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J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 Dec 11:1753193418817979. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

National University Hospital, NUHS Tower Block National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore.

Venous congestion in distal digital replantations is a common problem as suitable veins are not always available. We compared two methods of venous decongestion, external bleeding ( n = 15) and dermal pocketing ( n = 28) carried out when venous anastomosis was not possible. The findings of this small study suggest that neither method of venous decongestion is clearly better than the other. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018 Oct 3;6(10):e1839. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

The nose plays a critical role in olfaction, air filtration and humidification, and facial aesthetics. Most nasal amputations result from animal bites, human bites, and lacerations from glass. Successful replantation yields the best aesthetic and functional outcomes and is preferred compared with multistage nasal reconstruction. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Nov 26. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Helene Retrouvey, MDCM, Heather L Baltzer, MD, MSc, FRCS(C), FACS, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hand Program, 399 Bathurst Street, East Wing - 2, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. Email: Email:

Purpose: As the incidence of trauma in the elderly patient population increases, it is important to understand the risk-benefit profile of digital replantation or revascularization (DRR) surgery in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of increasing age on rates of digital failure.

Method: A retrospective cohort study of DRR patients was undertaken from 2005 to 2016. Read More

J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Endodontist, Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address:

When nonsurgical and surgical endodontic retreatments are impractical, intentional replantation (IR) might be employed as an accepted endodontic treatment procedure. This report describes an IR and root amputation of a tooth with several endodontic complications. A 28-year-old woman was referred for management of tooth #37. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Nov 30. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Harvard Integrated Plastic Surgery Program, Boston, MA.

Complete avulsion of the nose is a devastating injury that may result in permanent disfigurement. Microvascular reattachment is technically difficult due to small size of the injured vessels, associated avulsion or crush injury, and relative inability to achieve venous anastomosis. This report describes a successful case of microsurgical replantation of the distal third of the nose in a 47-year-old patient after a dog bite injury with the use of a superficial temporal vein graft for arterial repair and leeching for venous outflow. Read More

Indian J Plast Surg 2018 May-Aug;51(2):243-246

Department of Plastic Surgery, Apollo Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Total scalp avulsion injury with cervical spine injury is rare. This article is to describe the technical difficulties and precautions to be taken during anatomical replantation. The patients with cervical spine injury should not be considered as an absolute contraindication for anatomical replant if patients are fit for general anaesthesia. Read More

Microsurgery 2018 Nov 29. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Background: The success of salvage procedures for failing digital replants (FR) is poorly documented. We sought to evaluate the success of salvage procedures for FR and factors contributing to successes and failures of replants.

Methods: Adult patients who presented to our center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015, suffered ≥1 digital amputation(s), and underwent digital replantation were included. Read More

Microsurgery 2018 Nov 29. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Thumb reconstruction has been a very challenging issue for hand surgeons. In this report, we present a case of thumb reconstruction with combination of the wrap-around flap prefabricated by the medialis pedis perforator flap with phalanx and nail bed banked from the amputated thumb. A 22-year-old man suffered from the left thumb amputation as well as large soft tissue defect of hand and comminuted fracture in wrist due to a crush accident. Read More

Hand Clin 2019 Feb;35(1):59-66

W Institute for Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, W General Hospital, 1632 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42642, Korea.

Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) is a promising development for surgeons and patients through improved operation outcomes in hand and wrist surgery. The authors have mostly used WALANT for flexor and extensor tendon repair, tenolysis, and tendon transfer. Its application at W Hospital in korea has bolstered surgeon confidence in tendon repair integrity, gliding ability, and transfer tension via direct observation and patient feedback. Read More

J Surg Res 2018 Dec 4;232:137-145. Epub 2018 Jul 4.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address:

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury remains the major limiting factor for limb replantation and transplantation. Static cold storage (SCS) on ice currently represents the standard mode of preservation but is limited to 6 h of duration. Ex vivo machine perfusion has evolved as a potential alternative to safely extend the duration of ex vivo preservation by providing continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. Read More

Br J Nurs 2018 Nov;27(20):S50-S56

Military Burns and Plastics Nurse, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham.

Hands are anatomically complex and have great social, physical and emotional importance. Hand or digit replantation following traumatic partial or complete amputation is a complex injury for nursing staff to understand and manage. The absence of clear guidance, combined with a lack of consensus in the literature gives rise to ambiguity and insufficient understanding of appropriate and effective management. Read More

Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2018 Sep 7;50(5):353-358. Epub 2018 Nov 7.

Abteilung für Plastische, Hand- und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, BG Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main gGmbH.

Background: Finger amputation injuries are frequently treated conditions in occupational accident hospitals. They are either treated by replantation or revision amputation. The costs of these two treatment options differ significantly. Read More

J Tissue Eng 2018 Jan-Dec;9:2041731418807396. Epub 2018 Oct 30.

Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.

Mineral trioxide aggregate, which comprises three major inorganic components, namely, tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), and tricalcium aluminate (C3A), is promising regenerative cement for dentistry. While mineral trioxide aggregate has been successfully applied in retrograde filling, the exact role of each component in the mineral trioxide aggregate system is largely unexplored. In this study, we individually synthesized the three components, namely, C3S, C2A, and C3A, and then mixed them to achieve various compositions (a total of 14 compositions including those similar to mineral trioxide aggregate). Read More

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2018 Sep;24(5):462-467

Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Private Practice, İzmir-Turkey.

Background: Replantation is the gold standard procedure for traumatic amputation of fingertips. Reposition flap procedure is performed using nail-bone complex as a free graft and covering graft site with a flap to preserve original finger length, nail complex, and sensory functions of fingertip in pateints where microsurgical methods cannot be applied. In our study, we aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with amputated fingertips who underwent replantation or reposition flap procedures. Read More

Eur J Dent 2018 Oct-Dec;12(4):502-507

Department of Clinical Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

Objective: To investigate the effect of dental trauma educational intervention among undergraduate students of a Federal University in Brazil.

Materials And Methods: Students ( = 125) enrolled in the dentistry ( = 70), nursing ( = 33), and speech therapy ( = 22) courses were invited to attend a dental trauma lecture and also to answer a questionnaire about their confidence in managing crown fracture and tooth avulsion, before (T0) and immediately after (T1) the lecture. McNemar's test ( < 0. Read More

J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 Oct 23:1753193418805854. Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Province, China.

Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018 Sep 5;6(9):e1924. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.

Fingertip replantation is a technical challenge for microsurgeons. For successful fingertip replantation, it is important to monitor the replanted fingertip vascularity for the early detection and revision of vascular compromise. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a camera-based technique that measures the perfusion by illuminating the tissue with a 785-nm-wavelength divergent laser beam. Read More

Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2018 Oct;53(10):765-769

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Ear Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.

To investigate the feasibility and clinical effect of reconstruction the ear using cartilage from amputated ear. 30 patients (22 males, 8 females, age 22-50, 18 cases right ear, 12 cases left ear) with partial auricles defects received replantation of amputated ears using the cartilages from the amputated ears from January, 2013 to June, 2017.Firstly, an advancements postauricular skin flap was made. Read More

Pediatr Int 2018 Oct;60(10):989-990

Department of Urology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018 Sep 21;6(9):1712-1715. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the awareness amongst dentists working in Jazan, a city in K.S.A. Read More

Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018 Oct;29(10):3407-3415

College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018 Shandong, China.

Anaerobic fermented organic materials fluid (AFOF) could alleviate apple replant diseases. In this study, bacteria from AFOF was screened which could antagonize the main pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani, F. proliferatum, F. Read More

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2018 Oct-Dec;36(4):410-416

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Replantation of avulsed incisors in young children is a successful treatment modality. Almost all replanted teeth exhibit ankylosis followed by inflammatory or replacement resorption, as immediate replantation is practically rare. The purpose of the review is to report a series of cases of prolonged delay in replantation of avulsed incisors and discuss its sequelae, leading to different patterns of root resorption after a minimum follow-up period of 24 months. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Nov;29(8):2231-2233

Cranio-maxillo-facial Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

Ear amputations are common in emergency departments as the auricle's protrusion from the lateral aspect of the head makes it particularly susceptible to trauma. Of the numerous approaches for auricle injuries, the classic methods include microsurgical replantation, primary reattachment, composite graft, retroauricular pocket principle, secondary reconstruction with rib cartilage, and methods using postauricular flap. The success of the operation depends largely on choosing the appropriate surgical procedure since many factors can influence surgical outcome. Read More

Compend Contin Educ Dent 2018 Oct;39(9):608-612; quiz 613

Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Periodontal Resident, PhD candidate, Graduate Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Trauma from occlusion remains an important concept in dentistry. Traumatic occlusion affects the biological system through a series of events that induces an aseptic inflammatory response and bone resorption. Clinical evidence of these biological events is present in the form of active traumatic lesions or adaptive mechanisms. Read More

Dent Traumatol 2018 Oct 8. Epub 2018 Oct 8.

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Ankylosis and external replacement resorption (ERR) are two typical biological responses to delayed replantation of avulsed teeth in cases where adequate root canal treatment is performed. The patient's growth stage affects the progression of root resorption and the long-term outcome of the affected teeth. This case report describes the long-term outcome of an 18. Read More

J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2018 Oct 5:1-4. Epub 2018 Oct 5.

d Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Research , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.

We studied changes in cold hypersensitivity from 3 to 7 years following severe hand injuries. Data was collected using postal questionnaires 7 years after injury in 71 patients who had participated in a 3-year follow-up from the time of injury. There was no change in cold sensitivity measured using the McCabe Cold Sensitivity Severity scale (CSS) from 3 to 7 years after injury. Read More

J Hand Surg Am 2018 Oct;43(10):903-912.e1

Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address:

Purpose: Traumatic digit amputations have an adverse impact on patients' daily living. Despite experts advocating for digit replantation, studies have shown a continued decrease in rate of replantation. We performed a national-level investigation to examine the recent trend of practice for digital replantation. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2019 Jan;82(1):71-75

From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, and.

Aim: Infrapopliteal replantation is indicated in selected patients. When the patient is hemodynamically unstable or the amputation site is severely contaminated, temporary ectopic implantation of the amputated limb is an option. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report using the distal runoff vessel of the anterolateral thigh flap for temporary ectopic implantation of an amputated leg followed by replantation with the prefabricated anterolateral thigh flap. Read More

J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 12 3;43(10):1044-1049. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

1 Department of Plastic and reconstructive surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung Medical University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

We conducted a retrospective case control study of digital replantations in 16 patients from September 2015 to January 2017. Half of the patients were treated by a synchronous microsurgical technique and the other half underwent conventional micro-anastomoses. The total time for anastomoses, total operation time and survival of digits were the major endpoints in this study. Read More

Psychosomatics 2018 Jun 30. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.

HSS J 2018 Oct 27;14(3):228-232. Epub 2017 Nov 27.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800159 HSC, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.

Background: Current studies reporting on patients following prosthesis removal and spacer placement for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the shoulder have largely been descriptive and insufficiently powered to determine risk factors for outcomes other than reimplantation.

Purpose: The objective of the present study is to provide a national perspective on the 1-year outcomes following prosthesis removal and spacer placement and risk factors for outcomes other than reimplantation for treatment of PJI following shoulder arthroplasty.

Methods: A national database was queried for Medicare patients who underwent prosthesis removal and spacer placement for PJI between 2005 and 2012. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Oct;142(4):535e-540e

Bangkok, Thailand; and Rochester, Minn. From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, the Department of Anatomy, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science.

Background: Microsurgical anastomosis of the dorsal artery of the penis either with or without anastomosis of the cavernosal artery is the preferred technique for penile replantation. However, postoperative penile skin necrosis is commonly reported with this technique. This study aimed to characterize the anatomy of the vascular supply of the penis pertinent to penile replantation surgery and to report a successful case of penile replantation without postoperative necrosis using anastomosis of the inferior external pudendal artery. Read More

J Endod 2018 Nov 19;44(11):1749-1754. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address:

According to the high number of articles published on invasive cervical resorption (ICR), this pathology, as commonly believed, is a more frequent form of cervical resorption. ICR is often misdiagnosed as internal resorption or caries, which leads to inappropriate treatment and even unnecessary tooth loss. Despite a correct diagnosis, the treatment of this type of hyperplastic invasive external resorption poses a challenge for the clinician. Read More

J Am Dent Assoc 2018 Sep 17. Epub 2018 Sep 17.

Pol Przegl Chir 2018 May;90(4):1-5

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Gdańsku Katedra i Klinika Ortopedii i Traumatologii Narządu Ruchu.

The paper summarizes 32 months (January 2014 - August 2016) of activity of the Replantation Service for hand amputation in Poland. Over this period a total of 568 cases of total and subtotal amputations as well as other complex injuries to the hand were referred. Of these, 354 referrals (62%) were accepted and 214 (38%) rejected. Read More

J Urol 2018 Sep 12. Epub 2018 Sep 12.

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Electronic address:

Purpose: Robotic extravesical ureteral reimplantation has been established as a viable option for surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux. Typically, this procedure is associated with a hospital stay for routine postoperative care. The aim of the study was to assess the short-term safety of robotic unilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation as a scheduled outpatient procedure in a pediatric population. Read More

J Periodontal Implant Sci 2018 Aug 31;48(4):224-235. Epub 2018 Aug 31.

Department of Periodontology, Chosun University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on periodontal healing of replanted root surfaces in dogs histologically and histomorphometrically.

Methods: A total of 36 roots of mandibular incisors and premolars from 6 mongrel dogs were used. The roots were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) a positive control group (n=12), in which the periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum were retained and the roots were soaked in saline; 2) a negative control group (n=12), in which the PDL and cementum were removed and the roots were soaked in saline; and 3) an experimental group (n=12), in which the PDL and cementum were removed and the roots were soaked in PRP. Read More

Dent Traumatol 2018 Dec 21;34(6):384-393. Epub 2018 Oct 21.

Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Background/aims: The best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation. If this is not possible, a proper transport medium is required for the maintenance of viability of the periodontal ligament cells (PDL). The aim was to systematically review the efficacy of different storage media used for the survival of PDL cells of avulsed teeth in the in vitro setting. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Oct;29(7):e717-e720

Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA.

Traumatic facial soft tissue injury often creates both aesthetic and functional deficits. In complete lip avulsions, microvascular replantation is a reconstructive option that has the potential to fulfill both of these goals. However, lip replantations remain rare and there are few reports in the literature. Read More

Zhongguo Gu Shang 2018 Aug;31(8):757-762

Orthopedic Hospital of Shaanxi People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects of modified lamina osteotomy replantation versus traditional lamina osteotomy replantation in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability.

Methods: The clinical data of 146 patients with unilateral lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability underwent surgical treatment from March 2008 to March 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to osteotomy replantation pattern. Read More

J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 Dec 3;43(10):1030-1035. Epub 2018 Sep 3.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.

The composite graft is the only surgical method that is able to maintain digital length and provide soft tissue coverage without donor site morbidities in microsurgically non-replantable fingertip amputations. This study aimed to explore the risk factors that determine the survival of composite grafts. Clinical characteristics associated with graft survival were retrospectively analysed by a comparison between the graft survival and failure groups. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018 Jul 13;6(7):e1766. Epub 2018 Jul 13.

Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Background: Pediatric plastic surgeons perform reconstructive surgeries for various congenital, oncologic, and traumatic injuries.

Methods: Our Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Plastic Surgery team was tasked to care for a young man who suffered a proximal humeral amputation of his dominant upper extremity.

Results: A multidisciplinary team collaborated throughout his entire acute care and postoperative course, guiding treatment and care in effort to maximize function of his replanted extremity. Read More

AORN J 2018 Sep;108(3):239-249

Perioperative personnel manage autologous tissue when they care for patients undergoing procedures requiring the use of bone, soft tissue, or other autologous tissue to repair or replace defects. Use of autologous tissue can minimize the risk of rejection, disease transfer, and infection compared with the use of artificial materials. There are important steps to follow when handling autologous tissue to ensure it is safe for replantation and does not become contaminated. Read More

J Hand Microsurg 2018 Aug 20;10(2):74-78. Epub 2018 Mar 20.

Department of Pediatric Orthopedic and Reconstructive Surgery, Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France.

This is a retrospective cohort study. The authors report surgical outcome in a series of very young children who underwent finger replantation after traumatic amputation. During a 10-year period, 65 children were treated with replantation for finger amputation in two institutions. Read More

J Hand Microsurg 2018 Aug 20;10(2):66-73. Epub 2018 Mar 20.

Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, United States.

Microsurgical replantation following digital amputation has variable success rates. Sociodemographic factors and surgery-related variables have been shown to influence survival rates; however, few studies have evaluated these data systematically across a combined dataset. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the current literature to identify the predictors of replant survival. Read More

J Reconstr Microsurg 2018 Aug 28. Epub 2018 Aug 28.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.

Background:  Microsurgical replantation of the thumb and digits has become an increasingly familiar technique in clinical practice worldwide. However, successful digit replantation does not always provide better hand function than revision amputation. Little information is available regarding predictors of motor skill activities of replanted hands. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Sep;142(3):717-718

Houston, Texas From the Department of Plastic Surgery, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018 17;14:1429-1433. Epub 2018 Aug 17.

Department of Hand Surgery, Wuxi No 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi 214000, People's Republic of China,

A 35-year-old man presenting with right-sided total hand skin degloving injury due to crushing of printing machine was reported in this study. The superficial vein of forearm was transplanted intraoperatively to reconstruct the blood supply, and the avulsed skin was replanted in situ. The patient was followed-up for 2 years, and satisfactory results and functional recovery were achieved. Read More

J Formos Med Assoc 2018 Aug 22. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Background/purpose: Vertical root fracture (VRF) is a complication in endodontically treated teeth. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of treatment of 6 VRF teeth with intentional replantation and root fragment bonding with 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin.

Methods: A series of 6 complete VRF teeth (one incisor, one canine, one premolar, and 3 M) were treated through intentional replantation and root fragment bonding with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. Read More

Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018 Oct;23(5):577-581

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Purpose Of Review: The current review will discuss the current understanding of nerve regeneration in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). The success of proximal arm and leg transplants has been hampered by the limitations of nerve regrowth across long distances resulting in poor regeneration and functional recovery. Relevant research in stem-cell therapies to overcome these issues will be reviewed. Read More