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Mycoses 2018 Jun 13. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Inadequate data are available on the global epidemiology of mucormycosis, mainly derived from the evaluation of specific population groups. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an invading and fatal mycosis, particularly among diabetic patients. In the present study, patients hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, from 2007 to 2017, were evaluated. Read More

Laryngorhinootologie 2018 05 16. Epub 2018 May 16.

Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg HNO.

Mucormycosis is a rare but serious type of fungal infection, which can progress rapidly especially in immunsupressed patients.We report about a 47 year old female patient with ptosis on the left eye. The ophthalmological report offered no further pathologic findings. Read More

Tunis Med 2017 May;95(5):378-380

Mucormycosis is a rare and acute fungal infection which is frequently lethal, usually observed in non-controlled diabetic patients. The infection usually begins in the nose but it can invade the lung, the digestive tract, and the skin. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis accounts for 40 to 49% of mucormycosis cases. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018 Jan;22(Suppl 1):S112-S116

Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, V S Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Mucormycosis or zygomycosis, also called phycomycosis, is an uncommon, invasive, potentially lethal and an aggressive fungal infection of the order that usually affects patients with alteration of their immunological system. From its initial description (Paltauf, 1885), this entity still has a high mortality. Imaging techniques are not usually diagnostic, and cultures are not totally reliable. Read More

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 May 26;62(5). Epub 2018 Apr 26.

Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany

Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2018 Mar 15;26(3):242-244. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

3 Department of Pathology, 123647 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that can infect different regions of the body. This entity may present in rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, and disseminated forms. Although pulmonary mucormycosis is usually seen as an invasive parenchymal consolidation or cavitation, it may rarely present as an endobronchial mass. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Feb 8;2018. Epub 2018 Feb 8.

Department of Radiodiagnosis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.

Mucormycosis, a rare opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised hosts, is caused by fungi of Mucorales family. It may be confined to the organs, such as rhinocerebral and pulmonary mucormycosis, or may cause disseminated infection. A 14-year-old boy presented to our clinic with fever and left upper quadrant abdominal pain, and on evaluation was found to have pancytopaenia, and imaging revealed ill-defined splenic collection with thrombus in the splenic vein. Read More

J Assoc Physicians India 2017 Dec;65(12):103-104

Chairman, Institute of Digestive disease & Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana.

Mucormycosis is a rare, opportunistic fungal infection that occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised hosts such as patients with diabetes mellitus, leukemia, lymphoma, renal disease, septicemia, burns, malnutrition, and following long-term treatment with steroids and antibiotics. Based on the clinical presentation and involvement, mucormycosis is classified as six major forms, namely, rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal (GI), disseminated and miscellaneous, with rhinocerebral and pulmonary being the common forms. GI mucormycosis is rare, accounting for only 7% of all cases; however, the mortality rate is as high as 85%. Read More

J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017 Dec 1. Epub 2017 Dec 1.

Departments of Pediatrics.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) can lead to internal carotid artery thrombosis. Here, we report the first case of RCM with temporal artery thrombosis following HLA-haploidentical stem cell transplantation in an adolescent presenting with low-grade fever, right mandibular pain, and right jaw claudication. This case suggests that RCM can cause temporal artery thrombosis and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in severely immunocompromised patients with maxillary sinusitis presenting with jaw claudication. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018 Jun;37(6):555-558

Rady Children's Hospital - San Diego, California.

A 17-year-old girl developed invasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis during intensive re-induction chemotherapy for relapsed pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Due to the high case fatality rate for invasive mucormycosis in profoundly immunosuppressed patients, an aggressive treatment regimen was pursued. In addition to the standard of care treatments with intravenous amphotericin and aggressive surgical debridements, she received intraventricular amphotericin to the brain via an Ommaya reservoir, hyperbaric oxygen treatments, filgrastim, intravenous immunoglobulin and antifungal in vitro synergy testing to allow for more targeted antifungal therapy with the addition of micafungin. Read More

Med Mycol Case Rep 2018 Mar 1;19:13-17. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

Pneumology Department, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, France.

Mucormycosis is a rare and life-threatening fungal infection of the Mucorales order occurring mainly in immunosuppressed patients. The most common forms are rhinocerebral but pulmonary or disseminated forms may occur. We report the case of a 61-year-old patient in whom pulmonary mucormycosis was diagnosed during his first-ever episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Read More

J Mycol Med 2017 Dec 7;27(4):586-588. Epub 2017 Nov 7.

Department of Dermatology, the Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, PR China.

Mucormycosis is a rare life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. We report a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus var. tonkinensis, the first formally reported case in the literature. Read More

J Infect Public Health 2018 May - Jun;11(3):301-303. Epub 2017 Nov 6.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Royal Medical Services, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Bahrain. Electronic address:

The purpose of presenting this case is to report a fatal case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis post-dental extraction in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Several cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis have been reported, but mucocutaneous mucormycosis has not been commonly reported to be a part of polymicrobial wound infections at multifocal sites. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the second case of polymicrobial rhinocerebral infection involving mucormycosis. Read More

Plast Surg (Oakv) 2017 Aug 28;25(3):211-217. Epub 2017 Jun 28.

Department of Plastic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an acute, rapidly fatal, fungal infection, classically involving the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. It is an aggressive, opportunistic infection that frequently progresses to involve the orbit and cerebrum. Cerebral extension in immunocompromised patients is almost universally fatal. Read More

Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2017 Jul-Sep;7(3):202-204

Balaji Medicenter, Panchkula, India.

Mucormycosis is a rare potentially fatal opportunistic fungal infection that affects human beings. Normally, a healthy is immune to such infections but there are some risk factors which predispose a person to mucormycosis, of which malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are the most common risk factors. India is the most commonly affected country by mucormycosis because of high proportion people with low socioeconomic status and diabetes mellitus. Read More

Mycoses 2017 Dec 6;60(12):836-841. Epub 2017 Sep 6.

Division of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Centre, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Mucormycosis is an aggressive and life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection, which predominantly affects immunocompromised patients. It typically manifests in rhinocerebral, pulmonary or disseminated forms in patients with immunosuppressive conditions. Mucormycosis limited to the oral cavity is rare, and to the best of our knowledge only seven cases have previously been reported in English literature. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Aug 7;2017. Epub 2017 Aug 7.

Intensive Care Unit, Hospital San Javier, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

We present the case of a 28-year-old man with a long-standing history of cocaine abuse and Child-Pugh class C alcoholic liver cirrhosis who developed severe lower respiratory tract infection complicated with septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction. He was managed in the intensive care unit. On the eighth day after admission, he developed a nose discolouration, which was initially thought to be associated with high-dose vasopressors. Read More

Ann Maxillofac Surg 2017 Jan-Jun;7(1):120-123

Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Mucormycosis of the frontal sinus are rarely seen in day to day clinical practice. Although this fungus is commonly found in the environment, the disease is usually prevented by the immune system and is hence rare. Well-recognized risk factors for the disease include diabetes mellitus, leukemia, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, blood dyscrasias, and immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation, renal disease, sepsis, and severe burns. Read More

Mycopathologia 2017 Oct 21;182(9-10):933-935. Epub 2017 Jun 21.

Research Unit, Hospital La Inmaculada, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Spain.

Mucormycosis is an unusual fungal infection that usually affects immunosuppressed patients. Small outbreaks of mucormycosis have been previously reported. We present two clinical cases of fatal rhinocerebral mucormycosis with a close temporal relationship between them and a possible nosocomial transmission: case 1 was a 75-year-old male with diabetes and COPD, treated with antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids, who developed rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 May 22;2017. Epub 2017 May 22.

Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.

A 17-year-old female with recently relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and a treatment course complicated by rhinocerebral mucormycosis infection developed severe peripheral neuropathy during the treatment for mucormycosis infection. This was felt to be a medication side effect. Her peripheral neuropathy was refractory to many well-established treatments, but ultimately responded dramatically and consistently to a novel therapy, topical doxepin cream (5%). Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2017;26:143. Epub 2017 Mar 14.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.

Eur Heart J Suppl 2016 Apr 29;18(Suppl E):E19-E21. Epub 2016 Apr 29.

IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, via Morandi, 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.

Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive infection caused by ubiquitous filamentous fungi of the order Mucorales. We describe a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis presented in a paediatric patient after cardiac surgery correction of a complete atrioventricular canal defect. The rhinocerebral form of mucormycosis in our patient presented as an important epistaxis that needed immediate intubation due to blood inhalation. Read More

Ethiop J Health Sci 2017 Jan;27(1):85-90

Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College and Hospital, Golpura, Panchkula.

Background: Mucormycosis is one of the rapidly progressing and lethal form of fungal infection which involves the nose and paranasal sinuses of the head and the neck regions. Mucormycosis also remains a threat to patients with uncontrolled diabetes or other predisposing systemic conditions. It manifests as rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous or disseminated form. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2017 04 18;17(1):283. Epub 2017 Apr 18.

Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.

Background: Mucormycosis is a highly lethal fungal infection especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Methods: In order to review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mucormycosis in renal transplant recipients we searched publications of mucormycosis cases in renal transplant recipients in PUBMED database up to December 2015.

Results: A total of 174 cases in renal transplant recipients were included in this review. Read More

Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2016 ;16(4):264-269

Ionian Department, Microbiology and Virology Lab. "Policlinico" University Hospital, P.zza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.

Background: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare, rapidly progressive and potentially lethal disease almost exclusively affecting immunocompromised hosts or patients with metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This work is aimed to describe five cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis to review and possibly define diagnostic and surgical treatment guidelines. In all the patients, surgical debridement, systemic and local antifungal therapy, and oral rehabilitation using filling prostheses were performed. Read More

World Neurosurg 2017 Feb 5;98:872.e1-872.e3. Epub 2016 Dec 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, New York, USA.

Central nervous system mucormycosis is an aggressive fungal infection often ending in fatality. The usual circumstance is an immunocompromised individual presenting with rapidly progressive rhinocerebral involvement. An extremely rare variant of central nervous system mucormycosis isolated to the basal ganglia in an immunocompetent intravenous drug user is detailed in this manuscript. Read More

Neurol Clin Pract 2016 Dec;6(6):549-552

Department of Neurology (AM, ID, UK, CBM, AMM, MJD), Department of Pathology (TS), and Department of Ophthalmology (MJD), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.

Front Neurol 2016 24;7:181. Epub 2016 Oct 24.

Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.

Rhinocerebral mucomycosis (RCM) as an emerging opportunistic, angioinvasive, and devastating fungi infection with high mortality is difficult to be diagnosed early because of the lack of specific clinical features or manifestations. Garcin syndrome is more often caused by skull base and rhinopharyngeal tumors or metastases, and basal meningitis. We reported that an aged diabetic man, involved nearly all cranial nerves (Garcin syndrome), who was at first suspected to be suffered from tuberculous meningitis, ultimately developed typically progressing RCM. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016 11 28;155(5):888-889. Epub 2016 Jun 28.

Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

J Assoc Physicians India 2016 Jan;64(1):100

Mamata Medical College & General Hospital, Khammam.

Ann Hematol 2017 Jan 3;96(1):151-153. Epub 2016 Oct 3.

Department of Medicine A/Hematology and Oncology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149, Muenster, Germany.

Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2016 Aug;51(8):561-7

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provinical Hospital, Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China.

Objective: Through the retrospective analysis of the clinical data in 14 cases of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS), the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of this disease were evaluated.

Methods: Fourteen clinically confirmed cases of IFRS since January 2008 to October 2015 were evaluated.collected, the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were analyzed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding for clinical reference. Read More

Turk J Med Sci 2016 Jan 5;46(1):58-62. Epub 2016 Jan 5.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.

Background/aim: Mucormycosis is a rare invasive fungal infection most commonly encountered in the immunocompromised host. We analyzed 51 adult patients treated for mucormycosis between 2003 and 2013 and recorded at a tertiary university hospital in Turkey.

Materials And Methods: We examined the following data for all patients: age, sex, predisposing disease, symptoms, treatment, surgical procedure, concomitant infections, intensive care requirement, and outcomes. Read More

Mycoses 2016 Dec 22;59(12):765-772. Epub 2016 Jul 22.

Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.

Posaconazole has significant activity against the Mucormycetes. However, data are limited on the clinical efficacy of posaconazole for treating rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of posaconazole in patients with ROCM. Read More

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016 Jun 7;68(2):261-2. Epub 2016 Jan 7.

Department of Otolaryngology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Surg Neurol Int 2016 25;7:61. Epub 2016 May 25.

Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Background: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis occurs in immunocompromised hosts with uncontrolled diabetes, solid organ transplants, and hematologic malignancies. Primary disease is in the paranasal sinuses but often progresses intracranially, via direct extension or angioinvasion. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is rapidly fatal with a mortality rate of 85%, even when maximally treated with surgical debridement, antifungal therapy, and correction of underlying processes. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Jun 2;2016. Epub 2016 Jun 2.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) is an angioinvasive fungal infection most often caused by Rhizopus oryzae It is usually associated with an underlying risk factor and is associated with a poor prognosis. There are no consensus guidelines on the optimal management of this aggressive disease; most management decisions are based on case reports and expert opinion. We report a successfully managed case of RCM in an insulin-dependent diabetic, initially presenting with a change in mental status, rapidly progressing to complete right eye blindness and ophthalmoplegia and complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions and abscesses. Read More

Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2016 Mar 6;6:87-91. Epub 2016 Feb 6.

Infectious Diseases Division, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González" of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Gonzalitos Y Madero SN, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, CP 64460, NL, Mexico.

Mucormycosis is a life-threatening disease, were rhinocerebral infection is most commonly seen in the clinical setting. Chronic mucormycosis is a rare presentation that exhibits a challenging diagnosis. We describe the case of a 47 year old diabetic man with complains of left zygomatic arch swelling of 3 months evolution. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015 Sep-Dec;19(3):375-8

Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Santa Creu and Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic acute fungal infection with a high mortality rate seen in immunocompromised patients. It is extremely rare in heart transplant recipients. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RM) is the most frequently observed presentation. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2016 Mar-Apr;37(2):152-5. Epub 2015 Dec 9.

Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Suite 204, Los Angeles CA, USA. Electronic address:

Objectives: To report a case of acute invasive Mucorales rhinosinusitis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and diabetes mellitus. To provide a literature review on the role of Isavuconazole in the management of invasive Mucorales rhinosinusitis.

Methods: A literature review was conducted on August 9, 2015 using PubMed database. Read More

Mycoses 2016 Jul 15;59(7):402-15. Epub 2016 Feb 15.

Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

Fungi in the order Mucorales cause acute, invasive and frequently fatal infections in susceptible patients. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of all reported mucormycosis cases during the last 25 years in Iran. After a comprehensive literature search, we identified 98 cases in Iran from 1990-2015. Read More

Iran J Neurol 2015 Oct;14(4):222-4

Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

J Pharm Pract 2017 Apr 8;30(2):261-265. Epub 2016 Jul 8.

4 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

We describe the first successful case of posaconazole salvage therapy for mucormycosis with concomitant sirolimus (SRL) maintenance immunosuppression following liver transplantation, despite black box drug interaction following intolerance to first-line tacrolimus and amphotericin due to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. This case describes a 55-year-old female who developed rhinocerebral mucormycosis 108 days after liver transplantation. After 3 months of posaconazole therapy, the patient remains free of disease at 3 years posttransplant. Read More

IDCases 2015 28;2(4):116-7. Epub 2015 Oct 28.

National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Medical Microbiology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

We report on an unusual case of oro-rhinocerebral disease caused by mucormycosis and aspergillus co-infection in a 54-year-old insulin dependent diabetic patient. Although she was successfully treated with parenteral amphotericin B followed by oral posaconazole, she was left with irreversible blindness of the right eye and multiple cranial nerve palsies. Read More

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2015 Oct;32(4):813-7

Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú

Mucormycosis and aspergillosis are the most frequent fungal infections caused by filamentous fungi; coinfection in the same host is rare. We present a case of a 78-year-old male patient with the debut of type 2 diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis, with swelling of the right side of the face, right facial paralysis, ptosis and a necrotic ulcer in the right palate. Facial Computed tomography showed an abscess of the right maxillary sinus. Read More

Caspian J Intern Med 2015 ;6(4):243-6

Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a fatal infection typically affecting diabetic or immunosuppressed patients. In most cases, infection is caused by inhalation of fungal spores. Mortality rate of patients is very high (40-85%). Read More

Presse Med 2016 Jan 26;45(1):145-6. Epub 2015 Nov 26.

Centre hospitalier universitaire Hassan II, service de réanimation mère et enfant, route Sidi Hrazem, 30070 Fès, Maroc.

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016 Feb 14;25(2):378-82. Epub 2015 Nov 14.

Department of Neurology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Aim: Our objective is to highlight the varied forms of vascular dissemination of rhinocerebral mucormycosis resulting in ischemic arterial syndromes, especially rare posterior ischemic circulatory strokes, through dissemination of mucormycosis from sphenoid bone to clivus by bony erosion and to the basilar artery, thus causing the top of basilar artery syndrome.

Materials And Methods: We have reported a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis in an uncontrolled diabetic patient presented to the neurointensive care unit, department of neurology.

Findings: A 56-year-old male diabetic patient with poorly controlled glycemic levels presented with pansinusitis resulting in rhinocerebral mucormycosis with basilar artery erosion through clivus bone erosion from sphenoid sinus. Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2015 Aug;32(4):458-63

The fungi of the order Mucorales cause mucormycosis, which usually presents as an invasive fungal disease with rapid angioinvasion in immunocompromised patients. Rhinocerebral is the most common presentation. The lipid formulations of amphotericin B are used as primary treatment in invasive mucormycosis; the combined use of posaconazole could allow a reduction in the dose of amphotericin B improving tolerance and adherence to treatment. Read More

Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2016 Apr 7;133(2):83-6. Epub 2015 Sep 7.

Service d'ORL, hôpital universitaire Farhat Hached, avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia.

Objectives: Mucormycosis is an opportunist infection usually affecting immunocompromised patients. It is rare and often fatal. The pathogen is filamentous fungus of the mucorales order. Read More