Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

PLoS One 2020 3;15(6):e0233856. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

The Atlantic Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

The enzyme β-glucosidase 2 (GBA2) is clinically relevant because it is targeted by the drug miglustat (Zavesca®) and because it is involved in inherited diseases. Mutations in the GBA2 gene are associated with two neurological diseases on the ataxia-spasticity spectrum, hereditary spastic paraplegia 46 (SPG46) and Marinesco-Sjögren-like syndrome (MSS). To establish how GBA2 mutations give rise to neurological pathology, we have begun to investigate mutant forms of GBA2 encoded by disease-associated GBA2 alleles. Read More

Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020 ;120(4):107-114

Kirov Medical Military Academy, St-Petersburg, Russia.

Treatment and rehabilitation of patients with upper limb spasticity remains a challenging task that still does not have standard, widely accepted methods. The specific instruments used to measure the impact of spasticity on everyday life occupy an important place in the measurement of treatment effectiveness. The article presents scales and tests used to access the impact of spasticity and paresis on the arm activity. Read More

Indian J Anaesth 2020 Apr 28;64(4):325-327. Epub 2020 Mar 28.

Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Surya Children Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Rett syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder which occurs in females and includes autism, spasticity, hypotonia, microcephaly, scoliosis, stereotyping, abnormal respiratory control and seizures. They are at an increased predisposition for QT interval prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. An 8-year-old severely intellectually impaired girl with Rett syndrome was referred to us for anaesthesia for multiple dental abscess drainage and rehabilitation. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2020 Jun 3. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Health Sciences University, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the stiffness of the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle with acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography after botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and to examine the relationship between elastographic and clinical parameters.

Methods: This prospective randomized single-blind controlled clinical study included 49 lower extremities of 33 children with spastic CP. They were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 25 extremities in 17 children) received BTX-A injection and a home-based exercise program; group 2 (n = 24 extremities in 16 children) received only a home-based exercise program. Read More

Pain Med 2020 Jun 3. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of applying dry needling into a trigger point (TrP) or non-TrP area in people who have suffered a stroke and to investigate if the effects of dry needling are maintained at six-week follow-up.

Methods: A controlled, repeated-measures, crossover, double-blinded randomized trial was conducted. Nineteen patients with hemiparetic shoulder pain after a stroke event were randomly assigned to receive a single multimodal treatment session combined with TrP dry needling or non-TrP dry needling. Read More

Ann Pharmacother 2020 Jun 2:1060028020930189. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Intermountain Healthcare, Taylorsville, UT, USA.

To compile and synthesize the available literature describing medical cannabis use across various disease states. PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar searches were conducted using MeSH and/or keywords. Studies were included if they described the use of cannabis-based products and medications in the treatment of a predefined list of disease states in humans and were published in English. Read More

Cureus 2020 Apr 27;12(4):e7844. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common motor neuron diseases (MND), which presents as muscle weakness, atrophy, spasticity, and, in extreme cases, may result in death due to respiratory failure. ALS has been reported with dermatological conditions such as bullous pemphigoid and decreased collagen. Hyperpigmentation usually occurs due to underlying adrenal or metabolic disorder, but no case of hyperpigmentation has been associated with MND. Read More

Front Neurol 2020 13;11:404. Epub 2020 May 13.

Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.

Baclofen, a muscle relaxant prescribed for the alleviation of symptoms of spasticity acts primarily at the spinal level but with high doses, it penetrates the blood-brain barrier and can result in prominent central nervous depression. Baclofen toxicity has been associated with a variety of symptoms ranging from dizziness to deep coma. We report the clinical course, management, and outcome of a case of baclofen overdose who presented in deep coma with loss of brainstem reflexes and a burst suppression (BS) pattern on his electroencephalogram (EEG). Read More

Front Neurol 2020 7;11:388. Epub 2020 May 7.

MossRehab and Albert Einstein Medical Center, Elkins Park, PA, United States.

Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections are first-line treatment for adult spasticity. Prior patient surveys have reported that BoNT-A treatment improves quality of life but that symptoms usually recur before the next injection. We aimed to explore, in-depth, patient perceptions of the impact of spasticity and the waning of BoNT-A therapeutic effects. Read More

Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020 Jun 1:1545968320913554. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

. Nonuse (NU) after stroke is characterized by failure to use the contralesional arm despite adequate capacity. It has been suggested that NU is a consequence of the greater effort and/or attention required to use the affected limb, but such accounts have not been directly tested, and we have poor understanding of the predictors of NU. Read More

Ann Ital Chir 2020 May 25;9. Epub 2020 May 25.

Background: The causative role played by intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in the syringogenesis of the Chiari 1 malformation syringomyelia has been still not adequately studied. The aim of this study is to validate the transmedullary theory about the hindbrain-related syrinx, also discussing the implications for safety of these patients related to the use of high-pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic and robotic surgery.

Methods: Fourteen patients with a hindbrain-related syrinx were candidate for a posterior fossa decompression. Read More

Neuropediatrics 2020 May 28. Epub 2020 May 28.

Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.

We report the clinical and molecular characterization of a novel biallelic mutation in the gene leading to an autosomal recessive form of childhood onset leukoencephalopathy in a consanguineous family. The female child experienced acute encephalopathy at the age of 2 years, followed by spasticity and loss of all achieved milestones over 6 months. Her elder brother presented with encephalopathy at 4 years of age, with a subsequent loss of all achieved milestones over 8 months. Read More

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020 May 27;20(7):25. Epub 2020 May 27.

Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.

Purpose Of Review: In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sleep disruption is frequently present and substantially adds to disease burden. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of sleep disturbances in ALS.

Recent Findings: Motor neuron degeneration and muscle weakness may lead to muscle cramps, pain, spasticity, immobilization, restless legs, sleep-disordered breathing, and difficulties to clear secretions. Read More

BMC Health Serv Res 2020 May 27;20(1):478. Epub 2020 May 27.

Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Background: Assessment of the costs of care associated with chronic upper-limb spasticity following stroke in Australia and the potential benefits of adding intensive upper limb rehabilitation to botulinum toxin-A are key objectives of the InTENSE randomised controlled trial.

Methods: Recruitment for the trial has been completed. A total of 139 participants from 6 stroke units across 3 Australian states are participating in the trial. Read More

Front Neurosci 2020 7;14:401. Epub 2020 May 7.

Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and paralysis of the lower limbs. Autosomal dominant mutations in gene account for ∼40% of adult-onset patients. We have previously shown that patient cells have reduced organelle transport and are therefore more sensitive to oxidative stress. Read More

Turk J Pharm Sci 2019 Jun 27;16(2):246-251. Epub 2019 Mar 27.

Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurologic disability in adults worldwide. Two main issues have caused MS patients to face several problems. One issue is that the definite cause of MS has not yet been determined and the other issue is the lack of a definite treatment for this disease. Read More

Neuroreport 2020 May 22. Epub 2020 May 22.

School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Waggle needling, a classical anti-spastic needling technique characterized by combination of acupuncture with joint movement, has gained increasing popularity of spasticity treatment in China. This study was designed to compare the anti-spastic effect of waggle needling to the routine needling and to explore its underlying mechanism. We established post-stroke spasticity model based on ischemia stroke operation (middle cerebral artery occlusion). Read More

J Rehabil Med 2020 May 25. Epub 2020 May 25.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail:

Objective: To compare patients with upper limb spasticity who did or did not receive abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) in shoulder muscles during 2 international clinical studies.

Design: Phase 4 Upper Limb International Spasticity Study-II (ULIS-II; NCT01020500) endpoints: primary goal selection and achievement. Phase 3 Adult Upper Limb open-label study (NCT01313299) endpoints: Disability Assessment Scale principal target of treatment and mean (standard deviation) change from baseline to week 4 (last cycle involving shoulder muscles) for pain, Modified Frenchay Scale (active function), and Tardieu Scale parameters. Read More

Can J Neurol Sci 2020 May 26:1-17. Epub 2020 May 26.

University of British Columbia, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020 May 16;43:102177. Epub 2020 May 16.

IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, affecting ambulation even in people with only mild neurological signs. Patients with MS frequently experience spasticity, which contributes significantly to impair their motor functions, including ambulation, owing to muscle stiffness, spasms, and pain.

Objectives: To clarify the role of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC):cannabidiol(CBD) oromucosal spray, coupled to robot-aided gait training (RAGT) using the Lokomat©Pro to improve functional ambulation in patients with MS. Read More

Mayo Clin Proc 2020 May 20. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN. Electronic address:

Pathologic alcohol use affects more than 2 billion people and accounts for nearly 6% of all deaths worldwide. There are three medications approved for the treatment of alcohol use disorder by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA): disulfiram, naltrexone (oral and long-acting injectable), and acamprosate. Of growing interest is the use of anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol use disorder, although currently none are FDA approved for this indication. Read More

J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2020 May 15. Epub 2020 May 15.

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J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2020 May 15. Epub 2020 May 15.

Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Objectives: To study the effect of induced fatigue of the unaffected limb on the sensory components of standing balance; proprioception and vestibular symptoms in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Methods: Setting: Outpatient Clinic of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University.

Patients: Twenty-nine children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy [(ages 8. Read More

Complement Ther Med 2020 May 3;50:102364. Epub 2020 Mar 3.

Akdeniz University, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Antalya, Turkey. Electronic address:

Background: It is known that the parents of one of every two children who need health care seek at least one complementary health-care approach. Reflexology, which is one of these, increases well-being while maintaining the continuity of homeostasis. As studies with children are limited, there is a need for evidence that includes the positive as well as the negative effects of reflexology that can be transferred to clinical practice and recommendations for future studies. Read More

Ann Anat 2020 May 11;231:151529. Epub 2020 May 11.

Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Purpose: To identify the body surface position and depth of the center of the intramuscular nerves dense region (CINDR) of the medial femoral muscles.

Methods: Utilizing twelve Chinese adult cadavers (six men and six women), with an age range from 35 to 75 (66.5±5. Read More

ACS Chem Neurosci 2020 Jun 3. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.

Baclofen, β-(4-chlorophenyl)-γ-aminobutyric acid, holds a unique position in neuroscience, remaining the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved GABA agonist. Read More

Saudi Pharm J 2020 May 12;28(5):639. Epub 2020 May 12.

Department of Orthopedics, Jianyang People's Hospital of Sichuan, Jianyang 641400, China.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps. Read More

Pract Neurol 2020 May 20. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, UK.

Genetic and acquired disorders of white matter comprise a diverse group of conditions, with often overlapping clinical and radiological findings. Patients present with a variable combination of cognitive impairment, ataxia, spasticity or movement disorders, among others. There are many genetic causes, and the route to diagnosis involves comprehensive clinical assessment, radiological expertise, metabolic investigations and finally genetic studies. Read More

J Neurophysiol 2020 May 20. Epub 2020 May 20.

Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, United States.

Spasticity is one of the most common symptoms present in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI), however, its clinical assessment remains underdeveloped. The purpose of the study was to examine the contribution of passive muscle stiffness and active spinal reflex mechanisms to clinical outcomes of spasticity after SCI. It is important that passive and active contributions to increased muscle stiffness are distinguished to make appropriate decisions about anti-spastic treatments and to monitor its effectiveness. Read More

J Rehabil Med 2020 May 20. Epub 2020 May 20.

Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences,, University of Verona, IT-37134 Verona, Italy. E-mail:

Objective: To evaluate the role of diagnostic nerve block in predicting the outcome of botulinum toxin type A treatment for spastic equinovarus foot due to chronic stroke.

Design: Pilot, retrospective, observational study.

Patients: Fifty chronic stroke patients with spastic equinovarus foot. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2020 May 17;12(5). Epub 2020 May 17.

Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

In 2016, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published practice guidelines for botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. This article, focusing on dystonia, provides context for these guidelines through literature review. Studies that led to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of each toxin for dystonia indications are reviewed, in addition to several studies highlighted by the AAN guidelines. Read More

ACS Omega 2020 May 27;5(18):10247-10259. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910-163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.

Spinal cord injury is a main health issue, leading to multiple functional deficits with major consequences such as motor and sensitive impairment below the lesion. To date, all repair strategies remain ineffective. In line with the experiments showing that implanted hydrogels, immunologically inert biomaterials, from natural or synthetic origins, are promising tools and in order to reduce functional deficits, to increase locomotor recovery, and to reduce spasticity, we injected into the lesion area, 1 week after a severe T10 spinal cord contusion, a thermoresponsive physically cross-linked poly(-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer hydrogel. Read More

J Phys Ther Sci 2020 May 1;32(5):348-351. Epub 2020 May 1.

Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Japan.

[Purpose] We aimed to examine the relationship between gross motor function, selective motor control (SMC), range of motion (ROM), and spasticity in the lower extremities of adults with cerebral palsy (CP), as well as the proximal to distal distribution of SMC impairment in lower extremity joints. [Participants and Methods] We recruited 11 adults with bilateral spastic CP, ranging from levels I to III according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). We evaluated participants according to the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE), ROM, and the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2020 May 17. Epub 2020 May 17.

Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo. Egypt.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a brain disorder that affects the development of movement and posture leading to limitation of Range of Movement (ROM) in the growing children. CP leads to deformities as equinus foot deformity. We aim to investigate the efficacy of different botulinum toxin (BTX) products with or without serial casting in reducing the muscle spasticity in equinus foot deformity in patients with CP. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2020 May 13. Epub 2020 May 13.

Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address:

This study aims to evaluate whether the upper extremity spasticity and hemiplegic posture have any effect on the morphology of the carpal tunnel and median nerve in stroke patients. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed in 46 stroke patients and compared to those of 30 healthy controls. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the carpal tunnel (CT) and median nerve (wrist/mid-forearm levels) was assessed by ultrasonography. Read More

Adv Pharmacol 2020 11;88:83-113. Epub 2020 Mar 11.

Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France. Electronic address:

The GABA receptor is activated by the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The receptor is expressed in almost all neuronal and glial cells and plays a central role in the modulation of many physiological and pathological processes. The GABA receptor has been considered for years as an interesting target for the treatment of spasticity, pain, addiction, anxiety or depression. Read More

J Spinal Cord Med 2020 May 14:1-14. Epub 2020 May 14.

School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.

Context: Spasticity is one of the most common secondary impairment after spinal cord injury (SCI). It can lead to an increase in the level of disability. The functional electrical stimulation cycling (FES-cycling) promotes recovery in patients with SCI. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2020 May;70(5):809-814

Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Objective: To examine the effects of traditional massage on spasticity of children with cerebral palsy.

Methods: The randomised control trial was conducted at the National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan, from September 2016 to August 2018, and comprised children with spastic cerebral palsy aged 2-10 years who were randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. Both the groups received routine physical therapy once daily, five times a week for three months. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2020 May 10;12(5). Epub 2020 May 10.

Unit of Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit and Rehabilitation Medicine, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', Viale dei Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy.

Spasticity is a common disabling disorder in adult subjects suffering from stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Spasticity may be a disabling symptom in people during rehabilitation and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has become the first-line therapy for the local form. High BTX-A doses are often used in clinical practice. Read More

JIMD Rep 2020 May 25;53(1):61-70. Epub 2020 Mar 25.

Department of Pediatric Neurology Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Nijmegen The Netherlands.

Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a rare inborn error of lipid metabolism. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene, resulting in a deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Most patients have a clearly recognizable severe phenotype, with congenital ichthyosis, intellectual disability, and spastic diplegia. Read More

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2020 May;40(5):533-5

Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of CM.

Professor believes that infantile cerebral palsy is located in the brain and closely related to the kidney. The clinical treatment should focus on the brain theory and root at the kidney. In pathogenesis, infantile spastic cerebral palsy refers to flaccidity of and spasticity of . Read More

Am J Case Rep 2020 May 11;21:e919463. Epub 2020 May 11.

School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.

BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP or SPG) consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders, clinically divided into pure and complex forms. The former is characterized by neurological impairment limited to lower-extremity spasticity. The latter presents additional symptoms such as seizures, psychomotor impairment, cataract, deafness, and peripheral neuropathy. Read More

Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020 May 1;195:105821. Epub 2020 May 1.

Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address:

Heterotopic Ossification (HO) refers to the formation of bone within soft tissue. Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has been shown to be associated with development of HO. However, risk factors for HO following SCI are unknown. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2020 May 5. Epub 2020 May 5.

Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. Electronic address:

One of the major problems with walking encountered by patients with spastic hemiplegia is diminished toe clearance due to spasticity of their leg muscles. To improve their walking, a specialized robot assist for ankle movements (RE-Gait) has been utilized. The present study examined the neurophysiological effects whether spinal cord reciprocal Ia inhibition (RI) in the leg was altered by using RE-Gait. Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020 May 7. Epub 2020 May 7.

Service de Neurochirurgie Fonctionnelle, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital neurologique et neurochirurgical Pierre Wertheimer, 59 Bd Pinel, 69003, Lyon, France.

Background: Selective neurotomy is known as an effective method to reduce focal spasticity when medical treatment including botulinum toxin is not sufficient. The tibial nerve can be targeted to treat spastic equinovarus foot with (or without) claw toes.

Method: Tibial nerve trunk is dissected in the popliteal fossa. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2020 May 4;12(5). Epub 2020 May 4.

Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Objective: The effects of botulinum toxin injections (BoNT) on health-related quality of life along the complex spectrum of spasticity needs further characterization to guide practitioners in a real-life therapeutic environment.

Methods: In this study, we analyzed 50 consecutive and unselected patients with spasticity before and four weeks after re-injection of botulinum toxin. Health-related quality of life in terms of the EuroQol (EQ) as well as further motor and non-motor characteristics were assessed. Read More