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PeerJ 2019 5;7:e6225. Epub 2019 Apr 5.

Central Unit for Advanced Research Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

-infected bacillary dysentery or commonly known as Shigellosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gradual emergence of multidrug resistant spp. has triggered the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Read More

Pharm Biol 2019 Dec;57(1):193-225

b Ya'an Xun Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Ya'an , China.

Context: Coptidis rhizome (CR), also known as Huanglian in Chinese, is the rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch., C. deltoidea C. Read More

Microb Pathog 2019 Apr 1;131:175-180. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China; Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China. Electronic address:

Background: Shigella dysenteriae is one of the members of Shigella genus which was the main responsible of different Shigellosis outbreaks worldwide. The increasing consumption of antibiotics has led to the emergence and spreading of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, finding new alternatives for infection control is essential, one of which is using bacteriophages. Read More

Environ Res 2019 Mar 20;173:255-261. Epub 2019 Mar 20.

Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, PR China; "Health Shandong" Major Social Risk Prediction and Governance Collaborative Innovation Center, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, PR China. Electronic address:

Background: Climate change may lead to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and pose public health challenges to human health and the already overloaded healthcare system. It is therefore important to review current knowledge and identify further directions in China, the largest developing country in the world.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between climate variability and infectious disease transmission in China in the new millennium. Read More

Microbiologyopen 2019 Mar 28:e00807. Epub 2019 Mar 28.

National Reference Centre of Salmonella and Shigella, Brussels, Belgium.

The phylogenetically closely related Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are responsible for millions of episodes of bacterial dysenteriae worldwide. Given its distinct epidemiology and public health relevance, only Shigellae are subject to mandatory reporting and follow-up by public health authorities. However, many clinical laboratories struggle to differentiate non-EIEC, EIEC, and Shigella in their current workflows, leading to inaccuracies in surveillance and rising numbers of misidentified E. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2019 Mar 1;82:117-123. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Objectives: Ultraorthodox Jewish populations living in towns with good sanitary infrastructure but with conditions of crowding have been the epicenter of Shigella sonnei shigellosis outbreaks. In this study, the incidence and risk factors of S. sonnei shigellosis in children living in an ultraorthodox community were determined. Read More

Sci Rep 2019 Mar 1;9(1):3252. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India.

Shigella spp., emerging from multiple origins of Escherichia coli, poses a significant health threat as a causative agent of bacillary dysentery. While multiple serotypes of four different species have evolved via independent lineages, Shigella spp. Read More

Sci Rep 2019 Feb 27;9(1):2906. Epub 2019 Feb 27.

Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.

Efflux pumps are membrane protein complexes conserved in all living organisms. Beyond being involved in antibiotic extrusion in several bacteria, efflux pumps are emerging as relevant players in pathogen-host interactions. We have investigated on the possible role of the efflux pump network in Shigella flexneri, the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery. Read More

Front Immunol 2019 8;10:192. Epub 2019 Feb 8.

Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.

Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are most prevalent in settings with inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene and contaminated water. An important diarrheal pathogen in such settings is . Read More

BMC Res Notes 2019 Feb 21;12(1):97. Epub 2019 Feb 21.

School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

Objectives: Shigella is a human pathogen that causes shigellosis, an acute invasive intestinal infection. Recent studies in the model bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) provided evidence that small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) can contribute to antimicrobial resistance or susceptibility. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2019 Feb 19;19(1):172. Epub 2019 Feb 19.

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, H24-11, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA.

Background: In the event of a shigellosis outbreak in a childcare setting, exclusion policies are typically applied to afflicted children to limit shigellosis transmission. However, there is scarce evidence of their impact.

Methods: We evaluated five exclusion policies: Children return to childcare after: i) two consecutive laboratory tests (either PCR or culture) do not detect Shigella, ii) a single negative laboratory test (PCR or culture) does not detect Shigella, iii) seven days after beginning antimicrobial treatment, iv) after being symptom-free for 24 h, or v) 14 days after symptom onset. Read More

Infect Drug Resist 2019 22;12:249-253. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,

Introduction: Shigellosis is a significant global human health problem, and is in charge of almost 165 million cases of this disease annually, of whom 163 million cases are in developing countries and 1.5 million cases are in developed countries. The main aims of the current survey were to identify spp. Read More

Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2019 Feb;40(2):165-169

Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China.

To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing, 2008-2017, to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease. Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery, collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing. positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of , diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs. Read More

Genome Biol Evol 2019 03;11(3):776-785

Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Shigella flexneri is a major etiological agent of shigellosis in developing countries, primarily occurring in children under 5 years of age. We have sequenced, for the first time, the complete genome of S. flexneri serotype 3b (strain SFL1520). Read More

Gut Microbes 2019 Feb 3:1-16. Epub 2019 Feb 3.

a Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , USA.

Shigella is one of the major enteric pathogens worldwide. We present a murine model of S. flexneri infection and investigate the role of zinc deficiency (ZD). Read More

Appl Environ Microbiol 2019 Apr 22;85(7). Epub 2019 Mar 22.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland, USA.

Bacteria of the genus , consisting of 4 species and >50 serotypes, cause shigellosis, a foodborne disease of significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss worldwide. Classical identification based on selective media and serology is tedious, time-consuming, expensive, and not always accurate. A molecular diagnostic assay does not distinguish at the species level or from enteroinvasive (EIEC). Read More

J Clin Microbiol 2019 Apr 28;57(4). Epub 2019 Mar 28.

Caritas Baby Hospital, Bethlehem, Palestine

Azithromycin (AZM) has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for the treatment of shigellosis in children. In this study, 502 species isolated between 2004 and 2014 were tested for AZM epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) by disk diffusion. AZM MICs and the presence of the macrolide resistance genes [(A), (B), (C), (A), (B), (A), (B), (D), (A), and (A)] were determined for all 56 (11. Read More

Vaccine 2019 Feb 19;37(8):1062-1072. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Laboratory of Carbohydrate Vaccines, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia. Electronic address:

Shigellosis, a major cause of diarrhea worldwide, exhibits high morbidity and mortality in children. Specificity of Shigella immunity is determined by the structure of the main protective O-antigen polysaccharide component incorporated into the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. Endotoxicity, however, precludes LPS clinical use. Read More

Infect Immun 2019 Apr 25;87(4). Epub 2019 Mar 25.

Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

The enteric bacterium and intracellular human pathogen causes hundreds of millions of cases of the diarrheal disease shigellosis per year worldwide. is acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water; upon reaching the colon, the bacteria invade colonic epithelial cells, replicate intracellularly, spread to adjacent cells, and provoke an intense inflammatory response. There is no animal model that faithfully recapitulates human disease; thus, cultured cells have been used to model pathogenesis. Read More

Environ Res 2019 Mar 31;170:359-365. Epub 2018 Dec 31.

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Floods may influence different types of diarrheal diseases and epidemiological studies of pathogen-specific diarrhea due to floods in China are still needed. In addition, few studies have been conducted to quantify the lag and cumulative risk of diarrheal disease due to floods in Guangxi, China. Our study aimed to identify different types of diarrheal diseases that were sensitive to floods and to quantify their lag and cumulative impact. Read More

Health Sci Rep 2018 Feb 7;1(2):e20. Epub 2017 Dec 7.

Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon.

Aim: Oxalis barrelieri is a medicinal plant commonly used in Cameroon, for the treatment of many diarrheal diseases. The antibacterial properties of O barrelieri aqueous extract (WOb) against Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: ntibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion method and by macrodilution method. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 14;9:3027. Epub 2018 Dec 14.

Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China.

Shigellosis, caused by , is a major global health concern, with nearly 164.7 million cases and over a million deaths occurring annually worldwide. is one of the most common subgroups of with a high incidence of multidrug-resistance. Read More

J Infect Dis 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

The resolution of S. flexneri infection-associated hyperinflammation is crucial for host survival. Using in vitro and in vivo models of Shigellosis, we find that S. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.

Background: In urban Australia, the burden of shigellosis is either in returning travellers from shigellosis-endemic regions, or in men who have sex with men (MSM). Here, we combine genomic data with comprehensive epidemiological data on sexual exposure and travel to describe the spread of multidrug-resistant Shigella lineages.

Methods: A population-level study of all cultured Shigella isolates in the state of Victoria, Australia was undertaken from 1 January 2016 through to 31 March 2018. Read More

In Silico Pharmacol 2018 4;6(1):11. Epub 2018 Jun 4.

4Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan.

2a is one of the most pathogenic bacteria among the spp., which is responsible for dysentery and causes masses of deaths throughout the world per year. A proper identification of the potential drug targets and inhibitors is crucial for the treatment of the shigellosis due to their emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns. Read More

Genomics Inform 2018 Dec 28;16(4):e26. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

Shigella spp. constitutes some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. With over 164 million reported cases per annum, shigellosis accounts for 1. Read More

Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2018 Dec;39(12):1589-1595

Division of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students from 2011 to 2016 and to provide reference for the effective prevention and control programs on infectious disease among students. Both morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed, with main characteristics of the disease described. During 2011 to 2016, morbidities of Categories A, B and C infectious diseases among the Chinese students aged 6-22 years showed a decreasing trend, from 248. Read More

Microbiol Resour Announc 2018 Nov 29;7(21). Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA.

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative enteric pathogenic bacteria which has four species, Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2018 12 7;14(12):e1007469. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy.

Shigella spp. are pathogenic bacteria that cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invading the colonic and rectal mucosa where they induce dramatic inflammation. Here, we have analyzed the role of the soluble PRR Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a key component of the humoral arm of innate immunity. Read More

Pharm Res 2018 Dec 5;36(1):22. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Purpose: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of polymeric spherical and aspherical invasive nanocarriers, loaded with antibiotic, to access and treat intracellular bacterial infections.

Methods: Aspherical nanocarriers were prepared by stretching of spherical precursors, and both aspherical and spherical nanocarriers were surface-functionalized with the invasive protein InvA497. The relative uptake of nanocarriers into HEp-2 epithelial cells was then assessed. Read More

Aust N Z J Public Health 2019 Feb 5;43(1):41-45. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales.

Objective: To review the epidemiological differences between culture-positive and culture-negative (but ipaH PCR-positive) cases of shigellosis in Sydney Local Health District (SLHD), NSW, to inform whether changes to the national case definition for shigellosis are required.

Methods: An audit of all cases of shigellosis (culture-positive vs. culture-negative/PCR-positive) in SLHD from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2015 was conducted and demographic, clinical and risk factors were analysed and compared between these groups. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 9;9:2686. Epub 2018 Nov 9.

Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria use a variety of strategies to cause disease in the human host and gene regulation in some form is typically a part of the strategy. This article will compare the toxin-based infection strategy used by the non-invasive pathogen , the etiological agent in human cholera, with the invasive approach used by , the cause of bacillary dysentery. Despite the differences in the mechanisms by which the two pathogens cause disease, they use environmentally-responsive regulatory hierarchies to control the expression of genes that have some features, and even some components, in common. Read More

Infect Drug Resist 2018 31;11:2095-2106. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique,

Objectives: During the period from December 2007 to November 2012, the epidemiology of diarrhea caused by was studied among children <5 years of age residing in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique.

Materials And Methods: Children from 0 to 5 years with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and less severe diarrhea (LSD) were enrolled along with matched controls (by age, gender, and neighborhood). Age-stratified logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify clinical features and risk factors associated with positivity in cases of diarrhea. Read More

Nanomedicine 2018 Nov 16. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Electronic address:

We reported earlier about nano-formulation of tetracycline through its entrapment within calcium-phosphate nano-particle (CPNP) and about killing of pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexnari 2a, resistant to tetracycline (and 9 other antibiotics), by the nanonized antibiotic (Tet-CPNP). Here, we report on therapeutic role of Tet-CPNP against deadly diarrheal disease 'shigellosis' in mice, caused by Shigella infection. Our findings revealed that occurrence of mushy-stool excretion, colon-length shortening, weight-loss and bacterial colonization in gastrointestinal tract of mice due to shigellosis was significantly reduced by Tet-CPNP treatment. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 31;9:2609. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, South Korea.

is a highly prevalent bacterium causing acute diarrhea and dysentery in developing countries. infections are treated with antibiotics but Shigellae are increasingly resistant to these drugs. Vaccination can be a countermeasure against emerging antibiotic-resistant shigellosis. Read More

Vaccine 2018 11 24;36(49):7509-7519. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Health - University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. Electronic address:

Disruption of one or more components of the Tol-Pal system, involved in maintaining the integrity of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, has been proposed as a method to increase the yield obtained from natural production of outer membrane vesicles (OMV). We present a new OMV-based product, obtained from genetically modified Shigella flexneri 2a with a non-polar deletion in tolR and heat-inactivated (HT-ΔtolR). The S. Read More

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019 Feb 8;316(2):G229-G246. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Molecular Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata , India.

Whether zinc (Zn) regulates barrier functions by modulating tight-junction (TJ) proteins when pathogens such as Shigella alter epithelial permeability is still unresolved. We investigated the potential benefits of Zn in restoring impaired barrier function in vivo in Shigella-infected mouse tissue and in vitro in T84 cell monolayers. Basolateral Shigella infection triggered a time-dependent decrease in transepithelial resistance followed by an increase in paracellular permeability of FITC-labeled dextran and altered ion selectivity. Read More

Gut Pathog 2018 24;10:47. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

1Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.

Background: spp. are Gram-negative intracellular pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family and can cause bacterial dysentery, a severe diarrheal disease. The pathophysiological impact of the Gram-negative bacteria is highly related to the composition and structural variability of lipopolysaccharides, the major lipoid components of the outer membrane. Read More

Environ Monit Assess 2018 Oct 29;190(11):685. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.

Water quality and bacterial contamination from 18 drinking water municipal plants in three locations at Giza governorate were investigated. The average total count of bacteria detected after four stages of treatments in the investigated plants was 32 CFU/1 mL compared to 2330 cfu/mL for raw water, with a reduction percentage of 98.6. Read More

Sci Total Environ 2019 Feb 5;650(Pt 2):2980-2986. Epub 2018 Oct 5.

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China. Electronic address:

Background: Studies about the modified effect among various meteorological factors on bacillary dysentery (BD) are limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ambient temperature and its effect modifiers on BD in Jinan.

Methods: Daily data of BD cases and meteorological factors from 2005 to 2013 were collected. Read More

Dig Dis Sci 2019 02 25;64(2):382-390. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, ACTRI 1W501, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Background And Aims: Gastrointestinal pathogen panels (GPPs) are increasingly being used for evaluation of diarrhea. The impact of these tests on patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown. We performed a time-interrupted cohort study comparing GPPs and conventional stool evaluation in patients with IBD with diarrhea. Read More

Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018 Oct;50(5):861-867

School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.

Objective: To discuss the lag effects of daily average temperature on the daily cases of bacillary dysentery in Lanzhou city.

Methods: The data of daily cases of bacillary dysentery were collected during 2008 and 2015 in the city, and the meteorological data at the same period was integrated. The distributed lag non-linear model was used to analyze the relevance between daily average temperature and the daily cases of bacillary dysentery. Read More

Mini Rev Med Chem 2019 ;19(2):125-137

China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China.

Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria seriously threaten human lives. Although antibiotic therapy is effective in the treatment of bacterial infections, the overuse of antibiotics has led to an increased risk of antibiotic resistance, putting forward urgent requirements for novel antibacterial drugs. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) and its constituents are considered to be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018 10 10;15(10). Epub 2018 Oct 10.

Department of Preventive Medicine College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea.

Research has shown the effects of climatic factors on shigellosis; however, no previous study has evaluated climatic effects in regions with a winter seasonality of shigellosis incidence. We examined the effects of temperature and precipitation on shigellosis incidence in Korea from 2002⁻2010. The incidence of shigellosis was calculated based on data from the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC, Cheongju, Korea), and a generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the associations between the incidence and climatic factors. Read More

Lancet Glob Health 2018 12 1;6(12):e1309-e1318. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Background: Optimum management of childhood diarrhoea in low-resource settings has been hampered by insufficient data on aetiology, burden, and associated clinical characteristics. We used quantitative diagnostic methods to reassess and refine estimates of diarrhoea aetiology from the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study.

Methods: We re-analysed stool specimens from the multisite MAL-ED cohort study of children aged 0-2 years done at eight locations (Dhaka, Bangladesh; Vellore, India; Bhaktapur, Nepal; Naushero Feroze, Pakistan; Venda, South Africa; Haydom, Tanzania; Fortaleza, Brazil; and Loreto, Peru), which included active surveillance for diarrhoea and routine non-diarrhoeal stool collection. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2018 Nov 25;67(11):1596-1600. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

1​Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.

In January 2015, Public Health England and the United Kingdom (UK) Ministry of Defence investigated cases of diarrhoea and fever in military personnel recently returned to the UK after supporting the response to the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. Tests for Ebola virus infection were negative. PCR tests detected the ipaH gene in 10/12 faecal specimens, and Shigella boydii serotype 20 was isolated from 7 patients. Read More

J Pediatr 2018 10;201:33

Department of Pediatrics St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Mol Biol Rep 2018 Dec 22;45(6):2237-2246. Epub 2018 Sep 22.

Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran.

Shigella dysenteriae causing shigellosis is one of the diseases that threaten the health of human society in the developing countries. In Shigella, IpaD gene is one of the key pathogenic genes causing strong mucosal immune system reactions. Anthrax disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis. Read More

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018;416:1-26

Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France.

Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. Read More

Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019 Mar 11;66(1):91-101. Epub 2018 Sep 11.

4 Department of Laboratory Sciences, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran.

Shigella spp. are a major cause of bacillary dysentery, particularly among children in developing countries such as Iran. This study aimed to investigate the presence of two important Shigella enterotoxins (ShET-1 and ShET-2), encoded by the set and sen genes, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay among Shigella species isolated from children affected by shigellosis in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Read More