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Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(44):e12994

Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital.

This study aims to evaluate the application of color Doppler ultrasound in monitoring the complications of autologous arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients.Patients with maintenance hemodialysis who underwent autologous arteriovenous fistula were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Ultrasound was used to detect fistula complications (stenosis and thrombosis), brachial artery diameter, and hemodynamic parameters. Read More

BJU Int 2018 Nov 29;122 Suppl 5:15-21. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

Department of Radiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.

Objective: To assess the clinical utility of systematic Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (PN) for the detection of renal artery pseudoaneurysm (PA) and to allow pre-emptive arterial embolization to reduce the postoperative bleeding risk.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including all consecutive patients treated with robot-assisted PN for renal tumours between 2015 and 2017. Every patient underwent renal DUS in the early postoperative period. Read More

J Assoc Physicians India 2018 03;66(3):83-5

Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab.

Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare benign vascular lesions and a rare cause of massive hematuria in females predominantly involving right kidney. Clinical presentation in a male with involvement of the left kidney is very rare. Only a few case series describing the outcome of congenital renal AVMs have been reported in the literature. Read More

Nephrol Nurs J 2018 Sep-Oct;45(5):423-434

Director of Dialysis, St. Peter's Health, Helena, MT.

Individuals who require renal replacement therapy overwhelmingly choose outpatient hemodialysis. Appropriate cannulation techniques are an essential element in access preservation and in the prevention of access-related complications. Missed cannulations can result in damage of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). Read More

Nephrol Nurs J 2018 Jul-Aug;45(4):327-336

Nephrology Nurse Practitioner with a focus in hemodialysis, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.

There is a lack of consensus on what constitutes successful arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation. The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes of successful cannulation of the AVF from both patient and healthcare provider perspectives. This was a mixed method study. Read More

Intern Med J 2018 Oct;48(10):1255-1257

Department of Genomic Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is characterised by abnormal blood vessel formation, producing telangiectasia and arteriovenous malformations in multiple organs. Information regarding possible renal involvement in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is limited. This study assessed renal structure and function in 11 patients with genetically confirmed diagnosis and known arteriovenous malformations in lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract or brain. Read More

J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 Nov 28;29(11):1633-1635.e1. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Department of Neuroendovascular Therapy, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan.

World Neurosurg 2018 Dec 26;120:438-441. Epub 2018 Sep 26.

Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Background: High signal intensity of cerebral venous sinuses on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) indicates high flow of shunt from arterial blood, suggesting dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). Herein, we describe the cases of 2 patients with intracranial venous reflux caused by brachiocephalic vein occlusion (BVO) mimicking dAVF on MRA.

Case Description: Case 1 was a 71-year-old woman who had received arteriovenous graft (AVG) surgery for hemodialysis and presented with headache. Read More

J Neurosurg Sci 2018 Sep 25. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA -

Background: Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare disease entities with significant morbidity if untreated. Risk factors of complications, hospitalization and costs-of-care remain in need of characterization.

Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample years 2002-2014, adult subjects with spinal AVMs who underwent either laminectomy with lesion excision or endovascular embolization were extracted using ICD-9-CM diagnostic code 747. Read More

PLoS Comput Biol 2018 09 14;14(9):e1006417. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Department for Mathematical Modeling of Physiological Processes, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.

Risk of cardiovascular associated death in dialysis patients is the highest among all other co-morbidities. Improving the identification of patients with the highest cardiovascular risk to design an adequate treatment is, therefore, of utmost importance. There are several non-invasive cardiovascular state biomarkers based on the pulse (pressure) wave propagation properties, but their major determinants are not fully understood. Read More

Diagn Interv Radiol 2018 Sep;24(5):276-282

Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Purpose: We aimed to report approach, safety, technical success, and clinical outcomes of prone trans- radial access (PTRA) and demonstrate feasibility for procedures requiring simultaneous arterial intervention and prone percutaneous access.

Methods: Fifteen patients underwent PTRA, seven females (47%) and eight males (53%), mean age of 55 years (range, 19-78 years). All patients underwent PTRA for combined transarterial and posterior-approach percutaneous interventions. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Sep;97(36):e12211

Department of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Yatap-ro beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors of endovascular management in immature arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis.From April 2007 to September 2017, 54 patients (male:female = 31:23, mean age 65.63 years, range 33-90 years) who underwent endovascular management for the salvage of immature AVF were retrospectively reviewed. Read More

Intractable Rare Dis Res 2018 Aug;7(3):196-199

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne state University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.

Gastrointestinal (GI) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a well-known source of bleeding with colon being the most common site, but they can also occur in rare locations like the esophagus which may present with life threatening bleeding. We report the case of a 51-year-old male with end stage renal disease (ESRD) presenting with hematemesis and acute on chronic anemia. Further investigation showed an esophageal AVM which is an unusual location and it was successfully treated with an endoscopic clip instead of argon plasma coagulation (APC) due to its challenging location and esophageal wall motion from breathing. Read More

Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018 Aug;50(4):722-728

Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.

Congenital renal arteriovenous fistula complicated with multiple renal arteries malformation is rare and hard to diagnose at early stage. Blood loss and complications after embolization are both severe. Some cases can be diagnosed by ultrasound, enhanced CT scan or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2018 Aug;28(8):597-602

Department of General Surgery, Baskent University Adana Teaching and Research Center, Adana, Turkey.

Objective: To compare the early-term patency and complication rates of the end-to-side anastomosis techniques parachute and diamond-shaped techniques in arteriovenous fistulas.

Study Design: Prospective randomised study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of General Surgery, Adana Baskent University Application and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey, between October 2014 and January 2015. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Oct 23;118:265-268. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.

Background: Known facts are that a long period of central catheterization or hemodialysis causes central venous occlusion or stenosis and its further development brings about superior vena cava syndrome. Major symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome include venous congestion caused by the occlusion or stenosis of the central vein in the sites of the head, face, neck, and upper extremity. Clinical manifestations of superior vena cava syndrome are less likely to cause intracranial hypertension, and intracranial venous hypertension does not appear to be a clinical symptom of cavernous sinus-dural arteriovenous fistula. Read More

Vasa 2018 Aug 19;47(5):403-407. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

3 Department of Vascular Surgery, Königin Elisabeth Herzberge Hospital, Berlin, Germany.

Background: In obese patients with end stage renal disease, puncturing matured arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) that run deep under the skin surface may prove difficult. To achieve reliable puncturability, there are several surgical solutions. Superficialization with mobilization is common. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 18;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 18.

First Department of Surgery, Vascular Unit, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Aortocaval fistula (ACF) is a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm, which erodes into the wall of the inferior vena cava, resulting in the formation of a fistula. ACF presents with various inconsistent symptoms and signs. ACF can be a diagnostic dilemma if not suspected and it is lethal if left untreated. Read More

Int J Artif Organs 2018 Nov 12;41(11):714-722. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

6 Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy.

Introduction:: Autogenous arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, but it has high rates of non-maturation and early failure due to vascular stenosis. Convincing evidence supports a key role of local hemodynamics in vascular remodeling, suggesting that unsteady and disturbed flow conditions may be related to stenosis formation in arteriovenous fistula. The purpose of our study was to explore the feasibility of coupling contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics in longitudinal studies to identify the role of local hemodynamic changes over time in inducing vessel wall remodeling in arteriovenous fistula. Read More

J Med Vasc 2018 Jul 24;43(4):267-271. Epub 2018 May 24.

Service de radiologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, CHU Hassan II, université Sidi-Mohammed-Ben-Abdellah, Fès, Maroc.

We report here a case of aorto-cava fistula complicating the rupture of a sub-renal aortic aneurysm into the inferior vena cava, which is a rare complication of aortic abdominal aneurysms with often-fatal outcome. Abdominal computed tomography with multi-planar reconstructions remains the firstline-imaging tool allowing positive diagnosis and preoperative planning. Treatment may be surgical or endovascular. Read More

Radiol Med 2018 Oct 30;123(10):742-752. Epub 2018 May 30.

Radiologia Universitaria, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di Padova - Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, PD, Italy.

Background: Iatrogenic injuries of the renal artery include pseudoaneurysms (PSA) and pseudoaneurysms with arteriovenous fistula (PSA + AVF). They can cause hematuria, anemization and flank pain. Endovascular treatment is recommended due to its effectiveness. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2018 Sep 20;36(9):1716.e5-1716.e7. Epub 2018 May 20.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Gross hematuria is a very common complaint in emergency departments and outpatient clinics. Globally, the incidence of hematuria is 4 per 1000 patients per year. Infection, urolithiasis, and neoplasm are the most common etiologies. Read More

Pediatr Int 2018 Jun 16;60(6):601-602. Epub 2018 May 16.

Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.

J Int Med Res 2018 Jun 24;46(6):2481-2485. Epub 2018 Apr 24.

2 Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

The right internal jugular vein (IJV) is an important access site for hemodialysis catheterization. Venous cannulation failure is usually caused by central venous stenosis and is rarely related to vessel malformation. We herein present a case of failure to place a tunneled hemodialysis catheter into the right IJV. Read More

A A Pract 2018 Jul;11(1):19-21

From the Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts.

A 52-year-old man with end-stage renal disease underwent ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block for revision of an arteriovenous fistula. On postoperative day 2, the patient developed pain and loss of motor function in the surgical extremity. A computed tomography angiogram revealed complete dissection of the axillary artery. Read More

Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018 Mar 31;37(1):94-95. Epub 2018 Mar 31.

Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.

J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 07 6;29(7):952-957. Epub 2018 Apr 6.

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the role of selective renal artery embolization for renal arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) with dilated venous sac.

Materials And Methods: Between 2002 and 2015, 14 patients (7 men and 7 women; mean age, 60 years) with a single renal AVF with dilated venous sac underwent selective renal artery embolization. Three patients presented with gross hematuria, 4 presented with occult blood in urine, and 1 presented with chronic heart failure. Read More

Physiol Res 2018 Jul 12;67(3):401-415. Epub 2018 Mar 12.

Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 4, Czech Republic.

We showed recently that increasing kidney epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by blocking soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme responsible for EETs degradation, retarded the development of renal dysfunction and progression of aorto-caval fistula(ACF)-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats (TGR). In that study the final survival rate of untreated ACF TGR was only 14 % but increased to 41 % after sEH blockade. Here we examined if sEH inhibition added to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade would further enhance protection against ACF-induced CHF in TGR. Read More

Dan Med J 2018 Mar;65(3)

This PhD project is based on a longstanding collaboration between physicists and engineers from the Center of Fast Ultrasound Imaging (CFU) at the Technical University of Denmark and medical doctors from the department of Radiology at Rigshospitalet. The intent of this cooperation is to validate new ultrasonic methods for future clinical use. 
Study I compares two B-mode ultrasound methods: the new experimental technique Synthetic Aperture Sequential Beam-forming combined with Tissue Harmonic Imaging (SASB-THI), and a conventional technique combined with THI. Read More

BJU Int 2018 06 13;121(6):928-934. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.

Objectives: To present our series of patients with penetrating renal trauma treated at two urban major trauma centres and to discuss the contemporary management of such injuries.

Methods: We reviewed prospective urological trauma databases for all patients presenting with penetrating renal trauma between January 2005 and October 2016. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, imaging, management and follow-up data were analysed. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Jan 5;12(1). Epub 2018 Jan 5.

Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.

Background: Renal arteriovenous malformation is an aberrant vascular connection between the renal artery and vein. Acquired renal arteriovenous malformation (arteriovenous fistulae) accounts for approximately 70% of renal arteriovenous abnormalities. Congenital renal arteriovenous malformation, relatively rare, can result in significant hematuria which may require arterial embolization or nephrectomy. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2017 Dec 20;18(1):365. Epub 2017 Dec 20.

Nephrology Department. Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Background: Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is an important technique providing relevant information to guide diagnosis and treatment in renal disease. As an invasive procedure it has complications. Most studies up to date have analysed complications related to bleeding. Read More

Nephrol Nurs J 2017 Sep-Oct;44(5):441-446

Doctor of Medicine and a Doctor of Science, Clinical Hospital Center Pristina/Gracanica, Serbia.

Cannulation technique has the potential to impact arteriovenous fistula (AVF) function. The aim of this research was to determine the impact of cannulation technique on the length of the functioning AVFs in older adult patients on hemodialysis. The study included 110 participants with fistula thrombosis who had used area technique or rope ladder technique. Read More

Nephrol Nurs J 2017 Sep-Oct;44(5):411-425

Clinical Librarian, Health Sciences Library, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the recommended access for most people requiring hemodialysis. Success or failure of cannulation of the AVF greatly impacts the patient's experience. Research suggests that skill development in this area is needed. Read More

Nephrol Nurs J 2017 Sep-Oct;44(5):381-388

Nurse Practitioner, Hemodialysis, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.

There is a lack of consensus in the literature on what constitutes successful arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation outcomes from the patient perspective. The purpose of this study was to describe what successful cannulation means to patients on hemodialysis. A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Read More

Rofo 2018 Apr 20;190(4):359-361. Epub 2017 Nov 20.

Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Germany.

Vasc Endovascular Surg 2018 Jan 12;52(1):61-65. Epub 2017 Nov 12.

3 Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.

Congenital renal artery aneurysm is uncommon. Moreover, renal artery aneurysm concomitant with a congenital renal arteriovenous fistula is extremely rare. Transarterial embolization is the first-line treatment for these conditions. Read More

Vasc Endovascular Surg 2018 Jan 12;52(1):46-51. Epub 2017 Nov 12.

1 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Objectives: Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations (rAVMs) represent rare vascular diseases. The heterogeneous vascular architecture of each rAVM determines the endovascular treatment techniques employed. We reported our experience with the endovascular treatment of a series of rAVMs. Read More

Int Angiol 2018 Feb 10;37(1):59-63. Epub 2017 Nov 10.

Department of Surgery, Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy.

Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate the early and mid-term outcomes of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) in hemodialysis patients with recurrent stenosis of arteriovenous fistula and previously treated with plain balloon angioplasty (PBA).

Methods: Between July 2013 and June 2016 38 hemodialysis patients with recurrent stenosis of arteriovenous fistula underwent endovascular treatment with a DCB at our center. All patients were previously treated at the target lesion with a PBA. Read More

Vascular 2018 Jun 8;26(3):335-337. Epub 2017 Nov 8.

Vascular Institute of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.

Background Dialysis access-associated steal syndrome is a major complication of arteriovenous fistula creation whereby the low-resistance venous conduit shunts arterial inflow through the anastomosis, resulting in clinically significant distal artery insufficiency. Herein, we describe a case of severe steal phenomenon with gangrene of a digit following placement of an arteriovenous fistula that was treated with a novel, entirely endovascular technique. To our knowledge, this was the first totally endovascular approach to dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. Read More

Minerva Cardioangiol 2018 Jun 25;66(3):233-237. Epub 2017 Oct 25.

Department of Surgery, Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy.

Background: To evaluate early and mid-term outcomes of Freeway paclitaxel-releasing balloons (Eurocor GmbH, Bonn, Germany) in hemodialysis patients with recurrent stenosis of arteriovenous fistula.

Methods: Between July 2013 and December 2016 27 hemodialysis patients with recurrent stenosis of arteriovenous fistula underwent endovascular treatment with a Freeway balloon. About inclusion criteria, all patients were previously treated at the target lesion with a standard balloon angioplasty (BA). Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Oct;96(40):e8187

Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transarterial embolization (TAE) for iatrogenic renal arterial pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula at our center.Our retrospective analysis included 27 patients who received TAE for iatrogenic renal arterial pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula between January 2006 and January 2016. Data on demographics, type of minimally invasive renal procedures, clinical manifestation, imaging features, embolization procedure, and perioperative details were collected. Read More

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017 12;18(12):1424

Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Angiol Sosud Khir 2017;23(3):163-166

Department of Vascular Surgery, Municipal Multimodality Hospital No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Presented herein is a clinical case report concerning open surgical treatment of an arteriovenous fistula of the renal artery with a large venous aneurysm in the hilum of the right kidney and a giant cyst of the upper pole in a 28-year-old woman. The intraoperative findings revealed disunion of the arteriovenous fistula, followed by edge-to-edge suturing of the arterial defect. The venous aneurysm in the hilum of the right kidney was dissected and sutured by the edge-to-edge technique, with the additional varicose renal vein ligated. Read More

J Vasc Access 2018 03 19;19(2):214. Epub 2018 Feb 19.

Vascular Access Service, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff - UK.

J Vasc Access 2018 03 19;19(2):215. Epub 2018 Feb 19.

Department of Renal Surgery, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham - UK.

Rev Med Interne 2018 Dec 21;39(12):966-967. Epub 2017 Aug 21.

Service de médecine interne, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France.

Int Urol Nephrol 2017 Nov 21;49(11):1929-1935. Epub 2017 Aug 21.

Urology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Alcalá University, Ctra Colmenar km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.

Objective: To analyze indications, surgical technique, complications and long-term outcomes of kidney autotransplantation (KAT) after 26-year experience at a single institution.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective observational study of patients who underwent KAT at our institution (January 1990-December 2016) was carried out. Data collected included indications, surgical technique, complications (Clavien-Dindo), hospital stay and long-term outcomes. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2017 Aug 21;11(1):243. Epub 2017 Aug 21.

Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.

Background: Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome is a rare syndrome; unfortunately, very few studies of the connection between hypersplenism, nephrotic syndrome, and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome have been published.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 40-year-old white man with a typical clinical presentation of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, including "port-wine stains," varicose veins, hypertrophy of lower extremities, and arteriovenous fistula, as well as an unfortunate development of hypersplenism and nephrotic syndrome.

Conclusions: This case report described considerable atypical relevance of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome and hypersplenism together with nephrotic syndrome. Read More

Clin Radiol 2017 Dec 7;72(12):1053-1059. Epub 2017 Aug 7.

Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address:

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transarterial embolisation (TAE), used to treat congenital renal arteriovenous malformations (CRAVMs).

Materials And Methods: The medical records were searched retrospectively to identify patients who underwent TAE to treat CRAVM from January 2003 to August 2015. Patient demographics, clinical presentations, and imaging findings were reviewed. Read More