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Int J Mol Sci 2020 May 28;21(11). Epub 2020 May 28.

Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.

The wide-ranging influence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), for example through effects on axonal growth or neuronal cell survival, is mainly mediated by VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). However, the regulation of VEGFR-2 expression during development is not yet well understood. As microRNAs are considered to be key players during neuronal maturation and regenerative processes, we identified the two microRNAs (miRNAs)-miR-129-5p and miR-130a-3p-that may have an impact on VEGFR-2 expression in young and mature sensory and lower motor neurons. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2020 14;7:232. Epub 2020 May 14.

Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Horses underwent either cervical epidural space (CES) catheterization or subarachnoid space (SAS) catheterization while restrained in stocks, under deep sedation (detomidine and morphine) and local anesthesia (mepivacaine 2%) block. Catheters were placed under ultrasound guidance with visualization of the dura, SAS, and spinal cord between the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae. Following sedation and sterile skin preparation, operator 1 placed under ultrasound guidance, a 6- or 8-inch Tuohy needle with the bevel oriented caudally. Read More

J Artif Organs 2020 May 30. Epub 2020 May 30.

Hopital Universitaire Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France.

Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a rare disease among central nervous system vascular diseases. Only a little is known about venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO)-related SCI. Retrospective observational study conducted, from 2006 to 2019, in a tertiary referral center on patients who developed VA-ECMO-related neurovascular complications, focusing on SCI. Read More

J Chem Neuroanat 2020 May 28;107:101807. Epub 2020 May 28.

School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address:

Improving the microenvironment of lesioned spinal cord to minimize the secondary injury is one important strategy to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). The ensuing hemorrhage after SCI has tight connection with ferroptosis. This study investigated the effects of proanthocyanidins (PACs) on SCI repair and the underlying mechanisms. Read More

J Neuroimaging 2020 May 28. Epub 2020 May 28.

Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Background And Purpose: There is a relative paucity of radiology literature on spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCMs). We hypothesized that the classic MRI features of cavernous malformations are not highly prevalent. The purpose was to review MR imaging findings of SCMs with a focus on prevalence of hemorrhagic features, including adjacent intramedullary hemorrhage at initial presentation. Read More

Neurochirurgie 2020 May 7. Epub 2020 May 7.

Pathology, medical faculty of Ataturk university, Erzurum, Turkey.

Background: The neuropathological mechanism of heart rhythm disorders, following spinal cord pathologies, to our knowledge, has not yet been adequately investigated. In this study, the effect of the ischemic neurodegeneration of the thoracic sympathetic nuclei (TSN) on the heart rate (HR) was examined following a spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SSAH).

Methods: This study was conducted on 22 rabbits. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2020 May 7:1-4. Epub 2020 May 7.

Department of Radiology, Canakkale State Hospital, Canakkale, Turkey.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a well-known complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may be used in SCI patients who develop DVT, but can lead to subcutaneous bleeding. If subcutaneous bleeding occurs, then lymphedema, cellulitis, muscle or tendon tearing, or baker's cyst rupture should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2020 May 6. Epub 2020 May 6.

New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, 131 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ, 07960, USA.

A 16-month-old female was admitted for prolonged fever, gait ataxia, and neurogenic bowel and bladder. Neurological exam was significant for decreased sensory and motor functions in bilateral lower extremities. Initial MRI showed a thoracic spine hematoma and diagnostic angiogram revealed a large AVM and aneurysm. Read More

J Neurotrauma 2020 May 5. Epub 2020 May 5.

Texas A&M University College Station, 14736, Psychology, College Station, Texas, United States;

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by additional tissue damage (polytrauma), which engages pain (nociceptive) fibers. Prior research has shown that nociceptive input can increase cell death, expand the area of hemorrhage, and impair long-term recovery. The current study shows that these adverse effects can be blocked by the sodium channel blocker lidocaine applied rostral to a contusion injury. Read More

Exp Neurol 2020 Apr 28;330:113334. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Battlefield Pain Research, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT-1, BSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.

The present review explores the concept of learning within the context of neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of physical therapy and neurorehabilitation is to bring about a lasting change in function-to encourage learning. Traditionally, it was assumed that the adult spinal cord is hardwired-immutable and incapable of learning. Read More

Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2020 Apr 28;6(1):29. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

Rehabilitation Center SGR Group, Willemstad, Curaçao.

Introduction: Ecstasy is a commonly used party drug and is the second most popular drug after marijuana among youngsters. Serious health hazards have been described including cardiac diseases, neurological complications, multi-organ failure, and even death. Spinal cord injury/dysfunction (SCI/D) is rarely described as a result of ecstasy ingestion. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Apr 25;139:440-444. Epub 2020 Apr 25.

Department of Vascular Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage during the treatment of aortic disease is commonly performed to prevent spinal cord ischemia. Spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) has never been reported after CSF drainage during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). We present a case of concurrent intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and spinal SDH after CSF drainage tube removal in a patient with TEVAR. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Apr 24. Epub 2020 Apr 24.

Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Background: Aneurysms of the anterior spinal artery are extremely rare. Unlike intracranial saccular aneurysms, they do not occur at branch points, are typically pseudoaneurysms, and rupture secondary to a dissection. They typically present with subarachnoid hemorrhage and demonstrate clinical and radiographic improvement over time without treatment. Read More

Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2020 May;112(5):418-419

Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles.

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a serious inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord. The annual incidence is 1 to 5 cases per million people. It produces sensory, motor and autonomic symptoms. Read More

Eur Spine J 2020 Apr 23. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Department of Neurosurgery, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese PLA, No. 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China.

Purpose: Spinal DSA is the "gold standard" technique to identify the spinal vascular diseases with venous hypertensive myelopathy (VHM). However, sometimes spinal DSA can find nothing in patients with confirmed spinal vascular anomalies. Many of the reasons are avoidable technical factors. Read More

Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020 Apr 21. Epub 2020 Apr 21.

Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang. China.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is different to peripheral nerve injury; it results in devastating and permanent damage to the spine, leading to severe motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. SCI produces a complex microenvironment that can result in hemorrhage, inflammation and scar formation. Not only does it significantly limit regeneration, but it also challenges a multitude of transplantation strategies. Read More

Med Clin North Am 2020 May 14;104(3):525-538. Epub 2020 Feb 14.

Division of Palliative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/ctsinclair.

Medical emergencies at the end of life require recognition of patients at risk, so that a comprehensive assessment and plan of care can be put in place. Frequently, the interventions depend on the patient's underlying prognosis, location of care, and goals of care. The mere presence of a medical emergency often rapidly changes an estimated prognosis. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2020 May 18;60(5):351-357. Epub 2020 Apr 18.

Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.

The patient was a 40-year-old woman who was previously diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis and had received prednisolone and tacrolimus for more than 7 years. In February 2017, she noticed pain in her lower back and weakness of the lower limbs, and was referred to our hospital on day 5. She had shingles in the right lower thoracic dermatomes and Brown-Séquard syndrome with right-sided dominant weakness in her lower limbs and left-sided superficial sensory disturbance below the L1 level. Read More

Wound Manag Prev 2020 03;66(3):16-28

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Spinal Cord Injury Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas.

The effects of an alternating pressure (AP) overlay on the skin are not fully understood.

Purpose: This study was conducted among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) to examine skin blood flow (SBF) and interface pressure (IP) during and after AP overlay use.

Methods: In this cross-sectional, repeated measures study, persons eligible for participation were clinic outpatients from a large metropolitan area in the midwest United States who were 18 to 65 years old with a SCI with a neurologic level of injury at T10 or above for more than 1 year and used a wheelchair for primary mobility. Read More

Curr Neurovasc Res 2020 Apr 15. Epub 2020 Apr 15.

Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR. United States.

The pathogenic mechanisms involved in a disastrous scenario following epidural steroid injections (ESI) remain unclarified. Intra-arterial injection of steroids with needle-penetrating vascular injury would be the culprit: a particulate medicine elicited a brain or spinal cord strokelike attack. On the other hand, the limited experimental approaches simulating an accidental steroid intra-arterial injection for ESI conflicted in their results: hemorrhage vs. Read More

Cureus 2020 Mar 12;12(3):e7253. Epub 2020 Mar 12.

Neurology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA.

Spinal cord stimulators (SCS) have been gaining momentum in the last decade as their role in the management of chronic pain has become more apparent. Our intention was to search, analyze and highlight the effects of spinal cord stimulators on end-organ perfusion. We also looked at vascular diseases of atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic nature by examining objective evidence of improved circulation, pain control, limb salvage, and quality of life. Read More

Saudi Med J 2020 Apr;41(4):341-350

Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey. E-mail.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of syringaldehyde (SA) on the antioxidant and oxidant system in spinal cord ischemia (SCI).

Methods: These study and experiments were conducted at Medical Research Center, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey, between 2014-2018. Eighteen New Zealand White adult male rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6). Read More

J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020 Apr 8. Epub 2020 Apr 8.

Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Background: Non-compressible hemorrhage remains a high mortality injury and aortic balloon occlusion poses limitations in terms of distal ischemic injury. Our hypothesis was that a retrievable Rescue stent would confer improved outcome over aortic balloon occlusion.

Methods: A three tier, retrievable stent graft was laser welded from nitinol and polytetrafluoroethylene to provide rapid thoracic and abdominal coverage with an interval bare metal segment to preserve visceral flow. Read More

Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020 Apr 7. Epub 2020 Apr 7.

Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

MW01-6-189WH (MW189) is a novel central nervous system-penetrant small-molecule drug candidate that selectively attenuates stressor-induced proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and is efficacious in intracerebral hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury animal models. We report first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending intravenous doses of MW189 in healthy adult volunteers. MW189 was safe and well tolerated in single and multiple doses up to 0. Read More

J Vasc Surg 2020 Apr 2. Epub 2020 Apr 2.

Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass. Electronic address:

Objective: Lumbar drain placement with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is an effective adjunct for reducing the risk of spinal cord ischemia in patients undergoing complex aortic aneurysm repair. However, lumbar drain placement is a challenging procedure with potential for significant complications. We sought to characterize complications of lumbar drain placement in a large, single-center experience of patients who underwent fenestrated or branched endovascular aneurysm repair (F/BEVAR). Read More

Neural Regen Res 2020 Oct;15(10):1814-1820

Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.

Current management for spinal cord injury aims to reduce secondary damage and recover sensation and movement. Acute spinal cord injury is often accompanied by spinal cord compartment syndrome. Decompression by durotomy and/or myelotomy attempts to relieve secondary damage by completelyrelieving the compression of the spinal cord, removing the necrotic tissue, decreasing edema, reducing hemorrhage, and improving blood circulation in the spinal cord. Read More

Neurosci Lett 2020 May 31;727:134937. Epub 2020 Mar 31.

Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Electronic address:

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious neurological disorders and is characterized by high morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, there is a lack of effective treatment. Recently, the micro RNA, miR-384-5p, was reported to play a significant role in cell survival in response to different insults. Read More

J Neurotrauma 2020 May 8. Epub 2020 May 8.

International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Orthopedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Current practice guidelines for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) recommend augmenting mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) for the first 7 days post-injury. After SCI, the cord may be compressed by the bone/ligaments of the spinal column, limiting regional spinal cord blood flow. Following surgical decompression, blood flow may be restored, and can potentially promote a "reperfusion" injury. Read More

Bioelectron Med 2019 20;5:14. Epub 2019 Aug 20.

2Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan.

The brain, spinal cord and retina are protected from blood-borne compounds by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) respectively, which create a physical interface that tightly controls molecular and cellular transport. The mechanical and functional integrity of these unique structures between blood vessels and nervous tissues is critical for maintaining organ homeostasis. To preserve the stability of these barriers, interplay between constituent barrier cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, glial cells and neurons, is required. Read More

J Neurosurg 2020 Mar 27:1-10. Epub 2020 Mar 27.

10Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania; and.

Objective: Coverage of the anterior spinal artery (ASA) ostia is a source of considerable consternation regarding flow diversion (FD) in vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms due to cord supply. The authors sought to assess the association between coverage of the ASA, posterior spinal artery (PSA), or lateral spinal artery (LSA) ostia when placing flow diverters in distal VAs and clinical outcomes, with emphasis on cord infarction.

Methods: A multicenter retrospective study of 7 institutions in which VA aneurysms were treated with FD between 2011 and 2019 was performed. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Mar 19;138:469-473. Epub 2020 Mar 19.

Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy.

Background: Cervical pial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an extremely rare condition that can present with progressive myelopathy or acute hemorrhage (subarachnoid or intramedullary). The classification process is still a topic of discussion, given the limited number of cases described, as well as correct therapeutic management. Here, we present a case of a young female with anterior cervical pial AVM associated with spinal aneurysm. Read More

Front Neurosci 2020 3;14:129. Epub 2020 Mar 3.

Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and not fully understood pathogenesis. Besides brain-intrinsic hallmarks such as abnormal deposition of harmful proteins, i.e. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2020 Jan-Mar;15(1):190-193. Epub 2020 Feb 25.

Department of Neurosurgery, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.

Ependymoma is a rare tumor central nervous system that arises from the ependymal lining of the ventricles or the central canal of the spinal cord. They are of neuroectodermal in origin and constitute about 30%-86% of tumors arising in the spinal cord. The occurrence of these tumors in the cervicomedullary region is very rare. Read More

Fluids Barriers CNS 2020 Mar 16;17(1):23. Epub 2020 Mar 16.

Department of Biological Engineering, The University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 0904, Moscow, ID, 83844-0904, USA.

Background: Blood removal from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in post-subarachnoid hemorrhage patients may reduce the risk of related secondary brain injury. We formulated a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the impact of a dual-lumen catheter-based CSF filtration system, called Neurapheresis™ therapy, on blood removal from CSF compared to lumbar drain.

Methods: A subject-specific multiphase CFD model of CSF system-wide solute transport was constructed based on MRI measurements. Read More

J Clin Invest 2020 Apr;130(4):1977-1990

Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), a ligand of the endothelial Tie2 tyrosine kinase, is involved in vascular inflammation and leakage in critically ill patients. However, the role of Ang2 in demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune diseases is unknown. Here, we report that Ang2 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Read More

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020 Apr;29(4):104629

Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address:

Background And Aim: Cavernous malformations are low-flow vascular malformations of the central nervous system. Brainstem location and prior hemorrhage increase future hemorrhage risk. We sought to determine the influence of physical activity on hemorrhage risk. Read More

Front Oncol 2020 19;10:174. Epub 2020 Feb 19.

Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.

Spinal metastatic disease remains a major problem of oncological diseases. Patients affected may suffer pain, spinal instability, and severe neurological deficits. Today, palliative surgery and radiotherapy are the mainstays of therapy. Read More

J Vasc Surg 2020 May 13;71(5):1464-1471. Epub 2020 Feb 13.

Department of Vascular Medicine, German Aortic Center, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany.

Objective: Extension of aortic disease to the aortic arch is common, frequently requiring cervical debranching procedures to maintain patency of supra-aortic branches. Endovascular aortic arch repair is an attractive alternative in the treatment of aortic arch disease for high-risk patients with thoracoabdominal diseases encroaching on the arch. The aim of our study was to report our experience of fenestrated endovascular repair in the aortic arch. Read More

Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020 10;29(1):e014619. Epub 2020 Feb 10.

Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação - PPGBIOEX, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - FAMV, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

Parasitic myelopathy caused by Gurltia paralysans in domestic cats is a disease commonly reported in several South American countries. The adult parasite is lodged in the meningeal veins and spinal cord, often causing clinical manifestations of vascular proliferation, thrombophlebitis, and medullary compression. Wild felines are believed to be the definitive hosts of this parasite. Read More

J Neurosurg Sci 2020 Feb 10. Epub 2020 Feb 10.

Department of Orthopaedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China -

Background: To explore the effect and mechanism of miR-16-5p on neuron apoptosis and inflammatory response induced by spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods: Allen's weight-drop method and Basso Bcattie Bresnahan (BBB) rating scale were used to establish SCI rat model and assess locomotor function, respectively. Histopathology of SCI rats and Sham-operated rats was validated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 May 4;137:126-129. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan. Electronic address:

Background: Intraoperative confirmation of the vascular anatomy and blood flow contributes to the safety of the surgery for perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas (PAVF). However, because the PAVF at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) is mainly located on the ventral spinal cord surface, it is difficult to observe the entire pathology by a conventional surgical approach. To achieve increased viewing angle and visualization of real time blood flow, we introduced endoscope-integrated fluorescein video angiography in the treatment for PAVF at the CCJ for the first time. Read More

Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko 2019 ;83(6):58-63

Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia.

Spinal intramedullary cavernous malformations are a rare vascular pathology of the central nervous system. They account for 3-5% of spinal cord diseases. The clinical picture in patients with cavernous malformations varies from an asymptomatic course to gross neurological deficit in the case of bleeding from a malformation. Read More

Cureus 2019 Dec 31;11(12):e6525. Epub 2019 Dec 31.

Internal Medicine, Citrus Memorial Hospital, Inverness, USA.

Histoplasmosis is one of the most prevalent endemic mycosis in the United States. Patients with a previous history of histoplasmosis have a risk of reinfection in the future. Individuals with impaired immunity and those who have massive re-exposure to H. Read More

J Vasc Surg 2020 Jan 28. Epub 2020 Jan 28.

Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Research Group GermanVasc, German Aortic Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address:

Objective: This study aimed to determine predictors and outcomes associated with spinal cord ischemia (SCI) after elective fenestrated or branched endovascular aneurysm repair (F/BEVAR) of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), or aortic dissection.

Methods: Health insurance claims data of Germany's third largest insurance provider, DAK-Gesundheit, were used to investigate SCI in elective F/BEVAR performed between 2008 and 2017. The International Classification of Diseases and German Operation and Procedure Classification System were used. Read More

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020 03 28;45(3):214-218. Epub 2020 Jan 28.

Preventive Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Background: Smoking adversely impacts pain-related outcomes of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). However, the proportion of SCS patients at risk of worse outcomes is limited by an incomplete knowledge of smoking prevalence in this population. Thus, the primary aim of this systematic review is to determine the prevalence of smoking in adults with chronic pain treated with SCS. Read More

Neurology 2020 02 28;94(6):e651-e655. Epub 2020 Jan 28.

From the Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2020 Mar 21;28(3):175-178. Epub 2020 Jan 21.

Institute of Cardiac and Advanced Aortic Disorders, SIMS Hospital, Chennai, India.