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Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020 6;13:283-289. Epub 2020 Apr 6.

Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.

Introduction: Skin bleaching is the act of using steroid- and chemical-containing products to lighten the skin. Hydroquinone and kojic acid are often used in skin bleaching creams. Hydroquinone was suspected to be harmful. Read More

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2020 Mar 20;24(2):149-156. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea.

Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) is a protective agent that is widely used in medicine because of its antioxidant effects. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to increase pigmentation. Thus, ROS scavengers and inhibitors of ROS production may suppress melanogenesis. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2019 Sep - Oct;37(5):561-579. Epub 2019 Jul 17.

Department of Dermatology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

White diseases are a heterogenous group characterized by hypopigmentation or depigmentation. Skin and eye color are determined by the number and size of melanosomes present. Melanin is produced by melanosomes in the melanocytes present within the epidermis of the skin, uvea, and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Read More

Clin Dermatol 2019 Sep - Oct;37(5):437-446. Epub 2019 Jul 17.

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mediprobe Research, London, Ontario, Canada.

Skin color is one of the major attributes that defines both individual distinctiveness and differences between groups. There is a preference for lighter skin world-wide, among both light- and dark-skinned individuals, further leading to skin-color bias based upon skin-color hierarchy within certain ethnoracial groups. The psychiatric and psychosocial ramifications of skin color are important in several situations, including (1) disorders of skin discoloration (eg, vitiligo), which can significantly affect the psychosocial development of the patient especially when it has its first onset during adolescence; (2) widespread use of skin-lightening products, which are used despite knowledge about serious toxicity from inorganic mercury and potent corticosteroids that are some of their main constituents; (3) indoor tanning, which is a recognized carcinogen and practiced by over 50% of university-age adults and 20% of adolescents. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2020 Feb 4;59(2):178-183. Epub 2019 Nov 4.

Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon.

Background: Skin depigmentation is increasingly oriented toward plant extracts because of harmfulness of depigmenting active ingredients used in cosmetics and dermatology. Reconstructed human pigmented epidermis (RHPE) is the closest in vitro model to human skin and offers the possibility to test the global depigmenting effect of a plant extract. These co-cultures of keratinocytes and melanocytes are the most advanced and newest models for testing depigmentation, and until now very few studies have been done with these cultures. Read More

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020 Feb 1;228:108655. Epub 2019 Nov 1.

Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. Electronic address:

Coloration plays a crucial role in the social communication and survival of organisms. Multidisciplinary studies have been conducted to elucidate the correlation between coloration and melanin biosynthesis (referred as melanogenesis). The multi-copper enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the first two steps of melanogenesis for coloration in teleosts. Read More

J Agric Food Chem 2019 Nov 8;67(46):12741-12751. Epub 2019 Nov 8.

College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China.

Tyrosinase inhibitors are important in cosmetic, medical, and food industries due to their regulation of melanin production. A tyrosinase inhibitor was purified from Camellia pollen using high-speed countercurrent chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and was identified as caffeine by NMR and mass spectrometry. It showed strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC of 18. Read More

Carbohydr Polym 2019 Dec 19;225:115211. Epub 2019 Aug 19.

School of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. Electronic address:

Fucoidan from Laminaria japonica is a kind of sulfate polysaccharide with high molecular weight (MW) and broad bioactivities. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between MW and whitening activity of fucoidan and to exploit a novel functional ingredient for whitening cosmetics. High sulfate content fucoidan was enzymic degraded by Flavobacterium RC2-3 produced fucoidanase. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2019 Sep;29(9):799-802

Department of Anatomy, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Objective: To determine the effects of commonly used commercial skin lightening creams on the thickness of epidermis of guinea pig skin.

Study Design: Animal experimental study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Anatomy, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from March to May 2015. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2019 31;33:72. Epub 2019 May 31.

Département de Promotion de la Santé, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Bénin.

Introduction: This study aims to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with the use of products for voluntary depigmentation among women aged 15-49 years in Comè health zone in Benin.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 511 women aged 15-49 years selected using a cluster survey in 2016. Data were collected using a questionnaire seeking to explore the demographic, socio-cultural and economic characteristics of women. Read More

Antioxidants (Basel) 2019 Aug 22;8(9). Epub 2019 Aug 22.

Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.

Antioxidants are deemed useful in controlling oxidative stress associated with extrinsic skin aging and pigmentation disorders. Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound found in many edible plants such as , and its inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity, gene expression, and posttranslational modifications of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the melanin biosynthetic pathway, provide a mechanistic basis for its antimelanogenic effects seen in melanocytic cells, three-dimensionally reconstituted skin models, and in vivo animal models. As a potent antioxidant and a modulator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and sirtuin 1, resveratrol can also regulate multiple signaling pathways associated with inflammation and premature aging. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Aug;18(8):718-729

Melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) are the most common forms of dyschromia in patients with skin of color. Both are associated with a high psychological burden of disease. To exacerbate this burden, the need for treatment is chronic, and the results are often suboptimal in the eyes of the patient. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2019 Dec 13;245:112159. Epub 2019 Aug 13.

EIO, UMR 241, University of French Polynesia, BP 6570, 98702, Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Electronic address:

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: In French Polynesia, embellishment of the hair and skin is an important cultural and everyday practice. Yet, little research has focused on traditional preparations used for beautification in this region and their potential development as innovative cosmetic ingredients.

Aim Of The Study: In this present study we aim to assess and compile the ethnocosmetic potential of plants of French Polynesia to select and further study plants showing the most promise to be developed as anti-aging, anti-blemish and hair care products. Read More

J Dermatol Sci 2019 08 2;95(2):80-83. Epub 2019 Jul 2.

Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan; Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585 Japan. Electronic address:

Int J Dermatol 2019 10 28;58(10):e185. Epub 2019 Jul 28.

Departments of Dermatology and Histopathology, Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Uxbridge, UK.

Int J Dermatol 2019 10 28;58(10):e185. Epub 2019 Jul 28.

Infectiologie-Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël, Fréjus, France.

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Jul;18(7):642-648

Background: Pigmentation disorders are therapeutically challenging to treat, requiring complicated regimens. Objectives: Alternatives to hydroquinone (HQ) are desired. We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a non-HQ multi-action skin tone corrector (ETCS) developed to inhibit melanin production and improve skin quality. Read More

Eur J Pharm Sci 2019 Sep 11;137:104992. Epub 2019 Jul 11.

Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address:

Phenylethyl resorcinol (PER, 4-(1-phenylethyl)1,3-benzenediol) is a very potent tyrosinase inhibitor with clinically proven effectiveness at already 0.5%. A major challenge of incorporating PER into dermal products is its high sensitivity against light. Read More

Mini Rev Med Chem 2019 ;19(10):796-808

Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology and Zoology, Saifia College of Science Bhopal 462001, India.

Cutaneous pigmentation plays critical role in determining the color of skin along with photo protection of skin from dreadful effects of ultraviolet radiations. Conversely, abnormal accumulation of melanin is responsible for hyper pigmentary disorders such as melasma, senile lentigines and freckles. Because of the visible nature of dermatologic diseases, they have a considerable psychosomatic effect on affected patients. Read More

Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019 12;2019:2084805. Epub 2019 May 12.

Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.

Although vitamin C (VC, L-ascorbic acid) has been widely used as a skin lightening agent for a long time, the mechanism by which it inhibits melanogenesis remains poorly understood. It is well-documented that the intramelanocytic pH is an important factor in regulating tyrosinase function and melanosome maturation. The activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme required for melanin synthesis, is generally minimal in an acidic environment. Read More

Technol Health Care 2019 ;27(5):567-577

Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ewah Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.

Background: The Plantago asiatica L. is easy to cultivate and has been used as a folk remedy since ancient times because of various pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammation and antioxidation. It also contains a variety of flavonoids such as aucubin, which is thought to be excellent for whitening, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Read More

Arch Pharm Res 2019 Nov 29;42(11):977-989. Epub 2019 May 29.

College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea.

Arbutin, a natural polyphenol, possesses numerous biological activities including whitening, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, as well as strong reducing power, making it an ideal bioactive ingredient for preparing gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Previously, we developed a novel green, mild synthetic method for GNPs using glycosides such as arbutin as reducing agents and stabilizers. Herein, we optimized the synthetic method for glycoside-GNPs using arbutin, methyl β-D-glucoside, and phenyl β-D-glucoside and validated their whitening efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Read More

J Cell Physiol 2019 12 21;234(12):22799-22808. Epub 2019 May 21.

Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Our previous study found that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), bioactive ingredients from Ganoderma lucidum, protected fibroblasts from photoaging. However, whether GLP can affect melanogenesis in melanocytes through regulating paracrine mediators that secreted by keratinocytes and fibroblasts is unclear. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of GLP in melanogenesis by regulating paracrine effects of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2019 May 12;146(5):399-409. Epub 2019 May 12.

Dermatology Department, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Contact Dermatitis 2019 Oct 24;81(4):315-316. Epub 2019 May 24.

Department of Dermatology and INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

Dermatol Online J 2019 Apr 15;25(4). Epub 2019 Apr 15.

Servicio de Dermatología y Veneorología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia.

Exogenous ochronosis (EO) is an entity that manifests as black-bluish or grayish-brown cutaneous hyperpigmentation, which is a consequence of the deposition of ochronotic pigment with characteristic banana-like morphology between the collagen fibers of the dermis. Both the clinical presentation and histopathology appearance are superimposable with endogenous ochronosis or alcaptonuria, a hereditary disease in which ochronotic pigment deposition occurs at a multisystemic level. The most frequent cause of EO is the use of facial depigmenting creams containing hydroquinone, a common practice among women with high phototypes. Read More

PLoS One 2019 1;14(5):e0214714. Epub 2019 May 1.

Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.

Solar lentigo, benign lesions which mostly appear on chronically, sun-exposed surfaces, are associated with ageing. Patients are increasingly requesting a more uniform skin texture, especially for hands. Treatment options include dermoabrasion, intense pulsed light, cryotherapy, peelings, and laser therapy. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Dec 29;18(6):1955-1960. Epub 2019 Apr 29.

Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Background: As an oil production byproducts, the shell of Camellia oleifera Abel (SC) is usually discarded in the dump. However, previous investigations suggested that the SC could provide valuable bioactive materials.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the ability of SC extract to inhibit in vitro tyrosinase activity and the melanin inhibition effects of cosmetic formulations containing SC 1,3-butanediol extract in human volunteers. Read More

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019 Aug 25;106:50-54. Epub 2019 Apr 25.

School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Background: Skin lightening products containing dangerous levels of chemicals pose a serious health concern for consumers. However, to date, the extent of these products in Europe has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether harmful skin lightening products are available for sale in Europe and what violations exist regarding their composition. Read More

Biochem Pharmacol 2019 06 13;164:299-310. Epub 2019 Apr 13.

Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Coenzyme CoQ10 (CoQ10), a ubiquinone compound, has been reported to inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melanoma B16F10 cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect is poorly understood. In this paper we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-melanogenic activity of CoQ10 (1-2 μM) in UVA (5 J/cm)-irradiated keratinocyte HaCaT cells and α-MSH stimulated B16-F10 cells. Read More

J Microencapsul 2019 Mar 14;36(2):130-139. Epub 2019 May 14.

a College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Korea.

Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) has been known to allow the whitening effect by inhibiting formation of tyrosinase. PR has solubility of 4.05 ± 0. Read More

J Dermatol 2019 Jun 10;46(6):548-550. Epub 2019 Apr 10.

Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Mar;18(3):s112-114

The Hispanic population is the third largest growing group in the United States and is projected to increase to 119 million by 2060. Skin of color populations including Hispanics are more susceptible to a variety of pigmentary disorders including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Most previous treatment options for these disorders remain unsatisfactory. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Mar;18(3):s112-114

The Hispanic population is the third largest growing group in the United States and is projected to increase to 119 million by 2060. Skin of color populations including Hispanics are more susceptible to a variety of pigmentary disorders including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Most previous treatment options for these disorders remain unsatisfactory. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Jun 20;18(3):728-737. Epub 2019 Mar 20.

Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.

Background: Glutathione is one of agents which is commonly used to lighten skin color in Asia as a dietary supplement. Previous studies suggest its potential effect of glutathione on skin color. However, the clinical efficacy of glutathione in oral form is still questionable due to its limited absorption and bioavailability. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Jun 13;18(3):703-727. Epub 2019 Mar 13.

Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

Human skin pigmentation is a result of constitutive and facultative pigmentation. Facultative pigmentation is frequently stimulated by UV radiation, pharmacologic drugs, and hormones whereby leads to the development of abnormal skin hyperpigmentation. To date, many state-of-art depigmenting compounds have been studied using in vitro model to treat hyperpigmentation problems for cosmetic dermatological applications; little attention has been made to compare the effectiveness of these depigmenting compounds and their mode of actions. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2019 Apr 16;37(2):175-181. Epub 2019 Feb 16.

Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital System, 3031 West Grand Boulvard, Suite 800, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Electronic address:

Pigmentary disorders are common and can be very distressing to patients. There is a need for better, standardized therapies. The authors review the most recent data for topical, systemic, light, and laser treatments for vitiligo, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Read More

Arch Dermatol Res 2019 Apr 20;311(3):249-250. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA.

The process of melanin biosynthesis and its distribution throughout the skin is regulated by complex processes involving several enzymes in melanocytes. Recently, Diwakar et al. demonstrated that cytidine-a sialyltransferase inhibitor, 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) inhibited melanogenesis and melanosome transfer process. Read More

Arch Dermatol Res 2019 Apr 18;311(3):183-191. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.

Little is known about the anti-pigmenting effects of whitening agents on solar lentigos (SLs), which comprise ~ 60% of hyperpigmented facial lesions of Asian subjects. Lotions with or without 6% L-ascorbate-2-phosphate trisodium salt (APS) [test lotion (TL) and placebo lotion (PL), respectively] were applied twice daily for 24 weeks in a double-blind half-face study of 27 Japanese females with SLs on both sides of their faces. Pigmentation scores were evaluated using a photo-scale and the skin colors were assessed using a color difference meter and a mexameter for SLs and the non-lesional surrounding skin (NLS). Read More

Int J Biol Macromol 2019 May 7;129:181-186. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Melanin is major cause of dark skin, which is regarded as social status in eastern Asia. As a result, researchers in cosmetic industries are developing skin whitening agents. Melanin can be decolorized by many oxidative enzymes. Read More

Molecules 2019 Jan 30;24(3). Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.

Umbelliprenin has recently been shown to have great potential as a skin whitening agent. Wishing to investigate the same effect in plant species known to biosynthesize this coumarin, three plants belonging to the Apiaceae family, namely L. (dill), L. Read More

Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019 Apr 28;45(4):642-650. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.

Objective: To develop an azelaic acid (AzA)-loaded nanoemulsion with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a double targeting strategy to increase drug retention and tyrosinase inhibition activity.

Significance: Dermic melasma is a recalcitrant disease. Therefore, the development of new technologies that allow a deeper penetration in the skin while enhancing the efficacy of a safe and well-known dermatological active, like AzA, is a very promising alternative to improve the treatment of this disease. Read More

Carbohydr Polym 2019 Mar 26;207:391-397. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China. Electronic address:

A carboxylate chitooligomer (C-COS) containing carboxyl groups attached to chitooligomer (COS) molecules has been prepared by laccase/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) system, which is a green-chemistry method. Several experiments were designed to evaluate inhibition effects on melanin and mechanisms of C-COS. The results indicated that C-COS exhibited more distinct anti-melanogenic effects compared to COS. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2018 12;17(12):1310-1315

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ISDINCEUTICS Melaclear® serum (Barcelona, Spain) on skin brightness, skin quality, and signs of facial aging. Design: This was a single-center, observational, open label, prospective clinical study. Ten healthy females (ages 30-70) with moderate signs of facial aging and moderate photodamage (hyperpigmentation and/or sun spots) were enrolled. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2018 Dec;145 Suppl 7:VIIS1-VIIS10

Service de dermatologie, hôpital Louis-Pasteur, 68024 Colmar cedex, France. Electronic address:

In this article, we performed a review of all new data of clinical relevance for the dermatologists that were published in the medical literature between September, 2017 and September, 2018. Besides advances that will be useful in day-to-day dermatological practice, we intended to give a more general perspective to this review by taking into account certain international health issues that might in final concern each of us in a globalized world. Focus were more particularly done on the following topics: infectious diseases (including sexually transmitted infections), neglected tropical diseases, adverse effects of drugs, bullous diseases, allergology, wound healing, dermatology on black skin, and public health dermatology. Read More

Environ Res 2019 03 15;170:187-193. Epub 2018 Dec 15.

Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Institute for Exposomic Research, Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.

Background: There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by the use of skin lightening cosmetics. Evidence suggests that some of them may contain heavy metals.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review of global legal regulations regarding the permissible level of mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium in cosmetic products, with particular emphasis on skin lightening preparations. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2018 Dec 11;19(12). Epub 2018 Dec 11.

School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.

The rhizoma of , a Chinese medicinal plant, has long been used as a cosmetic for the whitening and hydrating of the skin in ancient China. In order to investigate the antimelanogenic components of the rhizoma of , we performed an antimelanogenesis assay-guided purification using semi-preparative HPLC accompanied with spectroscopic analysis to determine the active components. Based on the bioassay-guided method, 24 compounds were isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate layer of methanolic extracts of , and among these, 5-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)allyl]ferulic acid () and -4-pentylcyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol () were new compounds. Read More

Biomed Pharmacother 2019 Feb 8;110:582-593. Epub 2018 Dec 8.

Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Electronic address:

Skin color disorders can be caused by various factors, such as excessive exposure to sunlight, aging and hormonal imbalance during pregnancy, or taking some medications. Kojic acid (KA) is a natural metabolite produced by fungi that has the ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity in synthesis of melanin. The major applications of KA and its derivatives in medicine are based on their biocompatibility, antimicrobial and antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-speck, anti-parasitic, and pesticidal and insecticidal properties. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Feb 11;18(1):293-295. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

L-Cysteamine is a biological antioxidant produced during the coenzyme A metabolism cycle and is naturally present in all mammalian cells. The efficacy of topical cysteamine for the treatment of melasma has been recently shown in two double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trials. Herein, we report a 44-year-old patient with melasma resistant to Kligman's formula (Pigmanorm cream), who was successfully treated with topical cysteamine as a new depigmenting agent. Read More

Dermatol Clin 2019 Jan 1;37(1):107-115. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Dermatology Consulting Services, PLLC, 2444 North Main Street, High Point, NC 27262, USA. Electronic address:

Cosmeceuticals are cosmetics that promise to deliver physiologically relevant benefits without the incorporation of prescription drugs. To entice consumers to purchase these premium priced products, a story must be told of how the cosmeceutical delivers on these appearance improvement promises. The backbone of any cosmeceutical skin care regimen is facial cleansing and moisturizing. Read More