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Ir Med J 2019 02 14;112(2):874. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Edinburgh Medical School, Scotland

Aim Report successful application of UV endonasal phototherapy as a treatment for severe rhinitis medicamentosa and allergic rhinitis. Methods Allergic rhinitis confirmed by history and skin prick testing; rhinitis medicamentosa based on history. Both confirmed at nasendoscopy. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019 Mar 16;160(3):429-438. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Objective: Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is a common condition resulting from overuse of topical nasal decongestants. Despite the prevalence in otolaryngologic practice, a clear treatment protocol has not been established. Our objective was to review the current published literature pertaining to the treatment of RM with the possibility of finding data that support one treatment over another. Read More

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2017 12 27;31(4 Suppl 2):55-62. Epub 2017 Dec 27.

Unit of Otolaryngology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy.

This study was designed to prospectively evaluate the role of nebulized hyaluronic acid (HA) administered for 10 days as treatment for patients with rhinitis medicamentosa (RM). RM is a pathological condition of the nasal mucosa induced by prolonged, excessive or improper use of topical decongestants. It is characterized by persistent nasal congestion that can lead the patient to increase the frequency of application and the quantity of the substance being applied, resulting in dependence on topical nasal decongestants. Read More

Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017 Nov;52(11):872-875

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.

Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) refers to nonallergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa which is caused by the abuse of nasal decongestant and it often occurs in patients with allergic/nonallergic rhinitis along with nasal congestion. RM is characterized by nasal congestion based on long-term use of nasal decongestant, without rhinorrhoea or sneezing. The signs of RM include nasal swelling, thickening, loss of elasticity, and loss of sensitivity to the decongestant. Read More

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2016 Mar;34(1):30-7

Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Background: The recommended drug for moderate to severe chronic rhinitis is intranasal steroids (INS). However, nasal congestion could be refractory and need additional treatments.

Objective: We sought to explore the benefit of oxymetazoline (Oxymet) plus INS on nasal congestion without inducing rhinitis medicamentosa. Read More

Auris Nasus Larynx 2016 Dec 2;43(6):685-8. Epub 2016 Mar 2.

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.

Objective: To better understand the causes of the exacerbation of rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) induced by oxymetazoline (OMZ) or benzalkonium chloride (BKC), we examined the impact of pretreatment with OMZ or BKC on cultured human nasal epithelial cells. We also examined the effect of mometasone furoate (MF) on the cultured human nasal epithelial cells treated with OMZ or BKC.

Methods: Cells of the human nasal epithelial cell line HNEpC were treated with OMZ or BKC, and the OMZ- and BKC-induced expression of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) mRNA was assayed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2015 Jan 1;21(3). Epub 2015 Jan 1.

SAUSHEC.

Background: Rebound erythema secondary to use of topical brimonidine in the setting of rosacea is an important, possibly significantly distressing potential side effect that may be under-reported; there is little photo-documentation in the literature to date. This article documents such a case.

Observations: A 28-year-old woman (Fitzpatrick II) with a long-standing history of untreated rosacea presented for initiation of treatment of what was noted to be primarily erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and was offered Mirvaso for daily use. Read More

Eur J Pharmacol 2014 Nov 18;742:153-7. Epub 2014 Sep 18.

Mustafa Kemal University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Hatay, Turkey.

We aimed to determine the presence of oxidative stress in rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) and to evaluate the effect of erdosteine (ED) on mucosal changes in a rat model. Twenty-four male rats were used in this experimental study. Three groups were created. Read More

Arerugi 2013 Dec;62(12):1623-30

Yuta Clinic.

Unlabelled: Long-term use of decongestant nasal spray (alpha adrenergic agonist) causes nasal congestion by rhinitis medicamentosa.

Subjects And Methods: We clinically reviewed the cases of 33 patients of rhinitis medicamentosa (23 men, 10 women; mean age, 44.4±15. Read More

Acta Otolaryngol 2014 May 3;134(5):506-12. Epub 2014 Mar 3.

Division of ENT Department, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.

Conclusion: Kinetic oscillation stimulation (KOS) of nasal mucosa at low frequency seems to be a possibly effective and safe short-term treatment of non-allergic nasal stuffiness.

Objective: To assess the relief of rhinitis symptoms, especially stuffiness, by comparing active treatment, i.e. Read More

Iran J Public Health 2013 1;42(4):374-9. Epub 2013 Apr 1.

Dept. of Children Diseases N1, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan.

Background: The aim was to study the peculiarities of differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment of different forms of rhinitis in Kazakhstan children and adolescents.

Methods: 124 children and adolescents aged 1-17 years were randomly enrolled in our hospital based study in 2010 and 2011. Skin prick tests and total serum IgE level were assessed in all allergic patients. Read More

Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013 May-Jun;27 Suppl 1:S48-51

Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Rhinitis is characterized by one or more of the following nasal symptoms: congestion, rhinorrhea (anterior and posterior), sneezing, and itching. It is classified as allergic or nonallergic, the latter being a diverse syndrome that is characterized by symptoms of rhinitis that are not the result of IgE-mediated events. Excluding infectious rhinitis and underlying systemic diseases, clinical entities that can be classified among the disorders that make up the nonallergic rhinitis syndromes include gustatory rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), atrophic, drug-induced (rhinitis medicamentosa), hormone induced, senile rhinitis (of the elderly), rhinitis associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, and the idiopathic variant formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis but more accurately denoted as nonallergic rhinopathy (NAR). Read More

Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013 May;27(3):48-51

Rhinitis is characterized by one or more of the following nasal symptoms: congestion, rhinorrhea (anterior and posterior), sneezing, and itching. It is classified as allergic or nonallergic, the latter being a diverse syndrome that is characterized by symptoms of rhinitis that are not the result of IgE-mediated events. Excluding infectious rhinitis and underlying systemic diseases, clinical entities that can be classified among the disorders that make up the nonallergic rhinitis syndromes include gustatory rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), atrophic, drug-induced (rhinitis medicamentosa), hormone induced, senile rhinitis (of the elderly), rhinitis associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, and the idiopathic variant formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis but more accurately denoted as nonallergic rhinopathy (NAR). Read More

Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2013 Jun 1;130(3):137-44. Epub 2013 Feb 1.

Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, hôpital Huriez, CHRU de Lille, rue Michel-Polonovski, 59037 Lille cedex, France.

Introduction: Systemic and topical nasal decongestants are widely used in otorhinolaryngology and general practice for the management of acute rhinosinusitis and as an adjuvant in certain forms of chronic rhinosinusitis. These products, very effective to rapidly improve nasal congestion, are sometimes available over the counter and can be the subject of misuse, which is difficult to control. The Société Française d'ORL has recently issued guidelines concerning the use of these decongestants in the doctor's office and the operating room. Read More

Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2012 21;3(1):e13-5. Epub 2012 Jun 21.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.

The diagnosis and treatment of rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis during pregnancy present unique challenges to the otolaryngologist. Poorly controlled sinonasal disease may have significant adverse effects on the mother's quality of life and pregnancy outcomes and the lack of adequately controlled safety data limits the clinician's ability to make informed decisions about management. At the conclusion of this discussion, the reader should be familiar with the available literature and evidence-based guidelines regarding the safety and indications for radiographic imaging, clinical testing, medical intervention, and surgical treatment of sinonasal disease in pregnant patients. Read More

Allergy Asthma Proc 2012 May-Jun;33 Suppl 1:19-21

Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. Read More

Kinderkrankenschwester 2011 Oct;30(10):406-8

Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011 Aug;31(3):457-67

Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.

It is important to consider a comprehensive differential of possible rhinitis types when considering the diagnosis of chronic rhinitis, including at least 9 subtypes of nonallergic rhinitis: drug-induced rhinitis, gustatory rhinitis, hormonal-induced rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis, senile rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, and nonallergic rhinopathy. This article focuses on some of the most common types of chronic rhinitis, including mixed rhinitis (allergic and nonallergic overlap), rhinitis medicamentosa, hormonal rhinitis, rhinitis of the elderly, and gustatory rhinitis. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 Apr 5;127(4):927-34. Epub 2011 Mar 5.

Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, and Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Background: In clinical trials, only about 60% of subjects report an excellent response to intranasal steroids, suggesting a need to add therapies to intranasal steroids to provide additional efficacy.

Objective: To determine whether the combination of fluticasone furoate and oxymetazoline is more efficacious than either agent alone, and to determine whether rhinitis medicamentosa develops after treatment.

Methods: We performed a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel study. Read More

Laryngoscope 2010 Oct;120(10):2106-7

Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.

Rhinitis medicamentosa occurs with repeated and prolonged use of topical decongestants. The resultant reduced ability to respond to decongestants mediated via enlarged capillary endothelial gaps can lead to profuse bleeding during turbinate surgery. We recommend that patients with rhinitis medicamentosa be weaned off topical decongestants prior to elective turbinate surgery to minimize this complication. Read More

Clin Exp Allergy 2010 Mar;40(3):381-4

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida and the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Background: Rhinitis is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the nose and can be divided into two categories, allergic and non-allergic. Drug-induced is a type of non-allergic rhinitis.

Objective: A review of the literature was conducted. Read More

Curr Med Res Opin 2010 Apr;26(4):889-99

Common Cold Centre & Healthcare Clinical Trials, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Background: Common cold is one of the most prevalent conditions that family doctors encounter. One of the first symptoms to occur is nasal congestion, which can have a negative impact on daily life and prompts many patients to seek treatment for relief. Xylometazoline nasal spray (Otrivin*) is a topical decongestant that has been used successfully for many years and is generally recognized as an effective and safe therapy. Read More

B-ENT 2009 ;5(3):159-62

Ear, Nose and Throat Department, General Hospital of Rethymnon, Crete, Greece.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) in patients attending the ENT outpatient clinic of the General Hospital of Rethymnon (Crete, Greece) before and after the launch of an intensive nasal decongestant advertising campaign in Greece.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of the patients with RM seen at the ENT outpatient clinic in May, June and July of 2003 and 2006. We analyzed and recorded the gender, age, and related clinical information of the patients with RM. Read More

HNO 2009 May;57(5):466-72

Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Deutschland.

Background: Inflammatory processes play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), however, the impact of apoptosis in CRS in unclear. The aim of this study was a comparison of caspase 3 activity, a key enzyme in the apoptosis cascade, in samples of nasal tissue from patients with different types of rhinosinusitis.

Material And Methods: Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to detect caspase 3 in samples of nasal tissue from patients with CRS and nasal polyps (NP), allergic rhinitis (AR), rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) and atrophic rhinitis. Read More

World Allergy Organ J 2009 Jun 15;2(6):98-101. Epub 2009 Jun 15.

From the Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Chevy Chase, Md, and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.

Many patients have nasal syndromes that are nonallergic and noninfectious and not caused by mechanical or anatomic abnormalities. There are at least 8 recognized nonallergic rhinitis syndromes: drug-induced rhinitis including rhinitis medicamentosa, gustatory rhinitis, hormonally induced rhinitis including the rhinitis of pregnancy, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, senile rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, cerebral spinal fluid leak, and vasomotor rhinitis. Few studies have explored etiologic causes. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009 May 19;266(5):623-5. Epub 2008 Dec 19.

ENT Department, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Newcastle Rd, Stoke on Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.

Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is a drug induced non-allergic rhinitis associated with prolonged use of topical nasal decongestants. This review discusses the nasal mucosa microcirculation, basic pharmacology of topical decongestants and the theories of the pathophysiology of RM. Diagnostic problems are discussed in addition to the current opinion on how to treat RM. Read More

Am J Rhinol 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):433-9

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of an outpatient-based diode laser inferior turbinate reduction (ITR) in therapy-refractory rhinitis medicamentosa (RM).

Methods: In a prospective clinical investigation, 42 consecutive RM patients underwent videoendoscopic ITR with a diode laser after topical anesthetic preparation. Intra- and perioperative details were recorded including the occurrence of bleeding, crusting, pain, or discomfort. Read More

Int Immunopharmacol 2007 Dec 27;7(14):1869-79. Epub 2007 Jul 27.

Centre de recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec Qc, Canada G1V 4G2.

Rhinitis of allergic and viral origin is often self-treated by patients with locally applied vasoconstrictor decongestant drugs. In turn, prolonged use of these agents produce an inflammatory condition termed rhinitis medicamentosa. Cationic drugs are sequestered into cells via various mechanisms, including mitochondrial concentration and V-ATPase-driven trapping in vacuoles that swell by an osmotic mechanism. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007 Jan;136(1):57-61

Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany.

Objective: Prolonged application of nasal vasoconstrictors causes rhinitis medicamentosa (RM). Nasal obstruction is induced by rebound swelling when the decongestive effect has disappeared. The aim of this study was to demonstrate ultrastructural changes in RM. Read More

Clin Allergy Immunol 2007 ;19:295-304

Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 Nov 24;118(5):1017-8. Epub 2006 Jul 24.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, and the James A. Haley Veterans' Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Expert Opin Drug Saf 2006 Nov;5(6):783-90

Chief Professor, ENT Clinic University of Siena Medical School, Policlinico Le Scotte viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy.

Nasal decongestants are the most powerful drugs in the reduction of nasal obstruction. Despite their large use, local and systemic adverse reactions are frequent. The authors focus on the pharmacology of these kinds of drugs in light of the most recent knowledge on nasal pathophysiology. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2006 Jun;85(6):376, 378-9

Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7510, USA.

Nasal septal perforation is a rarely reported complication of rhinitis medicamentosa. We describe such a complication in a 54-year-old man, and we discuss the clinical, pathologic, and imaging aspects of this case. Read More

J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006 ;16(3):148-55

Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, University of South Florida & James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.

Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is a condition induced by overuse of nasal decongestants. The term RM, also called rebound or chemical rhinitis, is also used to describe the adverse nasal congestion that develops after using medications other than topical decongestants. Such medications include oral beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, antipsychotics, oral contraceptives, and antihypertensives. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2006 May;73(9):1583-90

University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, 32601, USA.

Allergic rhinitis, the most common type of rhinitis, generally can be differentiated from the numerous types of nonallergic rhinitis through a thorough history and physical examination. Allergic rhinitis may be seasonal, perennial, or occupational. The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is acute viral infection. Read More

HNO 2006 Oct;54(10):742-8

Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.

Background: Long-term abuse of decongestive nasal drops causes rhinitis medicamentosa due to cytotoxic and ciliary-toxic effects. Nasal obstruction is caused by rebound swelling when the decongestive effect has disappeared. The patient starts using nasal drops more frequently as a result of tachyphylaxis. Read More

Chest 2006 Jan;129(1 Suppl):63S-71S

Objective: To review the literature on postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS)-induced cough and the various causes of PNDS. Hereafter, PNDS will be referred to as upper airway cough syndrome (UACS).

Methods: MEDLINE search (through May 2004) for studies published in the English language since 1980 on human subjects using the medical subject heading terms "cough," "causes of cough," "etiology of cough," "postnasal drip," "allergic rhinitis," "vasomotor rhinitis," and "chronic sinusitis. Read More

Rhinology 2005 Dec;43(4):291-5

Asthma and Allergy Research Group, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Thirty-six persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) sufferers were studied, to both compare and correlate 15 minute response to nasal xylometazoline (XYLO) with 28 day response to nasal mometasone furoate (MF). 0.1% XYLO (1 spray each nostril) response was measured on two occasions, then a randomised double blind cross-over comparison of MF (200 mcg daily) to placebo conducted. Read More

Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005 Sep;19(111):288-90

Katedra i Zakład Farmakologii Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej AM w Warszawie.

Long term use of topical vasoconstrictors for the nose may result in rhinitis medicamentosa, the rebound swelling of the nasal mucosa. Usually discovery of any underlying reason for decongestant use is impossible, therefore treatment could be problematic. The aim of this study was to establish the nasal mucosal cytology of patients with rhinitis medicamentosa and evaluation of usefulness of exfoliative cytology in diagnostics of underlying reason of nasal decongestants overuse. Read More

Womens Health (Lond) 2005 Jul;1(1):105-14

Kungsbacka Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, S-434 80 Kungsbacka, Sweden. : eva.ellegard@ lthalland.se.

Pregnancy rhinitis is a common condition that is not yet fully recognized by the public. This form of rhinitis affects approximately one in five pregnant women, can start in almost any gestational week, and disappears after delivery. However, as it reduces quality of life, and also possibly affects the fetus, treatment is often required. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005 Apr;132(4):608-12

Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirn, Turkey.

Objective: We aimed to investigate, histopathologic changes in the nasal mucosa of guinea pig's after prolonged administration of oxymetazoline and the development of rhinitis medicamentosa, and the efficacy of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray and saline in reversing the ultrastructural changes attributable to rhinitis medicamentosa.

Methods: In the study, 24 male guinea pigs (500 to 600 gr) were used. Oxymetazolin (0. Read More

Treat Respir Med 2005 ;4(1):21-9

Karolinksa University Hospital, Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.

Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is a drug-induced, nonallergic form of rhinitis that is associated with prolonged use of topical vasoconstrictors, i.e. local decongestants. Read More

Srp Arh Celok Lek 2004 Jan-Feb;132(1-2):14-7

Zvezdara Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Centre, Belgrade.

Rhinitis medicamentosa ("nose-drop-nose") is a term used for pathological condition of the nasal mucous membrane that results from long-term abuse with intranasal vasoconstrictors. The aim of this work was to examine what lead the patients with nosedropnose rhinitis to the initial usage of intranasal vasoactive drugs. In this prospective study, 92 patients with rhinitis medicamentosa were included. Read More

Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2004 Jun;26(3):149-59

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden.

Pregnancy rhinitis is a very common condition. Defined as "nasal congestion present during the last 6 or more weeks of pregnancy without other signs of respiratory tract infection, and with no known allergic cause, disappearing completely within 2 wk after delivery," it strikes one in five pregnant women, and it starts in almost any gestational week. The pathogenesis is not clear, but placental growth hormone is suggested to be involved. Read More

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004 Feb;113(2):147-51

Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.

To evaluate the nasal mucosal changes in rhinitis medicamentosa (RM), especially those related to goblet cells and subepithelial glands, we studied specimens of the inferior turbinate mucosa from 8 patients with RM, 8 patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis (CHR), and 5 patients with normal nasal mucosa. All specimens were assessed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical study. Under a scanning electron microscope, hyperplasia of goblet cells was most prominent in the RM group, and an increased number of gland openings was evident in the RM and CHR groups. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 Jan;130(1):131-41

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.

Background: For most multiuse aqueous nasal, ophthalmic, and otic products, benzalkonium chloride (BKC) is the preservative of choice. The American College of Toxicology has concluded that BKC can be safely used as an antimicrobial agent at concentrations up to 0.1%. Read More

Am J Respir Med 2003 ;2(6):469-75

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden.

Pregnancy rhinitis is defined as nasal congestion in the last 6 or more weeks of pregnancy, without other signs of respiratory tract infection and with no known allergic cause, with complete resolution of symptoms within 2 weeks after delivery. Pregnancy rhinitis occurs in approximately one-fifth of pregnancies, can appear at almost any gestational week, and affects the woman and possibly also the fetus. The pathogenesis of pregnancy rhinitis is not clear, but placental growth hormone is suggested to be involved. Read More

Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2001 Mar;21(3):209-12

Department of ENT, Liuzhou Municipal Hospital of TCM, Guangxi 545001.

Objective: To investigate the functional and morphological characteristics of cells in allergic rhinitis (AR) guinea-pigs with Cold or Heat Syndrome.

Methods: The Cold Syndrome or Heat Syndrome guinea-pig model was made, and then reformed into AR model or rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) model by using nose drops of 10% toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) or 0.1% naphazoline hydrochloride. Read More

J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2002 Dec;14(12):527-30

College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont in Burlington, VT, USA.

Purpose: To present guidelines for the recognition, management, and referral of pregnancy rhinitis with a goal of improving the quality of the pregnancy experience for women afflicted with this condition.

Data Sources: A case study illustrating the presentation of a severe case of pregnancy rhinitis is followed a literature review of etiology, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Conclusions: Pregnancy rhinitis is a condition of clinical importance that is frequently exacerbated by use of intranasal decongestant sprays. Read More