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Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2019 Apr 6. Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute of Children Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Transfusiology, Transplantation, Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is the only treatment option with curative potential in patients with myelofibrosis (MF). The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety of splenectomy before alloHSCT in MF patients who failed to achieve significant spleen response after ruxolitinib therapy.

Methods: Splenectomy was performed in 12 patients for alloHSCT with myelofibrosis-primary (6 patients), post-polycythemia vera (3 patients). Read More

JRSM Open 2019 Feb 1;10(2):2054270419830692. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley BB10 2PQ, UK.

Early diagnosis and treatment of endophthalmitis will optimise visual prognosis. Blood culture sensitivities should tailor antibiotic choice. Read More

Oxf Med Case Reports 2019 Mar 29;2019(3):omz020. Epub 2019 Mar 29.

Department of Emergency Medicine, St George Hospital, St George QLD, Australia.

Splenic necrosis is an extremely rare complication in the context of meningococcal septicaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. We present the case of a previously healthy 22-year-old male who was diagnosed and treated for meningococcal septicaemia. He represented 4 days following discharge with significant splenic necrosis and associated abscess formation despite previously unremarkable imaging on his first admission. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2019 Mar 29;2019(3):rjz088. Epub 2019 Mar 29.

Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Str. 'Bulevardi i Deshmoreve', Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo.

Necrobiosis lipoidica is an idiopathic dermatosis of unknown origin, occurring mainly in patients with diabetes. Splenic abscesses are rare entities. We report a case with concomitant necrobiosis lipoidica and splenic abscess. Read More

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019 Mar 18. Epub 2019 Mar 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.

Objective: There are multiple approaches to manage the clinical complications of portal hypertension (PHTN) to treat/prevent spontaneous hemorrhage by mitigating thrombocytopenia. No single approach is ideal for all patients given the heterogeneity of this population. Our goal was to determine whether partial splenic embolization (PSE) was safe and effective in the pediatric population. Read More

Infez Med 2019 Mar;27(1):77-81

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Brooklyn Hospital Center City, Brooklyn, USA.

Isolated splenic abscess in a previously healthy patient is a rare clinical condition and remains a diagnostic dilemma. Clinical presentation is often non-specific and leads to a delay in diagnosis. Imaging studies help to elucidate the condition. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2019 Mar 5;57:22-24. Epub 2019 Mar 5.

Department of Surgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address:

Introduction: Hemoglobinopathies such as Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease are risk factors for splenic abscess formation. Gastro-splenic fistula is a rare complication of splenic abscess. In the literature, there are no reported cases of gastro-splenic fistula in patients with hemoglobinopathies. Read More

Exp Clin Transplant 2019 Mar 5. Epub 2019 Mar 5.

From the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.

Spleen abscess is a life-threatening disease. Treatment can be done by medical, radiological, or surgical methods. Here, we offer an innovative method of laparoscopic trocar-assisted percutaneous abscess drainage in the treatment of splenic abscess. Read More

J Hepatol 2019 Feb 26. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, European Reference Network for Rare Vascular Liver Diseases. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address:

Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) and non-cirrhotic non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis (NCPVT) are two rare disorders, with several similarities that are categorized under the term splanchnic vein thrombosis. Both disorders are frequently associated with an underlying pro-thrombotic disorder. They can cause severe portal hypertension and usually affect oung patients, negatively influencing life expectancy when the diagnosis and treatment is not done at an early stage. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2019 15;56:1-4. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

General and Emergency Surgery, St. Camillo Forlanini's Hospital, Rome, Italy.

Introduction: SANT of the spleen is a benign lesion that does not recur after splenectomy with unknown etiology.

Presentation Of The Case: We report a case of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen mimicking a splenic abscess in a patient with imaging studies that failed to differentiate this lesion from other splenic lesions.

Discussion: SANT of the spleen is a rare condition, with only less than 100 cases reported in the literature. Read More

Eur Radiol 2019 Feb 22. Epub 2019 Feb 22.

Gastroenterology Department II or Hepatology Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, 650101, Yunnan Province, China.

Objectives: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and partial splenic embolization (PSE) were two interventional radiological treatments for the complications of cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of concomitant PSE on the long-term shunt patency and overall survival of TIPS-treated patients.

Methods: Forty-eight patients with TIPS insertion were enrolled and studied retrospectively. Read More

Ter Arkh 2018 Nov;90(11):98-101

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

A patient with infective endocarditis (IE), complicated by the development of the abscess of the spleen, is described. The diagnosis of IE was verified several months after the onset of clinical symptoms (fever, hemorrhagic skin rashes, splenomegaly).The patient suspected hemorrhagic vasculitis and lymphoma of the spleen, which were not confirmed. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2019 21;55:62-65. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Caboolture Hospital, 120 McKean Street, 4510 Queenland, Australia. Electronic address:

Introduction: Severe acute pancreatitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This is a result of the development of pancreatic and extra-pancreatic necrosis with subsequent infection which can lead to multiorgan failure. Complications include localized ileus, abscess formation, mechanical obstruction, rupture and perforation into the gastrointestinal tract and fistula formation (Aldridge et al. Read More

Indian J Crit Care Med 2018 Dec;22(12):886-888

Department of Medicine, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Splenic abscess is a rare complication of enteric fever in developing countries. This is seen mostly solitary rather than being multiple and can be fatal if untreated. In general clinical practice, multiple splenic abscesses or thick pus with septations may require splenectomy. Read More

Intern Med 2019 Jan 10. Epub 2019 Jan 10.

Department of Internal Medicine, Chu Shang Show Chwan Hospital, Taiwan.

Microb Pathog 2019 Mar 21;128:153-161. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, 860000, PR China. Electronic address:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis 18 (BS-18) isolated from free-ranging Tibetan yaks in high altitude regions of Tibet (3600 m) on growth performance and gut microbial community in mice. In this study, mice (15-day-old) were used as an animal model and raised under standard conditions. A total of 20 KM mice were divided equally into two groups: control group (feed and drink freely), experimental group (feed and drink freely + 1 × 10 CFU/day BS-18). Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Dec 12;18(1):649. Epub 2018 Dec 12.

Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, People's Republic of China.

Background: Melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei). It can infect any organ system and lead to multiple abscesses. Read More

Ann Ital Chir 2018 Dec 5;7. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

We present a case of a suspect splenic hematoma in an anticoagulated patient with an ignored diabetes mellitus, come to our emergency department. Lab tests showed increased CRP and INR, with an incoming hepatorenal syndrome. During the CT-scan the patient became unstable and the hemoglobin decreased. Read More

Ann Vasc Surg 2018 Nov 26. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Objective: This study aims to reveal the experience with endovascular and surgical management of intact splenic artery aneurysms in our single center.

Method: Between January 2011 and June 2017, 42 patients with intact splenic artery aneurysm were enrolled in this study. Twenty patients undergoing surgical intervention were classified as the surgical group, and 22 patients who received endovascular repair were categorized as the endovascular group. Read More

Clin Imaging 2019 Mar - Apr;54:6-11. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Inova Alexandria Hospital, 4320 Seminary Road, Alexandria, VA 22304, United States of America. Electronic address:

Purpose: Splenic abscesses represent a major complication following splenic artery embolization. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intra-arterial antibiotics administered during splenic artery embolization in reducing splenic abscess formation.

Materials And Methods: 406 patients were screened. Read More

J Infect Dis 2019 Apr;219(8):1294-1306

Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen causing hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections. Systemic K. pneumoniae infections may be preceded by gastrointestinal colonization, but the basis of this bacterium's interaction with the intestinal epithelium remains unclear. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 13;53:367-369. Epub 2018 Nov 13.

Department of Surgery, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.

Introduction: The most frequent and severe complication after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is gastric leak. Nowadays, there is no specific standard recommendation for its management, but the endoscopic placement of a double-pigtail drain across the leak has been proven to be effective and minimally invasive. Stent displacement into the abdominal cavity is not common and intrasplenic migration is even more rare. Read More

Korean J Gastroenterol 2018 Oct;72(4):209-212

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.

Splenic abscess is a rare disease that generally occurs in immunocompromised patients. It is difficult to distinguish between splenic abscesses and cysts using imaging studies, especially if they are asymptomatic. A 50-year-old asymptomatic man who had received steroid therapy for underlying rheumatoid arthritis was referred to a university hospital due to presence of several splenic cysts, with the largest being 3. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Oct;97(43):e12756

Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital.

Rationale: Intramural gastric abscess is a rare clinical condition. It is frequently neglected because of the absence of specific clinical symptoms and misdiagnosed due to the difficulty in differentiating a benign lesion from a malignant one on the gastric wall. Several imaging techniques are helpful for identifying an intramural gastric abscess. Read More

J Med Biogr 2018 Oct 18:967772018801740. Epub 2018 Oct 18.

5/4 Fountainhall Court, Edinburgh, UK.

William Rutherford Sanders spent a childhood and early student days divided between Edinburgh and Montpelier, France before graduating in Medicine in Edinburgh. An early interest in the spleen was encouraged by a two-year period in Europe where he became familiar with the work of Helmholtz, Bernard and Henle. Returning to Edinburgh, his growing experience led to the position of assistant in the Infirmary pathology department. Read More

Ann Thorac Surg 2019 Apr 13;107(4):e235-e237. Epub 2018 Oct 13.

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas. Electronic address:

The spleen is the most common abdominal site for systemic septic emboli that often complicate infective endocarditis. Management of an embolic splenic abscess usually involves surgical splenectomy or image-guided drainage, but the natural history of splenic abscess without drainage is unknown. We describe the successful conservative treatment of a large complex splenic abscess with antibiotics alone in a patient with aortic valve infective endocarditis who required an emergent valve replacement surgical procedure. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2018 Oct;28(10):804-805

Department of Medicine, National Hospital & Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Splenic abscess is a rare condition, detected in individuals with certain predisposing factors that lead to abscess formation. This is a case report of a 20-year female presenting with high grade fever, weight loss, and left hypochondrial pain. She had an abdominal mass, that was reported as enlarged spleen with multiple abscesses on CT scan. Read More

AME Case Rep 2018 26;2:15. Epub 2018 Apr 26.

Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Hospital - Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA.

Splenic abscess is a rare disease that has several predisposing factors. Case reports have documented post-surgical development of splenic abscesses, most commonly after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. We present the case of a 69-year-old female with gallstone pancreatitis who underwent an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Read More

Int J Vet Sci Med 2017 Dec 4;5(2):159-167. Epub 2017 Oct 4.

Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.

Traumatic pericarditis (TP) remains a serious problem facing bovine producers; particularly in the developing countries; causing severe economic losses. This study was carried out on 47 buffaloes including; control buffaloes (n = 20) and buffaloes with TP (n = 27) at Assiut governorate, Egypt. All animals were subjected to thorough clinical examination, whole blood profiling, blood serum biochemical assays, and radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Sep 21;2018. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Department of Internal Medicine, McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA.

A 64-year-old woman with a medical history of morbid obesity, chronic hepatitis C, essential hypertension, multiple episodes of abdominal cellulitis, diabetes mellitus type 2 on insulin, intravenous and subcutaneous drug abuse presented to the emergency department complaining of left lower chest pain for 6 weeks along with multiple episodes of vomiting. Initial laboratory data revealed leucocytosis of 17 200×10/μL with left shift. She reported multiple episodes of fever spikes. Read More

BMC Med Imaging 2018 09 17;18(1):29. Epub 2018 Sep 17.

Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 80 Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.

Background: Retroperitoneal desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm presenting as a firm mass with locally aggressive features. It usually manifests as a well-circumscribed or ill-defined, solid mass on cross-sectional imaging. Cystic changes of DF have been described in the literature in association with prolonged medical treatment or abscess formation. Read More

Pediatr Int 2018 Sep 5;60(9):898-900. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Higashiyamaku, Kyoto, Japan.

Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019 Apr 4;15(2):e28-e35. Epub 2018 Sep 4.

Department of Digestive Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.

Purpose: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis compare the short- and long-term outcomes of splenectomy (SP) versus splenic preservation (NSP) in radical gastric cancer surgery.

Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Knowledge was performed. Evaluation of short- and long-term outcomes was collected and analyzed by a fixed or random effects model, according to the heterogeneity using RevMan 5. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Aug 27;2018. Epub 2018 Aug 27.

Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Aug 6;18(1):367. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Background: Aspergillosis is a serious infection particularly affecting the immunodeficient host. Its co-infection with tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus has not been reported before. Embolic events are well recognized with aspergillous endocarditis and aortitis. Read More

Rinsho Ketsueki 2018;59(7):878-883

Department of Hematology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyoto Kuramaguchi Medical Center.

A 73-year-old male who underwent splenectomy was diagnosed with splenic non-caseating granuloma in May 201X, and sarcoidosis was disregarded from the differential diagnosis. Owing to the persisting inflammation, the patient was carefully followed up with no treatment. Four months post splenectomy, the patient was hospitalized due to progressive dyspnea. Read More

Oman Med J 2018 Jul;33(4):352-355

Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Tubercular splenic abscess is extremely rare, but are reported commonly in HIV-positive and immunocompromised patients along with miliary or disseminated tuberculosis. Isolated tubercular splenic abscess in an immunocompetent individual is rarely reported. Here we present a case of a young, immunocompetent male with isolated splenic cold abscesses, who was diagnosed with splenic tuberculosis and managed successfully with percutaneous drainage and anti-tubercular therapy alone. Read More

Nat Commun 2018 07 13;9(1):2703. Epub 2018 Jul 13.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.

Severe liver abscess infections caused by hypervirulent clonal-group CG23 Klebsiella pneumoniae have been increasingly reported since the mid-1980s. Strains typically possess several virulence factors including an integrative, conjugative element ICEKp encoding the siderophore yersiniabactin and genotoxin colibactin. Here we investigate CG23's evolutionary history, showing several deep-branching sublineages associated with distinct ICEKp acquisitions. Read More

Radiographics 2018 Jul-Aug;38(4):1264-1281

From the Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1250 E Marshall St, PO Box 980615, Richmond, VA 23298.

A variety of entities may mimic drainable abscesses. This can lead to misdiagnosis of these entities, unnecessary percutaneous placement of a pigtail drainage catheter, other complications, and delay in appropriate treatment of the patient. Types of entities that may mimic drainable abscesses include neoplasms (lymphoma, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, ovarian cancer, mesenteric fibromatosis, ruptured mature cystic teratoma, recurrent malignancy in a surgical bed), ischemia/infarction (liquefactive infarction of the spleen, infarcted splenule), diverticula (calyceal, Meckel, and giant colonic diverticula), and congenital variants (obstructed duplicated collecting system). Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Jun;97(26):e11208

Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.

Rationale: Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. To our knowledge, there have been very few cases of splenic abscesses due to melioidosis in Hainan, China.

Patient Concerns: The patient was a 55-year-old male farmer, who was admitted in our hospital with persistent left epigastric dull pain accompanied by chills and febrile. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2018 May 22;2018(5):rjy103. Epub 2018 May 22.

Health Sciences University Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of General Surgery, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

Splenic abscess is a very rare condition in the general population. It is more likely to develop in association with underlying comorbidities and trauma. More attention should be paid in patients with immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, and congenital or acquired immunocompromise. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2018 Jan-Feb;7(1):271-273

Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Melioidosis well known as a 'great mimicker' is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Even though majority of the patients present with acute infection, around 18 % can present as chronic infection. These latent foci of infection may reactivate to cause fulminant infection at a later date. Read More

Diagn Interv Imaging 2018 Dec 15;99(12):801-808. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Department of Radiology, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Radiology, Tenon Hospital, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.

Purpose: To compare intervention duration and fluoroscopy time for proximal embolization of splenic arteries in acute trauma using the Penumbra occlusion device (POD), coils or Amplatzer™ vascular plug (AVP).

Material And Methods: A total of 29 patients with splenic injury without vascular injury who were treated by proximal splenic artery embolization using POD (n=12), coils (n=9) or AVP (n=8) were retrospectively included. There were 25 men and 4 women with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-69 years). Read More

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2018 Jul 25;31(3):317-318. Epub 2018 Apr 25.

Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Temple, Temple, Texas.

We present a case of splenic abscess as a probable complication following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Based on a literature review, there have been 11 documented cases of splenic injury following ERCP; however, only one of those involved splenic abscess. Proposed mechanisms of injury and abscess are likely a combination of complicating factors, including manipulation of the endoscope in patients with a history of chronic pancreatitis and/or previous abdominal surgeries. Read More

Int J Mycobacteriol 2018 Apr-Jun;7(2):183-185

Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Tuberculosis (TB) is known to cause a wide variety of complications and atypical presentations. It usually presents with typical symptoms. Here, we present the unusual case of pulmonary TB with the involvement of lungs, brain, liver, spleen, vertebra, skin, left cervical lymph nodes, bone marrow, and heart. Read More

Cutis 2018 05;101(5):E27-E29

Sutton Dermatology & Aesthetics, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.

Int J Dermatol 2018 Oct 11;57(10):1229-1232. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, Delhi, India.

Tubercular gummas and splenic tuberculomas are rare forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually occurring in immunocompromised individuals. We hereby report a rare combination of multiple tubercular gummas and splenic tuberculoma secondary to TB lymphadenitis in an immunocompetent individual. The patient responded to antitubercular therapy. Read More

J Radiol Case Rep 2018 Mar 31;12(3):10-17. Epub 2018 Mar 31.

Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.

Sleeve gastrectomy is a relatively newer bariatric surgical procedure and has become the most common of all bariatric surgeries performed. Complication rates reported with sleeve gastrectomies are relatively low and are generally due to staple line leaks, hemorrhage, or sleeve stricture. Portal vein thrombosis is an uncommon but potentially dangerous complication. Read More

Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018 23;2018:4739637. Epub 2018 Apr 23.

Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

This study was aimed to find histological changes in the extrahepatic organs, hepatic iron deposition, and gene expression of some iron regulatory proteins in rats after sterile muscle abscess during the acute intoxication of leaves decoction. 10 ml/kg of the leaves extract was injected intramuscularly in Wistar rats (200-225 g, = 4). Control animals received saline injection of matched volume. Read More