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Microorganisms 2021 Apr 6;9(4). Epub 2021 Apr 6.

Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection caused mainly by the species and . Since surveillance of these pathogens indicated an increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant samples collected in Belgium between 2013 and 2018, a subset of 148 samples was analyzed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate their dispersion and underlying genomic features associated with ciprofloxacin resistance. A comparison between observed phenotypes and WGS-based resistance prediction to ciprofloxacin revealed perfect correspondence for all samples. Read More

mBio 2021 04 27;12(2). Epub 2021 Apr 27.

Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunity, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused mainly by and Infection is thought to be largely self-limiting, with short- to medium-term and serotype-specific immunity provided following clearance. However, cases of men who have sex with men (MSM)-associated shigellosis have been reported where of the same serotype were serially sampled from individuals between 1 and 1,862 days apart, possibly due to persistent carriage or reinfection with the same serotype. Here, we investigate the accessory genome dynamics of MSM-associated and isolates serially sampled from individual patients at various days apart to shed light on the adaptation of these important pathogens during infection. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2021 Apr 22:1-24. Epub 2021 Apr 22.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, NO. 1163 Xinmin Street, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021.

Environ Health Prev Med 2021 Apr 19;26(1):49. Epub 2021 Apr 19.

School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.

Background: Understanding the association between floods and bacillary dysentery (BD) incidence is necessary for us to assess the health risk of extreme weather events. This study aims at exploring the association between floods and daily bacillary dysentery cases in main urban areas of Chongqing between 2005 and 2016 as well as evaluating the attributable risk from floods.

Methods: The association between floods and daily bacillary dysentery cases was evaluated by using distributed lag non-linear model, controlling for meteorological factors, long-term trend, seasonality, and day of week. Read More

Clin Lab 2021 Apr;67(4)

Background: Shigellosis is a significant public health challenge particularly in developing countries, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes through integron structures has become an important problem in the treatment of Shigellosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic association of Shigella flexneri antibiotic resistant clones collected from Ahvaz between 2013 and 2015 by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method.

Methods: A total of 45 S. Read More

EBioMedicine 2021 Apr 13;66:103310. Epub 2021 Apr 13.

LimmaTech Biologics AG, Schlieren, Switzerland.

Background: Shigellosis is a major cause of moderate to severe diarrhoea and dysentery in children under 5 years of age in low and middle-income countries. The Flexyn2a vaccine conjugates the O-polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. We describe a Phase 2b proof-of-concept challenge study that evaluated safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the Flexyn2a vaccine to protect against shigellosis. Read More

Cureus 2021 Feb 27;13(2):e13598. Epub 2021 Feb 27.

Hematology-Oncology, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, The Bronx, USA.

Leukemoid reaction is a rare clinical condition defined by marked leukocytosis with predominantly mature neutrophils. It is an uncommon condition with reported incidence of less than 1% in hospitalized patients. The major causes of leukemoid reaction are severe infection (clostridium difficile colitis, tuberculosis, or severe shigellosis), malignancies, intoxication, and severe hemorrhage. Read More

EBioMedicine 2021 Apr 1;66:103308. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Department of Enteric Infections, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States. Electronic address:

Background: Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality affecting all ages, but especially children under the age of five in resource-limited settings. Shigella is a leading contributor to diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and is considered a significant antimicrobial resistance threat. While improvements in hygiene, and access to clean water help as control measures, vaccination remains one of the most viable options for significantly reducing morbidity and mortality. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 03 16;18(6). Epub 2021 Mar 16.

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 and is mostly person-to-person transmitted through respiratory droplets. The implications of the strategies implemented to prevent COVID-19 transmission on other infectious diseases are unclear. We aimed to appraise trends in the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis and campylobacteriosis in Israel during COVID-19 pandemic. Read More

Biomedica 2021 03 19;41(1):65-78. Epub 2021 Mar 19.

Grupo de Microbiología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.

Introduction: Shigellosis is endemic in low-and middle-income countries, causing approximately 125 million episodes of diarrhea and leading to approximately 160 .000 deaths annually one-third of which is associated with children.

Objective: To describe the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species recovered in Colombia from 1997 to 2018. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2021 Apr;27(4):1133-1140

Campylobacteriosis is a disease of worldwide importance, but aspects of its transmission dynamics, particularly risk factors, are still poorly understood. We used data from a matched case-control study of 4,269 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 26,215 controls, combined with national surveillance data on Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. Read More

Commun Biol 2021 Mar 19;4(1):353. Epub 2021 Mar 19.

Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Conventional disease surveillance for shigellosis in developing country settings relies on serotyping and low-resolution molecular typing, which fails to contextualise the evolutionary history of the genus. Here, we interrogated a collection of 1,804 Shigella whole genome sequences from organisms isolated in four continental Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) over three decades to characterise the evolution of both S. flexneri and S. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Mar;100(10):e24970

Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to discuss the correlation between the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) and the antibiotic resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 and SXT element.From May 2013 to October 2018, 102 isolates of S. Read More

ACS Infect Dis 2021 Mar 10. Epub 2021 Mar 10.

Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.

Enteric infection with spp. can lead to symptoms ranging from acute watery diarrhea to sudden, severe dysentery. Approximately 212 000 diarrheal deaths annually are attributed to with a disproportionate impact in low-resource countries. Read More

Microorganisms 2021 Feb 22;9(2). Epub 2021 Feb 22.

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.

comprises four species of human-restricted pathogens causing bacillary dysentery. While possesses multiple genetic loci contributing to virulence, a type III secretion system (T3SS) is its primary virulence factor. The T3SS nanomachine consists of four major assemblies: the cytoplasmic sorting platform; the envelope-spanning core/basal body; an exposed needle; and a needle-associated tip complex with associated translocon that is inserted into host cell membranes. Read More

Int J Biometeorol 2021 Mar 3. Epub 2021 Mar 3.

Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Municipal Centre of Disease Control and Prevention of Qingdao, Qingdao Institute of Prevention Medicine, No.175 Shandong Road, Qingdao City, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.

The association between floods and the risk of dysentery remain controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify this relationship. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of science, and Embase for relevant articles published up to November 2019. Read More

Infect Immun 2021 Mar 1. Epub 2021 Mar 1.

Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea globally and the causative agent of shigellosis and bacillary dysentery. Associated with 80-165 million cases of diarrhea and over 13% of diarrheal deaths, in many regions exposure is ubiquitous while infection is heterogenous. To characterize host-genetic susceptibility to -associated diarrhea, we performed two independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including Bangladeshi infants from the PROVIDE and CBC birth cohorts in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2020 8;11:608199. Epub 2021 Feb 8.

The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.

J.R.Forst. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2021 03 1;149:e71. Epub 2021 Mar 1.

National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.

In April 2018, Public Health England was notified of cases of Shigella sonnei who had eaten food from three different catering outlets in England. The outbreaks were initially investigated as separate events, but whole-genome sequencing (WGS) showed they were caused by the same strain. The investigation included analyses of epidemiological data, the food chain and microbiological examination of food samples. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2021 Mar 16;70(3). Epub 2021 Feb 16.

Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.

the cause of bacillary dysentery, belongs to Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria. contains a 210 kb virulence plasmid that encodes an O-antigen gene cluster of LPSs. However, this virulence plasmid is frequently lost during replication. Read More

Int J Pept Res Ther 2021 Jan 30:1-16. Epub 2021 Jan 30.

Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India.

Multidrug resistant is one of the leading causes of mortality in children and infants. Availability of vaccine could prevent the infection and reduce the mortality. Conventional approaches of vaccine development against shigellosis have not resulted in desirable vaccine. Read More

Math Biosci Eng 2020 11;18(1):92-111

Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University, NM 88001, Las Cruces, USA.

Asymptomatic transmission of infectious diseases has been recognized recently in several epidemics or pandemics. There is a great need to incorporate asymptomatic transmissions into traditional modeling of infectious diseases and to study how asymptomatic transmissions shift epidemic dynamics. In this work, we propose a compartmental model with asymptomatic transmissions for waterborne infectious diseases. Read More

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2021 Feb 29;69(1):1-6. Epub 2021 Jan 29.

Direction de lutte contre la maladie/disease prevention and control center, ministère de la Santé publique/Public Health Ministry, Congo, République Démocratique du Congo. Electronic address:

Problem Statement: From 1999 to 2013 in the Democratic RC, monitoring of bacillary dysentery in bloody diarrhea revealed an average rate of attack in 620 out of 100,000 inhabitants. Within the study period, biological confirmation was available in less than 1% of cases. A dozen dysentery outbreaks were confirmed in laboratories as shigellosis. Read More

mBio 2021 01 26;12(1). Epub 2021 Jan 26.

Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections have been identified globally among men who have sex with men (MSM). The highly drug-resistant phenotype often confounds initial antimicrobial therapy, placing patients at risk for adverse outcomes, the development of more drug-resistant strains, and additional treatment failures. New macrolide-resistant strains complicate treatment further as azithromycin is a next-in-line antibiotic for MDR strains, and an antibiotic-strain combination confounded by gaps in validated clinical breakpoints for clinical laboratories to interpret macrolide resistance in We present the first high-resolution genomic analyses of 2,097 U. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2021 04;48(4):310-314

From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

Abstract: Most estimates of the combined burden and cost of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States have focused on 8 common STIs with established national surveillance strategies (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B). However, over 30 STIs are primarily sexually transmitted or sexually transmissible. In this article, we review what is known about the burden of "other STIs" in the United States, including those where sexual transmission is not the primary transmission route of infection. Read More

Front Microbiol 2020 8;11:614793. Epub 2021 Jan 8.

Institue for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary.

are significant agents of bacillary dysentery, accounting for a considerable number of illnesses with high morbidity worldwide. The Shiga toxin (Stx) encoded by a defective prophage is the key virulence factor of type 1 (SD1) strains. Here we present the full genome sequence of an SD1 strain HNCMB 20080 isolated in 1954, compare it to other sequenced SD1 genomes, and assess the diversity of Stx-prophages harbored by previously sequenced SD1 strains. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2021 Jan 23;21(1):109. Epub 2021 Jan 23.

Department of Biological Sciences, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, 30100, Kenya.

Background: Diarrhoea is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five years old. In Kenya, it has a 21% case fatality with Enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp. Read More

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021 Feb 16;105(3):1159-1173. Epub 2021 Jan 16.

Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.

Shigellosis is a significant type of diarrhea that causes 160,000 deaths annually in a global scale. The mortality occurs mainly in children less than 5 years of age. No licensed vaccine is available, and conventional efforts for developing an effective and safe vaccine against shigellosis have not been succeeded yet. Read More

Sci Rep 2021 Jan 13;11(1):906. Epub 2021 Jan 13.

GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy.

GMMA are exosomes released from engineered Gram-negative bacteria resembling the composition of outer membranes. We applied the GMMA technology for the development of an O-Antigen (OAg) based vaccine against Shigella sonnei, the most epidemiologically relevant cause of shigellosis. S. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 12 30;18(1). Epub 2020 Dec 30.

Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.

Shigellosis is a major diarrheal disease in low- and middle-income countries. Although the incidence of such diseases in South and Southeast Asia has been associated with climate fluctuations linked to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the impact of ENSO on shigellosis infections remains unknown. Data reported to being infected with shigellosis while traveling abroad from 2004 to 2017 were obtained from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Read More