorders coexisting with organic diseases are discussed. "Comorbidity phenomenon" defines the not univocal interrelation between medical illnesses and psychiatric disorders, each other negatively influencing morbidity and mortality. Most severe psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, show increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease, related to poverty, use of psychotropic medication, and higher rate of preventable risk factors such as smoking, addiction, poor diet and lack of exercise. Read More

Psychiatr Q 2013 Dec;84(4):429-38

Division of Substance Abuse, Geneva University Hospitals, Grand pré, 70 C, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland,

Temperament is considered as a biological disposition reflected by relatively stable features related to mood and reactivity to external and internal stimuli, including variability in emotional reactions. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that affective temperaments might differ according to co-occurring mood disorders among patients with alcohol and/or opiate dependence; to explore the relationship between temperaments and dual substance use disorders (SUDs, alcohol and other drugs). Ninety-two patients attending an alcohol addiction treatment facility and 47 patients in an opiate addiction treatment facility were assessed for SUDs, mood disorders and affective temperaments using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego 39-item auto-questionnaire. Read More

J Affect Disord 2013 Jan 13;144(3):279-83. Epub 2012 Nov 13.

Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Lier, Norway.

Background: Clinical differences between independent and substance-induced (S-I) major depressive disorders (MDDs) in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) are insufficiently studied.

Methods: The catchment area sample consisted of 42 SUD patients with independent and/or S-I MDD (bipolar disorders excluded), admitted consecutively to addiction clinics or psychiatry departments (inpatient or outpatient) with no previous treatment history from specialized services. Assessments included the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Axis II, Personality Disorders (SCID-II), the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Symptom Check List, 90 questions, revised (SCL-90-R). Read More

Schizophr Res 2012 Mar 27;135(1-3):128-33. Epub 2012 Jan 27.

DETECT Services, Avila House, Block 5 Blackrock Business Park, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland.

Unlabelled: The relevance of negative symptoms across the diagnostic spectrum of the psychoses remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to report on prevalence of item and subscale level negative symptoms across the first episode psychosis (FEP) diagnostic spectrum in an epidemiological sample, and to ascertain whether items and subscales were more prevalent in a schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses group compared to an 'all other psychotic diagnoses' group. We measured negative symptoms in 330 patients presenting with FEP using the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and ascertained diagnosis using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV. Read More

Encephale 2011 Oct 25;37(5):393-6. Epub 2011 Mar 25.

Service de psychiatrie, hôpital militaire Avicenne, Marrakech, Maroc.

Introduction: Mefloquine (Lariam) is the drug of choice as malaria prophylaxis for travel to chloroquine-resistant areas. Severe neuropsychiatric side effects are rare. We report two clinical cases of mood disorders: mania and a major depressive episode with psychotic characteristics in two patients with mefloquine antimalarial prophylaxis. Read More

J Subst Abuse Treat 2011 Jan 22;40(1):95-101. Epub 2010 Sep 22.

Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia.

Relatively little is known about the clinical course of symptoms in patients with a substance-induced psychosis (SIP) compared with those with a primary psychotic disorder (PPD). In this study, symptoms associated with psychosis were monitored across admission in two groups of patients: those with SIP (amphetamines or cannabis; n = 47) and those with PPD (n = 51). Sixty-two percent of patients were first admissions, 23% had one previous admission, and a further 14% had had two previous admissions. Read More

Braz J Psychiatry 2010 May;32 Suppl 1:S41-5

Unidad de Pesquisa em Alcool e Drogas, Instituto Nacional de Políticas do Alcool e Drogas, Departamento Psiquiatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidad Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Objective: To perform an update on cannabis abuse by patients with psychiatric disorders.

Method: A search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, The Cochrane Library Database, Lilacs, PubMed, and SciELO, using the keywords 'marijuana abuse', 'cannabis abuse', 'psychiatric disorders', and 'mental disorders'. Articles published until December 2009, dealing with cannabis abuse and dependence in association with other psychiatric disorders were included. Read More

CNS Spectr 2008 Jun;13(6):511-4

Department of Psychiatry, The Reading Hospital and Medical Center, West Reading, PA 19612, USA.

Varenicline is a promising agent with demonstrated efficacy in the promotion of smoking cessation. However, from the time of initial trials, it has been associated with significant psychiatric adverse effects. We describe a case where mixed mood and psychotic disturbance developed in an individual with a history of depression and a family history of bipolar disorder. Read More

Addict Biol 2008 Jun;13(2):264-75

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, a growing body of psychiatric research has emerged focusing on the role of this system in major psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depression and anxiety disorder. Continuing in the line of earlier epidemiological studies, recent replication studies indicate that frequent cannabis use doubles the risk for psychotic symptoms and SCZ. Further points of clinical research interest are alterations of endocannabinoids and their relation to symptoms as well as postmortem analyses of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor densities in SCZ. Read More

J Clin Psychiatry 2008 Apr;69(4):603-8

Department of Psychiatry, Sta. Creu and St. Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.

Objective: The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone in the treatment of adult patients with borderline personality disorder.

Method: Sixty DSM-IV borderline personality disorder patients were included from March 2004 to April 2006 in a 12-week, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The subjects were randomly assigned to ziprasidone or placebo in a 1:1 ratio following a 2-week baseline period. Read More

Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2007 Oct;68(10):520-5

Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON.

Interferon-alpha is the mainstay of hepatitis C treatment and has been linked to several neuropsychiatric complications, including depression, anxiety, mania, psychosis and cognitive changes. This article reviews the management of neuropsychiatric adverse effects and the risks of interferon-alpha treatment to psychiatric patients. Read More

J Clin Psychiatry 2007 Aug;68(8):1230-6

Department of Psychiatry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Objective: To assess the risks and benefits of pramipexole in psychiatric populations.

Data Sources: A PubMed search was performed using the keywords pramipexole and ropinirole, which identified 500 articles.

Study Selection: All clinical studies in psychiatric populations were included in the primary review (24 articles). Read More

Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007 Apr-Jun;19(2):113-23

Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-8103, USA.

Background: Recombinant interferons are widely used for a number of serious illnesses. However, their use is sometimes associated with severe and disabling neuropsychiatric side effects.

Methods: A MEDLINE search identified pertinent laboratory investigations, case reports, clinical studies and letters published between 1983 and 2004 in the English language journals. Read More

Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007 Jan;64(1):19-28

Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, University of Helsinki, Mannerheimintie 166, 0300 Helsinki, Finland.

Context: Recent general population surveys of psychotic disorders have found low lifetime prevalences. However, this may be owing to methodological problems. Few studies have reported the prevalences of all specific psychotic disorders. Read More

J Affect Disord 2005 Mar;85(1-2):217-30

International Mood Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603R, USA.

Background: Stimulant abuse and dependence in confusing admixtures with features of bipolar disorder has been variously conceptualized. DSM-IV-TR rules tend to be liberal in permitting the diagnosis of substance-induced disorder, and rather strict for a bipolar diagnosis in such cases. Accordingly, if bipolarity is ever considered in this interface, it usually pertains to syndromal bipolar I disorder. Read More

J Affect Disord 2004 Oct;82(1):139-42

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1416, Shiraz, Iran.

Aims: To assess the rate of current mood disorders in opioid-dependent outpatients.

Design: Prevalence study of DSM-IV mood disorders.

Settings: Private and government clinics. Read More

J Affect Disord 2004 Apr;79(1-3):279-83

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BPD) is the Axis I disorder with the highest risk for coexisting substance use disorder. One explanation for this phenomenon is the 'self-medication hypothesis', which states that some patients experience improvement in psychiatric symptoms as a result of substance use. We thus investigated reasons for substance use and perceived substance-induced improvement in BPD symptoms among patients with current BPD and substance dependence. Read More

Psychiatr Clin North Am 2002 Dec;25(4):713-37

Institute of Behavioral Sciences G. De Lisio, Viale Monzone 3, 54031 Carrara, Italy.

The bipolar II spectrum represents the most common phenotype of bipolarity. Numerous studies indicate that in clinical settings this soft spectrum might be as common--if not more common than--major depressive disorders. The proportion of depressive patients who can be classified as bipolar II further increases if the 4-day threshold for hypomania proposed by the DSM-IV is reconsidered. Read More

Rev Med Interne 2002 Oct;23(10):828-33

Service de médecine interne A, hôpital Claude-Huriez, CHRU, 59037 Lille, France.

Objectives: To analyse steroid psychiatric related complications in aged (> 65 years old) with temporal arteritis (TA).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study.

Patients: In a cohort of 126 elderly patients with a diagnosis of TA and followed with a mean period of 64 months, clinical and biological presentations, outcome and corticoid adverse effects were recorded throughout the follow-up period. Read More

Psychopathology 2002 Mar-Jun;35(2-3):94-9

Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

In their sections on mood disorders, both ICD-10 and DSM-IV represent considerable advances on ICD-9 in drawing affective disorders together in one section, distinguishing bipolar disorder from unipolar, including dysthymia and using clear definitions. Problems with ICD-10 include complexity, use of different clinical and research definitions, emphasis on single versus recurrent episodes and the lack of some clinically useful subtypes. DSM-IV is less complex but assigns separate unjustified categories of medical and substance-induced mood disorders, and fails to code its useful qualifiers. Read More

Encephale 2001 Jul-Aug;27(4):308-17

Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, CHRU de Lille, 6, rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59037 Lille.

Unlabelled: The interferon alpha stands as a reference both in oncology and virology. But its efficiency is limited by frequent somatic as well as neuropsychic side effects. As a matter of fact, the reduction or the ending of a chemotherapy treatment come chiefly from the psychiatric complications caused by the use of interferon. Read More

J Clin Psychiatry 2000 Apr;61(4):261-7

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.

Background: Corticosteroids often induce steroid psychosis, a collection of heterogeneous syndromes with different pathophysiologic mechanisms. To date, no study has focused specifically on recurrent corticosteroid-induced mood disorders and considered their long-term outcome and treatment strategies.

Method: Nine patients whose initial clinical presentation met DSM-IV criteria for a substance-induced mood disorder were identified by a review of medical records. Read More

Eur J Endocrinol 2000 May;142(5):438-44

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Objective: To report a series of newly diagnosed thyrotoxic patients with concurrent acute psychosis, and to assess the association between the two disorders.

Design: Retrospective study of thyrotoxic patients with associated psychosis ('thyrotoxic psychosis'; TP) requiring inpatient psychiatric care. New Zealand thyrotoxicosis annual incidence figures and first psychiatric admission rates for affective psychosis were utilised to statistically assess the co-occurrence of thyrotoxicosis and affective psychosis. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 Dec;83(6 Pt 1):495-503; quiz 503-4

Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9101, USA.

Learning Objectives: Readers will learn the importance of psychiatric symptomatology with corticosteroid drug therapy, especially when combined with other medications.

Data Sources: A brief history of corticosteroid use over the last five decades was complied utilizing MEDLINE and PSYCHOINFO as sources of information which include peer-reviewed research articles, case studies, and relevant reviews in English.

Conclusion: Corticosteroids are routinely prescribed for a variety of allergic and immunologic illnesses. Read More

Addict Behav 1998 Nov-Dec;23(6):933-46

University of California, San Diego, USA.

This article explores the complex relationships between alcohol dependence and mood disorders. Although many alcoholics present with substance-induced depressions, once appropriate methodological controls are used, there does not appear to be a significant relationship between independent unipolar depression and alcohol dependence. However, the data support a small, but significant, relationship between bipolar manic-depressive disease and alcoholism. Read More

Harv Rev Psychiatry 1998 Jan-Feb;5(5):239-46

Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9070, USA.

Corticosteroids such as prednisone are commonly prescribed for a variety of illnesses mediated by the immune system. This paper reviews the available literature on mood symptoms during corticosteroid treatment. Few studies have used well-recognized measures of symptoms or clearly defined diagnostic criteria to characterize such mood changes. Read More

Br J Psychiatry 1996 Feb;168(2):241-3

Department of Psychiatry, Farnborough Hospital, Kent.

Background: Concurrent use of lithium and ECT is suspected to increase neurotoxicity.

Method: A retrospective case-control study over an eight-year period was conducted to investigate the adverse effects of a combined lithium/ECT treatment. Thirty-one subjects with combined lithium/ECT treatment were compared with a control group (ECT only) of 135 cases matched for age and sex. Read More

Psychopathology 1996 ;29(1):54-63

University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.

Both from the clinical and mathematical perspectives, symptom recognition has received less attention than disease recognition. To redress this balance, it is imperative that multidimensional models are constructed for each and all mental symptoms. This paper offers one such model for "hallucinations', and a set of prototypical data comparing the performance of pattern recognition techniques (cluster and discriminant analyses) and neural networks (Kohonen and backpropagation). Read More

Nervenarzt 1995 Sep;66(9):649-61

Klinische Abteilung für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie, Wien.

We briefly review the possibilities of side effects caused by therapy with drugs other than psychotropic agents. These complications are mainly depressive/manic, paranoid-hallucinatoric/deliriant or anxiety/panic syndromes. Especially elderly patients and patients with multiple diseases are the preferred group with these side effects, because they are most likely to show a disturbance of blood-brain barrier and renal clearance. Read More

J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Oct;34(7):1173-85

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Annedals Clinics, Göteborg, Sweden.

Fifty-five cases who had been diagnosed in adolescence as suffering from a psychotic condition while attending a child or adult psychiatric clinic were compared with age-, sex- and school-matched cases with respect to various outcome measures at age 30 years. Overall, the outcome for young people who need psychiatric care for psychotic conditions in adolescence appears to be gloomy with respect to psychosocial adjustment. There were clear differences in outcome depending on specific psychosis diagnosis category at the time of original diagnosis. Read More

Int J Psychiatry Med 1993 ;23(1):55-62

Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Objective: Patients with lithium toxicity can pose difficulties in diagnosis and management in the general hospital setting. The authors examined patients who were referred to the Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Service with suspicion of lithium overdose to delineate and characterize medical and psychiatric risk factors for toxicity and to follow the course and resolution of their toxicity.

Method: The authors reviewed the charts of patients with lithium levels > 1. Read More

J Clin Psychiatry 1992 Feb;53(2):53-5

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine.

Bupropion hydrochloride is a phenylaminoketone antidepressant whose clinical pharmacology is poorly understood. Part of bupropion's action may be attributed to inhibition of dopamine reuptake that may induce organic mental disorders in certain susceptible patients. We report three cases of organic mental disorders in patients receiving bupropion hydrochloride for treatment of the depressed phase of their bipolar-type mood instability. Read More

Am J Psychiatry 1989 Dec;146(12):1638-9

Am J Psychiatry 1988 Jul;145(7):906-7

Am J Psychiatry 1988 Apr;145(4):487-90

Epidemiology Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178.

To assess the frequency of affective and psychotic symptoms in athletes taking anabolic steroids, the authors performed structured interviews of 41 body-builders and football players who had used steroids. According to DSM-III-R, nine subjects (22%) displayed a full affective syndrome, and five (12%) displayed psychotic symptoms in association with steroid use. These findings suggest that major psychiatric symptoms may be a common adverse effect of these drugs. Read More

Int J Psychiatry Med 1985-1986;15(2):91-109

Retrospective analysis of the phenomenology and the diagnostic process of 112 consecutive psychogeriatric admissions revealed the majority (61%) were suffering from affective illness. In 53 percent, the reason for admission was depression and 8 percent were in the manic phase of a bipolar disorder. Dementia was diagnosed in 32 percent, with a third of these patients having an associated depression. Read More

Am J Psychiatry 1984 Sep;141(9):1103-4

Two unipolar depressed patients developed manic symptoms when treated with trazodone. The symptoms resolved when the drug was discontinued. The authors believe these to be the first two cases of such a reaction reported in the literature. Read More