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Radiographics 2020 May-Jun;40(3):754-774. Epub 2020 Apr 3.

From the Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642.

Distinct biologic and mechanical attributes of the pediatric skeleton translate into fracture patterns, complications, and treatment dilemmas that differ from those of adults. In children, increasing participation in competitive sports activities has led to an increased incidence of acute injuries that affect the foot and ankle. These injuries represent approximately 13% of all pediatric osseous injuries. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Feb;99(9):e19328

From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.

We assessed factors associated with premature physeal closure (PPC) and outcomes after closed reduction of Salter-Harris type II (SH-II) fractures of the distal tibia. We reviewed patients with SH-II fractures of the distal tibia treated at our center from 2010 to 2015 with closed reduction and a non-weightbearing long-leg cast. Patients were categorized by immediate postreduction displacement: minimal, <2 mm; moderate, 2 to 4 mm; or severe, >4 mm. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Dec;98(51):e18433

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute.

Rationale: Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations (PSCJDs) are particularly rare injuries, accounting for 3% to 5% of sternoclavicular joint dislocations. With very few cases reported in the literature, these injuries are often misdiagnosed and imaging is not always clear, thus making physicians often unaware of them. The present case report aims to investigate a rare case involving a clavicular Salter-Harris II fracture with associated posterior displacement of the diaphysis, a term coined a "pseudodislocation. Read More

Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019 12 31;25(12):701-710. Epub 2019 Oct 31.

Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.

Physeal injuries can lead to bony repair tissue formation, known as a bony bar. This can result in growth arrest or angular deformity, which is devastating for children who have not yet reached their full height. Current clinical treatment involves resecting the bony bar and replacing it with a fat graft to prevent further bone formation and growth disturbance, but these treatments frequently fail to do so and require additional interventions. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Aug 28;12(8). Epub 2019 Aug 28.

Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Midland Regional Hospital Tullamore, Co Offaly, Ireland.

A 10-year-old girl presented to the emergency department having sustained a fall onto an outstretched left hand while playing soccer. Clinical and radiographical assessment identified a Salter-Harris I distal ulna fracture, as well as a buckle fracture of the distal radius. The injury was closed, and she had no neurovascular deficits on examination. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2019 Jul 16;7(7):1450-1451. Epub 2019 May 16.

Radiology Department European Interbalkan Medical Center Thessaloniki Greece.

A rare clinical presence of Salter-Harris type II fracture of the distal femur in a newborn. The crucial role of imaging in depicting urgent anatomical alterations. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 May;98(18):e15396

Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery.

Rationale: The physeal separations and septic osteomyelitis in newborns are unusual, which represents a challenging problem in diagnosis and treatment.

Patient Concerns: A 2-day-old mature male suddenly complained by parents about minimal swelling around the left knee, decreased left extremity motion and no fever.

Diagnosis: Preliminary x-rays of the lower extremities demonstrated a displaced distal femoral physeal, Laboratory investigation indicated infection. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop 2020 Jan;40(1):e1-e5

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of concurrent ipsilateral distal tibial fractures with tibial shaft fractures in the pediatric population; to identify patient and fracture characteristics that increase the likelihood of a concurrent fracture; and determine if any of these concurrent distal tibial fractures were missed on initial radiographic examination.

Methods: Retrospective chart review was done to identify patients 5 to 17 years old who were treated for a tibial shaft fracture at a large, Level 1 free-standing children's hospital and an outpatient orthopaedic practice between 2008 and 2016. Patient and fracture characteristics were recorded. Read More

Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2019 Apr;80(4):201-203

Associate Professor, Academic Orthopaedics, Department of Trauma and Sports Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham.

Ankle fractures are a common injury in children and adolescents - 1 in 1000 children will sustain an ankle fracture each year. Understanding the diagnosis and management of these injuries is vital for any doctor or clinician working in the emergency department, orthopaedics or providing community care. This review identifies the important features of high- and low-risk ankle fractures, how to prevent the use of unnecessary radiation and the management of these injuries. Read More

Acta Biomed 2019 01 18;90(1):116-121. Epub 2019 Jan 18.

Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona.

Fractures of the acetabulum are rare in the pediatric age and may be complicated by the premature closure of the triradiate cartilage. We report a case of triradiate cartilage displaced fracture treated surgically. A 14 years old boy, following a high-energy road trauma, presented an hematoma in the right gluteal region with severe pain. Read More

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019 Mar;49(3):209

A 15-year-old high school football player sustained direct impact to his anteromedial left knee by a teammate's helmet during practice. The physician referred the athlete immediately to an after-hours clinic for imaging to rule out a fracture. Radiographs of the knee showed a nondisplaced Salter-Harris type II fracture. Read More

Acta Biomed 2018 12 18;90(1-S):169-174. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

SSD Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Ospedale Oglio Po, Casalmaggiore (CR).

Background And Aim Of The Work: Radius and ulna fractures are the most common long bone fractures in children and adolescents. The majority of these injuries involve the distal metaphyseal portion of the radius associated or not to physeal plate injuries. Because of the high remodelling potential of the distal radius in growing children most injuries heal without complication after closed reduction and immobilization in a long arm cast. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2019 May;33(5):e190-e195

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.

Objectives: To determine the correlation of Salter-Harris II fracture patterns with premature physeal closure (PPC) and resultant angular deformity of the ankle.

Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (outpatient level of care). Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2019 May;33(5):e196-e202

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Objectives: To investigate the fracture pattern and periosteal entrapment in adolescent distal tibial physeal fractures.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Setting: Level I academic trauma center. Read More

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2018 Jul-Sep;30(3):463-467

SUNY Upstate Medical University, United States.

Salter-Harris type I fractures of the distal tibia are commonly seen in paediatrics and management of such fractures follows an algorithm established in the literature. Despite this, osteonecrosis of the distal tibia can subsequently develop. Osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis is cell death that occurs secondary to trauma, metabolic disturbances, sickle cell disease, or medication side effect. Read More

Med J Malaysia 2018 10;73(5):342-343

Hospital Tanah Merah, Department of Orthopedic, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Distal femoral physeal fractures in adolescents are often due to high velocity injuries. We present an unusual case of a non-contact distal femoral physeal fracture that occurred during a football match. A torsional force had been directed at the fracture site occurring at the growth plate causing a transverse fracture rather than a spiral fracture. Read More

Emerg Med J 2018 Nov;35(11):679-680

Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.

An 11-year-old girl presented with pain and deformity in her right little finger distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). She was active in several sports including hurling and had a history of dyspraxia with frequent minor soft tissue injuries which had not required hospital assessment. Her mother was concerned about the possibility of a recent injury. Read More

J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019 May;27(9):e414-e417

From the Wright State University (Mr. Sirois), Boonshoft School of Medicine, the Department of Orthopedics (Dr. Kreul), Wright State University, and the Department of Orthopedics (Dr. Shank), Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH.

Management of displaced pediatric radial neck fractures can be fraught with challenges. This unique case presents an 11-year-old female with a Salter-Harris type II radial neck fracture and how her radial head overturned 180° with the articular surface facing the radial shaft rather than the capitellum during closed manipulation under anesthesia. The malreduction subsequently required open reduction and highlights the importance of a careful stepwise approach to managing markedly displaced radial neck fractures. Read More

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018 Nov/Dec;54(6):e54603. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (I.R.); and Athens Area Humane Society, Athens, Georgia (J.M.).

A 1 yr old castrated male shih tzu was evaluated for an acute right rear limb lameness and hyphema in the anterior chamber of the right eye. On initial examination, the dog was non-weight bearing on his right rear limb. Ophthalmic examination revealed a centrally located, superficial corneal ulcer in the right eye and blood in the anterior chamber. Read More

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2018 May-Aug;26(3):2309499018801136

1 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Purpose: Presently, there is no publication combining clinical follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine possible post-traumatic alterations following paediatric intra-articular fractures of the medial malleolus. Therefore, the aims of this study were to retrospectively analyze a cohort of patients with Salter-Harris (SH) III and IV fractures of the medial malleolus and to evaluate their long-term outcome. MRI was used to assess possible changes of the articular surface that cannot be diagnosed on native radiographs. Read More

Indian J Orthop 2018 Sep-Oct;52(5):462-469

Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.

Background: The presence of growth plates at the ends of long bones makes fracture management in children unique in terms of the potential risk of developing angular deformities and growth arrest.

Materials And Methods: We discuss three distinct cases depicting various aspects of physeal injury of the lower extremity in children.

Results: The case illustrations chosen represent distinct body regions and different physeal injuries: Salter-Harris II fracture of the distal femur, Salter-Harris VI perichondrial injury of the medial aspect of the knee region, and Salter-Harris III fracture of the distal tibia. Read More

Orthopedics 2018 Nov 18;41(6):e777-e782. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

The clinical and radiological outcomes of proximal tibia fractures involving the meta-diaphyseal junction treated with unilateral 3.5-mm locking precontoured anatomical plates are reported. Thirty-nine patients (41 proximal tibia fractures) who had proximal tibia fractures with complete meta-diaphyseal dissociation were enrolled in the study. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop B 2019 Jan;28(1):73-78

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Regional Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

We observed an unusual type of volar Barton fracture in the pediatric age and performed open reduction and internal fixation of the fragment, using the buttress plate in consecutive children. We report the radiological and clinical outcomes after follow-up for at least 3 years. From March 2008 to September 2014, nine consecutive children were treated by buttress plating. Read More

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 09;48(9):729

A 13-year-old male gymnast presented via direct access to physical therapy with a chief complaint of insidious-onset right anterolateral shoulder pain that occurred only when performing on the rings and high bar. Following physical examination, the patient was advised to avoid any gymnastic activities that might cause pain while completing stretching and neuromuscular training over the following 2 weeks. Due to continued symptoms, the patient was then referred to an orthopaedist. Read More

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019 Feb 27;29(2):413-420. Epub 2018 Aug 27.

Service of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Orthopaedics, Regional Hospital of Bellinzona, Via Ospedale, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.

Background: The technique of intra-focal pinning described by Kapandji is seldom used in paediatric patients. We present our series of paediatric patients treated with Kapandji technique for unstable displaced distal radius fractures.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiographs of a consecutive series of 56 paediatric patients who underwent closed reduction and fixation with Kapandji technique for unstable displaced metaphyseal and Salter Harris 2 distal radius fractures, from 2008 to March 2018. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop 2018 Nov/Dec;38(10):e634-e639

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC.

Background: Physeal fractures and resultant physeal bars can pose significant problems in skeletal development for the injured growing child. Although now well-recognized, only a small body of experimental literature covering this problem is available. The goal of this study was to help further develop an understanding of the different regions of the physis and the way in which each region responds to injury/fracture. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2019 Jan 18;101(1):74-75. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust , UK.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 06;48(6):511

A 14-year-old male football player consulted a sports physical therapist 1 week after being kicked in the front part of his left knee as he was trying to recover an onside kick. Because of these findings in a 14-year-old adolescent, a radiological examination was recommended to rule out a tibia eminence or growth-plate fracture. Radiographs revealed a nondisplaced type III Salter-Harris fracture of the lateral tibial plateau. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2018 Jun 30;115:65-71. Epub 2018 Mar 30.

Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to review the histopathology in the original articles by authors Kleinman and Marks that described the specificity of the classical metaphyseal lesion for child abuse and to determine if there were any oversights in the authors' analysis.

Methods: We reviewed the histopathology of the original studies that equated the classical metaphyseal lesion with child abuse. We compared this with the histopathology of metaphyseal fractures caused by known accidental, severe trauma in children and reviewed the histopathology of artifacts that can sometimes be produced in bone histology preparations. Read More

BJR Case Rep 2018 Mar 18;4(3):20180011. Epub 2018 Apr 18.

Department of Radiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK.

Fractures of the coracoid process are uncommon and when they do occur, are often mistaken for injuries to the acromi oclavicular joint. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy who sustained a Salter-Harris Type 1 fracture through his coracoid process alongside strain of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. Additional imaging, specifically MRI, was critical in both correctly identifying this injury as a coracoid process fracture and also in determining that conservative management was the best course of action. Read More

J Knee Surg 2018 Jul 28;31(6):486-489. Epub 2018 Feb 28.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Physeal fractures of the distal femoral are rare injuries accounting for less than 2% of all physeal injuries, and tend to have a worse prognosis than similar injuries in other locations. This article reviews the evaluation (including imaging), classification, and treatment of these injuries, and discusses their most important complications and their management, including vascular injury and growth arrest. Read More

J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2018 Mar;23(1):125-127

* Department of Orthopedics, Hamawaki Orthopaedic Hospital, Hiroshima.

We describe a case of isolated physeal fracture of ulna distal end in a 13-year-old boy. This fracture type is uncommon, especially Salter-Harris type III of this injury has not been reported. Plain radiographs showed a small vertical fracture line at the ulnar distal end and an enlargement of epiphyseal plate at the base of ulnar styloid process. Read More

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2018 Feb 6;22(1):95-103. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

The primary physis is responsible for long bone growth in children and adolescents. Injury and physiologic or metabolic stress to the primary physis present unique radiologic findings that are important for radiologists to recognize and diagnose. Appreciation of the anatomy and histology of the primary physis forms the basis for understanding the imaging findings associated with pathologic conditions affecting the primary physis. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2018 Mar 9;36(3):527.e5-527.e7. Epub 2017 Dec 9.

University of Kansas Health System, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.

Background: McFarland fracture is the eponym for a rare Salter Harris III or IV fracture involving the medial distal tibia. These fractures can be difficult to diagnose without a high index suspicion and appropriate radiographic imaging. These fractures may result in significant growth disturbances to the pediatric patient. Read More

Clin Orthop Surg 2017 Dec 10;9(4):537-541. Epub 2017 Nov 10.

Doi Orthopaedic Clinic, Takatsuki, Japan.

We analyzed three-dimensional (3D) humeral deformity (valgus-varus, flexion-extension, and rotational deformation) after little leaguer's shoulder using 3D computed tomography in a 15-year-old male baseball player. Humeral retroversion was increased by 27.1° on the dominant side compared with the nondominant side. Read More

Acta Orthop Belg 2016 Dec;82(4):814-820

Several clinical and radiological factors can be prognostic in the development of angular deformity following physeal injuries of the distal tibia. One of the radiological parameters, premature physeal closure (PPC), can be detected during postoperative follow-ups. Aim of our study was to identify the prognostic factors in development of angular deformity and its relationship with PPC. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2017 Oct 10;5(10):2325967117731567. Epub 2017 Oct 10.

Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA.

Background: Intra-articular physeal fractures of the distal femur are an uncommon injury pattern, with only a few small case series reported in the literature.

Purpose: To pool patients from 3 high-volume pediatric centers to better understand this injury pattern, to determine outcomes of surgical treatment, and to assess risk factors for complications.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Read More

Injury 2017 Oct;48 Suppl 3:S7-S11

Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.

Introduction: The physeal fractures represent the 20-30% of all fractures of the child. The distal tibial physis is the third most frequently injured. The most important complication is the premature physeal closure (PPC). Read More

Clin J Sport Med 2019 01;29(1):e1-e3

Advanced Radiology, Baltimore, Maryland.

We report a case series of unilateral Salter-Harris IV fractures of the proximal radial heads in young female gymnasts. To date, there are no previous reports of such injuries in gymnastics. In all 3 athletes, no significant injury preceded presentation or diagnosis. Read More

Radiographics 2017 Oct;37(6):1791-1812

From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (J.C.N., B.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.C.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, Calif (J.R.D.).

The growth plates, or physes, are visible on virtually all images obtained in skeletally immature children. The proper function of these growth plates depends on an intricate balance between chondrocyte proliferation, which requires nourishment from the epiphyseal vessels, and chondrocyte death, which requires the integrity of the metaphyseal vessels. Therefore, injury to the growth plate (ie, direct insult) or vascular compromise on either side of the growth plate (ie, indirect insult) can cause growth plate dysfunction. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop 2019 Feb;39(2):e125-e129

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Background: Multiple studies have shown low intrarater and interrater agreement of radiographic classification systems for proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) in adults. There is no standardized method of measuring angulation of pediatric PHFs, nor is there consensus as to the amount of angulation and displacement that require operative fixation of adolescent PHFs. We propose a new standardized method to measure fracture angulation that is similar to the method used to measure the epiphyseal-shaft angle for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2017 Sep 9;12(3):571-576. Epub 2017 Jun 9.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Health, Houston, TX, USA.

Neonatal Salter-Harris I fractures of the distal humerus are a rare injury. This injury can be easily mistaken for a posterior elbow dislocation, creating a delay in diagnosis. We present a case of a neonate with a distal humerus Salter-Harris I fracture secondary to trauma during delivery. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2017 Nov 29;46(11):1507-1512. Epub 2017 Jul 29.

Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Purpose: To assess the MRI features of growth plate injury at the base of the coracoid process.

Materials And Methods: Subjects were identified through retrospective search of our department imaging database and teaching files and the teaching files of two outside academic institutions. The coracoid base growth plate was examined with attention to widening, irregularity, abnormal signal intensity of the growth plate, and the presence of adjacent soft tissue edema. Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017 Dec 20;26(12):2117-2124. Epub 2017 Jul 20.

Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome-Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.

Background: Literature lacks data concerning several epidemiologic aspects of proximal humeral fractures (PHFs).

Methods: This retrospective study included 711 consecutive patients (209 men, 502 women) who sustained a PHF in the last 3 years. Participants were divided into 2 groups, adults and children. Read More

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017 Aug;33(2):417-430

University of Pennsylvania, Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, 382 W Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.

Physeal fractures are common musculoskeletal injuries in foals and should be included as a differential diagnosis for the lame or nonweightbearing foal. Careful evaluation of the patient, including precise radiographic assessment, is paramount in determining the options for treatment. Prognosis mostly depends on the patient's age, weight, and fracture location and configuration. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2017 Jul - Aug;56(4):845-850

Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.

Salter-Harris type I (SH-I) fractures of the distal fibula are commonly encountered in pediatric orthopedics. We describe 2 unique cases of adolescents with completely displaced SH-I distal fibula fractures that were treated operatively. In the first case, a closed reduction attempt failed and the patient required open reduction and internal fixation of the distal fibula and syndesmosis. Read More

Radiol Clin North Am 2017 Jul 27;55(4):785-802. Epub 2017 Mar 27.

Division of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Musculoskeletal traumatic injuries in children demonstrate characteristic imaging findings. The physis is the most susceptible structure to traumatic injury. The periosteum in children plays a key role in rapid bone healing and stability. Read More

Instr Course Lect 2017 Feb;66:447-460

Resident Physician, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.

Distal radius fractures are the most common orthopaedic injury that occur in the pediatric population. The annual incidence of distal radius fractures has increased as a result of earlier participation in sporting activities, increased body mass index, and decreased bone mineral density. Most distal radius fractures are sustained after a fall onto an outstretched arm that results in axial compression on the extremity or from direct trauma to the extremity. Read More

Instr Course Lect 2017 Feb;66:417-427

Associate Professor, Departments of Orthopedics and Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Director, University of Maryland Brachial Plexus Clinic, Director of Pediatric Orthopedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Deputy Surgeon-in-Chief, University of Maryland Children's Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.

Phalangeal fractures are the most common type of hand fracture that occurs in the pediatric population and account for the second highest number of emergency department visits in the United States for fractures. The incidence of phalangeal fractures is the highest in children aged 10 to 14 years, which coincides with the time that most children begin playing contact sports. Younger children are more likely to sustain a phalangeal fracture in the home setting as a result of crush and laceration injuries. Read More

J Orthop Sci 2019 11 30;24(6):1144-1148. Epub 2017 May 30.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.