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Clin Rehabil 2019 Feb 27:269215519831337. Epub 2019 Feb 27.

Brain Injury Unit, Royal Rehab, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Objective:: To determine the effectiveness of a programme comprising serial casting, botulinum toxin, splinting and motor training in contracture management.

Design:: A randomized trial with concealed allocation and assessor blinding, a deferred treatment cross-over design within the control group, was conducted.

Setting:: Inpatient Brain Injury Unit of a rehabilitation centre. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Jan 21. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Department for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Clinic for Orthopedics, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.

Background Hallux valgus is a common diagnosis in orthopedics. Only a few studies have analyzed the effects of conservative therapy. Therefore, the current study analyzed the effect of a dynamic hallux valgus splint. Read More

J Fam Pract 2018 Nov;67(11):678-683

Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Which devices do-and don't-have evidence to support their use when it comes to injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome, "tennis elbow," or an ankle sprain? Read on. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2019 Jan 9;58(1):161-164. Epub 2018 Oct 9.

Orthopedic Surgeon, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI.

The purpose of this study was to determine if clinical palpation and ultrasound determination of apposition compares with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture. A review of 18 consecutive patients presenting with an acute Achilles tendon tear was performed. All tears were diagnosed by clinical exam and confirmed by ultrasound. Read More

Foot (Edinb) 2018 Sep 20;36:10-14. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Orthopaedic Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Gwendolen Rd., Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom.

Background: Should pre-manipulation radiographs be obtained in ankle fracture-dislocations? This question remains controversial. The twelfth British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma (BOAST-12) published in August 2016 states that 'Reduction and splinting should be performed urgently for clinically deformed ankles. Radiographs should be obtained before reduction unless this will cause an unacceptable delay'. Read More

Indian J Orthop 2018 May-Jun;52(3):258-268

Department of Orthopaedics, Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Fractures of talar body are uncommon injuries often associated with fractures of other long bones and in polytraumatized patients. The integrity of the talus is essential for the normal function of the ankle, subtalar, and midtarsal joints. The relative infrequency of this injury limits the number of studies available to guide treatment. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2018 Oct 2;39(10):1162-1168. Epub 2018 Jun 2.

2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA.

Background: Initial treatment for a displaced ankle fracture is closed reduction and splinting. This is typically performed in conjunction with either an intra-articular hematoma block (IAHB) or procedural sedation (PS) to assist with pain control. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety of IAHB to PS and evaluate the efficiency and efficacy for each method. Read More

Physiother Can 2018 ;70(2):152-159

Brain Injury Unit, Royal Rehab, Ryde, N.S.W., Australia.

Serial casting for ankle contractures is traditionally performed in prone, a position that patients may not easily tolerate. Also, although serial casting is effective in correcting contracture, its effect dissipates quickly. This case report describes a procedure for performing casting for ankle contractures in a supine or sitting position. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2019 Feb 8;12(1):16-24. Epub 2018 Jan 8.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NewYork Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.

Background: Substantial progress has been made in characterizing the benefit of early functional rehabilitation following Achilles tendon repair (ATR). However, standardized ATR rehabilitation guidelines have yet to be produced. Furthermore, as patients increasingly use the Internet to independently retrieve health care content, access to standardized, clinically effective rehabilitation protocols is necessary. Read More

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2016 12;24(3):354-357

Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Korea.

Purposes: To review the outcome of Z-plasty of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon at the tarsal tunnel for checkrein deformity in 8 patients.

Methods: Records of 6 males and 2 females aged 14 to 67 (mean, 39.5) years who underwent Z-plasty (lengthening) of the FHL tendon at the tarsal tunnel for checkrein deformity in the first and second toes by a single surgeon were reviewed. Read More

Pediatr Phys Ther 2017 01;29(1):90-94

Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock.

Purpose: The presence of hypertrophic scars, which cross lower extremity joints, can often result in decreased range of motion, limitations in functional mobility, and gait deviations. This article reviews a case and describes a multimodal treatment approach.

Summary Of Key Points: A 6-year-old girl developed aggressive hypertrophic scars following a burn injury. Read More

J Emerg Med 2017 Jan 19;52(1):28-33. Epub 2016 Sep 19.

Bronson Orthopedic Trauma, Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Background: Calcaneal fractures are commonly seen and treated in the emergency department. There are subsets of calcaneal fractures that pose a high risk to the adjacent soft tissue of the heel and can result in full-thickness tissue necrosis.

Objective: To identify which calcaneal fractures need to be managed within hours and triaged to the orthopedic team and which can be temporized in a neutral or plantarflexed ankle splint and seen in an outpatient setting. Read More

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016 Dec 23;42(6):695-700. Epub 2016 Jul 23.

Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

Purpose: Fractures of the lower extremity, particularly of the femur and acetabulum, may be difficult to immobilize with splinting alone. These injuries may be best stabilized with the application of various types of skeletal traction. Often, traction is applied percutaneously in an emergent setting, making the knowledge of both superficial and deep anatomy crucial to successful placement. Read More

Z Orthop Unfall 2016 Dec 7;154(6):612-617. Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main.

Protracted dislocation of the upper ankle joint can lead to substantial damage to the surrounding soft tissue, possibly followed by local complications and longer hospitalisation. Although reposition is usually easy to conduct, it is commonly recommended that this should only be performed by an experienced specialist, as long as there is no neurovascular restriction. There are however no exact data or studies on this problem. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2017 Jan/Feb;38(1):e328-e336

From the *Surgical Services, Sumner Redstone Burn Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; †Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; §Shriners Hospitals for Children®-Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; ¶Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medicine Regional Burn Center, University of Washington, Seattle; and #University of Texas Medical Branch, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston.

As the overall survival rate for burn injury has improved, increased emphasis is placed on postburn morbidity and the optimization of functional and cosmetic outcomes. One major cause of morbidity and functional deficits is that of joint contractures. The true incidence of postburn contractures and their associated risk factors remains unknown. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2017 Jan/Feb;38(1):e192-e199

From the *Division of Burns, Department of Surgery, Sumner Redstone Burn Center, Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; †Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; §Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; ¶Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medicine Regional Burn Center, University of Washington, Seattle; and #University of Texas Medical Branch, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston.

Joint contractures are a major cause of morbidity and functional deficit. The incidence of postburn contractures and their associated risk factors in the pediatric population has not yet been reported. This study examines the incidence and severity of contractures in a large, multicenter, pediatric burn population. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2016 Sep-Oct;55(5):965-70. Epub 2016 Jun 20.

Resident Physician, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the semi-invasive "internal splinting" (SIIS) method for repair of Achilles tendon rupture relative to open repair with Krakow sutures. Efficacy was evaluated based on the clinical and functional outcomes, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging measurements, isokinetic results, and surgical complication rates. Functional measurements included the Thermann and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle scores, bilateral ankle dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion measurements. Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2015 Oct-Dec;5(4):82-4

Department of Orthopaedics, Government Peripheral Hospital, Chennai. India.

Introduction: Established non-unions pose a real nightmare for even the most accomplished surgeon. The variations in anatomy due to extensive fibrous tissue growth, soft tissue contractures around the fracture site and bony alterations like smoothening and sclerosis of the fracture ends must each be addressed as a whole if good outcome is to be expected.

Case Series: Here we present a series of 11 patients who had bimalleolar fracture of the ankle following which they had native splinting. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2016 Aug 4;34(8):1625-6. Epub 2016 May 4.

Emergency Medicine Department, Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, MN.

Background: Acute nondisplaced fractures (NDFs) are common in the emergency department (ED), and providers often obtain postsplinting x-rays to identify displacement that potentially occurs during the splinting process. Our objectives are to (1) determine how often x-rays are obtained after splinting of NDFs, (2) identify if postsplinting x-rays change treatment management in the ED, and (3) identify if there are medical complications at follow-up.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of ED patients who were discharged with hand, wrist, ankle, or foot fractures was conducted to determine patients with definite NDFs that were verified by a radiologist, underwent splinting, and either had postsplint x-rays or not. Read More

Arch Bone Jt Surg 2016 Jan;4(1):10-5

Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Surgery Resident PGY 3, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital Foot & Ankle Center, Boston, MA.

Background: The most expensive variable in the operating room (OR) is time. Lean Process Management is being used in the medical field to improve efficiency in the OR. Streamlining individual processes within the OR is crucial to a comprehensive time saving and cost-cutting health care strategy. Read More

Injury 2015 Sep;46 Suppl 3:S19-22

Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address:

Introduction: Surgical management of calcaneus fractures is technically demanding and has a high risk of wound complications. These fractures are traditionally managed with splinting until swelling has subsided, which can take weeks and leaves the fracture fragments displaced. We describe a novel protocol for the management of displaced intraarticular calcaneus fractures that utilises a temporising external fixator and staged conversion to plate fixation through a sinus tarsi approach. Read More

JBJS Case Connect 2015 Oct-Dec;5(4):e85

Orthopaedic Associates of Michigan, 1111 Leffingwell Avenue N.E., Suite 100, Grand Rapids, MI 49525. E-mail address:

Case: An eighteen-year-old patient sustained a fracture-dislocation of the left ankle while playing rugby. The fracture was treated in the emergency department with closed reduction and splinting, followed by open reduction and internal fixation. Subsequently, increased tibiotalar clear space was noted radiographically. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2016 Jul;32(7):452-4

From the *Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; †Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, and ‡Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.

Objectives: To evaluate current practice in treatment of toddler's fractures, as well as subsequent healthcare utilization and complications.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of children age 9 months to 3 years with a radiographically evident toddler's fracture diagnosed at a single academic pediatric emergency department (PED) from January 2008 to December 2012. Data collected included initial form of immobilization (if any), referral to orthopedic clinic, number of repeat radiographs obtained, presence of skin breakdown related to splinting or casting, and presence of other complications. Read More

Hum Mov Sci 2015 Feb 10;39:200-11. Epub 2014 Dec 10.

Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 1825, Australia.

Certain styles of children's shoes reduce 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and midfoot motion during propulsion of walking. However, no studies have investigated if the splinting effect of shoes on children's 1st MTPJ and midfoot motion occurs during running. This study investigated the effect of sports shoes on multi-segment foot kinematics of children during propulsion of walking and running. Read More

J Physiother 2014 Dec 25;60(4):201-8. Epub 2014 Oct 25.

Royal Rehabilitation Centre.

Question: Is a combination of standing, electrical stimulation and splinting more effective than standing alone for the management of ankle contractures after severe brain injury?

Design: A multi-centre randomised trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis.

Participants: Thirty-six adults with severe traumatic brain injury and ankle plantarflexion contractures.

Intervention: All participants underwent a 6-week program. Read More

Phys Sportsmed 2014 Nov;42(4):60-70

Hospital for Special Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Foot and Ankle Service, New York City, NY.

Casting and splinting techniques for treating patients with fractures have been used for centuries. Functional bracing after ankle fracture has recently been utilized in an effort to avoid the atrophy and stiffness sometimes associated with casting; functional bracing allows for early mobilization of the ankle joint during recovery. Our review investigated the published literature comparing bracing with casting after ankle fracture. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2015 Apr;29(4):e172-7

Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.

Ankle injuries are one of the most common orthopaedic conditions treated in the emergency department. Initial reduction and splinting techniques of these injuries are variable and can place undue stress on the physician and cause patient discomfort. Novice and experienced practitioners have had to repeat splint application because of poor preparation, variable assistant experience, loss of fracture reduction, and improper application. Read More

Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2014 Nov;43(11):E246-52; quiz E253-4

Arthur James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

The most effective way to teach and assess a resident's knowledge of musculoskeletal medicine, including orthopedic-specific surgical skills, remains unclear. We designed a surgical skills training session to educate junior-level orthopedic residents in 4 core areas: comfort with basic power equipment, casting/splinting, suturing, and surgical instrument identification. As part of the study reported here, 11 orthopedic residents (postgraduate year 1-3) completed a skills session and were evaluated with written examinations and an ankle fracture model before and after the session. Read More

Z Rheumatol 2014 Nov;73(9):806-13

Abteilung für Fuß- und Sprunggelenkschirurgie, Hessingpark- Clinic, Hessingstr.17, 86199, Augsburg, Deutschland,

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is found in approximately 2 % of the total population in Europe and the peak incidence of the disease is during the fourth and fifth decades of life. In approximately 15 % the first symptoms of the disease occur at the level of the foot and ankle. If the early stage-dependent therapy with pharmaceuticals fails isolated surgery of the tendons (e. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015 Jul 12;105(4):307-12. Epub 2014 Sep 12.

Background: Cohesive taping is commonly used for the prevention or treatment of ankle sprain injuries. Short-leg cast immobilization or splinting is another treatment option in such cases. To determine the clinical efficacy and antiedema effects of cohesive taping and short-leg cast immobilization in acute low-type ankle sprains of physically active patients, we performed a preliminary clinical study to assess objective evidence for edema and functional patient American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores with these alternative treatments. Read More

J Emerg Med 2014 Nov 8;47(5):561-4. Epub 2014 Sep 8.

Division of Trauma, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.

Background: Obese and overweight people have higher rates of ankle injury, particularly operative ankle fractures. The initial management of unstable ankle fractures includes closed reduction and splinting to limit soft tissue injury and articular cartilage damage until definitive operative fixation can be performed. Adequate reduction can be more difficult in the obese patient due to the weight and additional padding provided by the larger soft tissue envelope. Read More

Z Orthop Unfall 2014 Aug 21;152(4):381-8. Epub 2014 Aug 21.

Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn.

Aim: There is a positive correlation between operation time and staff exposure to radiation during intraoperative use of C-arm fluoroscopy. Due to harmful effects of exposure to long-term low-dose radiation for both the patient and the operating team it should be kept to a minimum. AIM of this study was to evaluate a novel dosimeter system called Dose Aware® (DA) enabling radiation exposure feedback of the personal in an orthopaedic and trauma operation theatre in real-time. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2015 Apr;29(4):e166-71

*Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and †R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.

Ankle fractures are commonly treated by orthopaedic surgeons and often require manipulative reduction. This can be painful for the patient and frequently uses 2 or more providers. Intra-articular injection of local anesthetic into the ankle joint precludes the need for conscious sedation (intravenous narcotics and benzodiazepines, propofol, or ketamine). Read More

J Reconstr Microsurg 2014 May 28;30(4):235-40. Epub 2014 Mar 28.

Department of Plastic Surgery, Brugmann ULB University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.

Microsurgical nerve lengthening was performed in two siblings presenting a popliteal pterigium syndrome with a knee flexion contracture of 80 degrees. After the first attempt for nerve lengthening and knee extension elsewhere, a repeated lengthening was required due to continuing tip-toe walking and recurrent knee contracture at the age of 3 years. An extensive external and internal interfascicular microsurgical neurolysis resulted in a lengthening of the nerves. Read More

J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014 Sep 21;39(7):719-26. Epub 2014 Feb 21.

Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Deformity Correction and Adult Foot & Ankle Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna, Speising, Austria.

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the outcome of interphalangeal (IP) joint motion in children undergoing open surgical release, splinting, and passive exercising therapy for the treatment of paediatric trigger thumb. We conducted an online literature search of seven major databases. Only studies with a mean follow-up of at least 12 months were considered for inclusion. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2013 Nov-Dec;52(6):754-6. Epub 2013 Aug 12.

Specialist, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address:

Diplopodia is a rare congenital anomaly and has been described as extra digits, metatarsals, and tarsal bones that form an extra foot or foot-like structure. Various skeletal deformities and anomalies involving other organ systems can accompany diplopodia. Treatment consists of surgery, splinting, and physical therapy, planned according to each patient's specific condition. Read More

J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013 Jul;21(7):398-407

The University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Restricted ankle dorsiflexion secondary to contracture of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex is frequently encountered in patients with foot and ankle pain and is well documented in the literature. During gait, decreased dorsiflexion shifts weight-bearing pressures from the heel to the forefoot, which may result in or exacerbate one of several pathologic conditions. Modest success has been achieved with nonsurgical management of triceps surae contracture, including splinting and stretching exercises. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2013 Apr 25;6(2):145-9. Epub 2013 Feb 25.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Unlabelled: Overlapping fifth toe is thought to be a congenital deformity characterized by the proximal phalanx dorsally subluxating and adducting on the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint. Overlapping fifth toes may present as asymptomatic figments of parental concern, but not infrequently this deformity may be painful and disabling in both the pediatric and adult population. Pediatric overlapping fifth toe often corrects with normal ambulation and physicians only need to intervene if symptomatic deformity persists. Read More

Neuromodulation 2013 May-Jun;16(3):273-5. Epub 2012 Sep 25.

Introduction:  Focal dystonia, often affecting part of a limb, is a manifestation of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Furthermore, there may be significant latency between the onset of dystonia after the diagnosis of CRPS. Read More

J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012 Sep;94(17):e128

NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Background: Many institutions perform radiographic documentation following splint application even when no manipulation had been performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of post-splinting radiographs of acute non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures that did not undergo manipulation. Our hypothesis was that post-splinting radiographs do not demonstrate changes in fracture alignment or impact the management of the patient. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2012 Jun;33(6):507-12

Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Background: There are a number of different treatment options available for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis, with limited high-level evidence to guide nonoperative and operative treatment methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the current preferred nonoperative and operative treatment methods for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis by a group of experienced orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons.

Methods: A hypothetical patient with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis was developed as the basis for a survey comprised of seven questions. Read More

Acta Chir Iugosl 2011 ;58(3):97-101

Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery Banjica, Belgrade, Serbia.

Clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus, is a deformity consisting of equinus, varus, and adductus foot deformity. The true etiology of congenital clubfoot is unknown; several theories have been proposed. The pathology of the individual bones contributes to the clubfoot deformity and soft tissue contractures around the ankle and talocalcaneonavicular joint maintains the deformity and involve muscles, tendons, tendon sheaths, ligaments and joint capsules. Read More

J Rehabil Med 2012 Feb;44(2):99-105

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Vienna,Vienna, Austria.

The aim of this educational review is to provide an overview of the clinical application of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the extremities in patients with upper motor neurone lesions. In general two methods of electrical stimulation can be distinguished: (i) therapeutic electrical stimulation, and (ii) functional electrical stimulation. Therapeutic electrical stimulation improves neuromuscular functional condition by strengthening muscles, increasing motor control, reducing spasticity, decreasing pain and increasing range of motion. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2011 Sep;84(6):676-82

Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA.

Plantar fasciitis, a self-limiting condition, is a common cause of heel pain in adults. It affects more than 1 million persons per year, and two-thirds of patients with plantar fasciitis will seek care from their family physician. Plantar fasciitis affects sedentary and athletic populations. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2011 Jul-Aug;101(4):285-8

Ankle & Foot Centers, Marietta, GA, USA.

Background: Hallux limitus (HL) is a pathology of degenerative arthritis in the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTJ) of the great toe. Chief complaints of HL include inflammation, edema, pain, and reduced flexibility. The onset of HL commonly occurs after one of the two most common surgical procedures for foot pathologies, a bunionectomy or a cheilectomy. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2011 Jan;32(1):1-4

Background: Acute traumatic rupture of the tendoachilles is a common problem. Following a recent Cochrane review, operative treatment has been shown to have a lower re-rupture rate compared with conservative treatment, but is associated with a slightly higher rate of other complications. Debate concerning the method and duration of conservative treatment remains. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2011 Nov 18;29(9):1130-5. Epub 2010 Oct 18.

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.

Objective: Emergency physicians must frequently perform painful procedures on an urgent basis. These are most commonly performed using procedural sedation techniques involving parenteral sedatives and/or analgesics. Popliteal block of the sciatic nerve is a proven and safe technique used extensively in anesthesiology practice for distal lower extremity analgesia. Read More