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Immunology 2019 Jan;156(1):1-2

Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.

Respiratory immunology poses the dual questions of how to grapple with lung infection as one of the greatest unmet global health needs of our time, while also dealing with the growing challenge posed by chronic diseases of excessive or inappropriate lung inflammation and immunity, such as chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma. These separate branches of pulmonary research are linked by the clear observation that, in a tissue as fragile as the lung, protection from microbial attack may come at the cost of chronic inflammatory damage. A number of recent studies have considered specific aspects of this double-edged sword, including the diversity of responses to fungal exposure, sources and consequences of interleukin-17 immunity, and the role of tertiary lymphoid follicles in the lung. Read More

Cell Physiol Biochem 2018 Dec 6;51(5):2136-2147. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Background/aims: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in carcinogenesis as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. This study explored the biological function of lncRNA gastric adenocarcinoma predictive long intergenic non-coding RNA (GAPLINC) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods: GAPLINC expression in NSCLC specimens and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Read More

Cell Physiol Biochem 2018 Dec 6;51(5):2160-2171. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Background/aims: KRas is usually mutated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mutated KRas gene is a negative prognostic indicator that promotes tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance in NSCLC, and thus has become a target for cancer therapy. This study is focused on the effects of the microRNA (miR)-202/KRas axis in regulating chemosensitivity in NSCLC. Read More

Respiration 2018 Dec 6:1-10. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (IPPFE) is a rare interstitial pneumonia that is characterized by stiffness in both the upper lobes and pleura, which is evident on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest. However, prognostic factors for IPPFE have not been identified yet.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the clinical prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with IPPFE. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 Nov 29;54:42-46. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Department of General Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Mucormycosis is a life threatening fungal infection that occurs in immunocompromised patients.

Presentation Of Case: A 36-year-old Saudi male with known case of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), who was presented with productive cough and diarrhea. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a disseminated fungal invasion of the lungs and spleen with invading the fundus of the stomach. Read More

J Neurol Sci 2018 Nov 17;396:232-234. Epub 2018 Nov 17.

Center for Pulmonary Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Japan. Electronic address:

Thromb Res 2018 Nov 29;173:117-123. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy. Electronic address:

Introduction: The temporal window for the administration of systemic thrombolysis (ST) in acute pulmonary embolism (PE) has not yet been clarified. We assessed the relationship between short-term cardiovascular (CV) mortality and time of ST administration.

Material And Methods: Among 394 consecutive patients admitted between January 2010 and June 2017 with a confirmed PE, we retrospectively review the clinical and instrumental data of those labelled as high-risk PE (n = 76, 41 males, mean aged 64. Read More

Biomed Pharmacother 2018 Dec 3;110:312-318. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address:

Colorectal cancer (CRC), as a prominent cause of cancer-related deaths, has historically been notable worldwide and many attempts have been made to raise the overall survival of CRC patients. Immune response has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields such as cancer therapies and anti-tumor immunity through checkpoint inhibitors, specifically anti PD-1/ PD-L1 interaction, is a new line of research for treatment of CRC patients. Following the successful development of anti-PD-1 for melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer, several clinical trials have been conducted on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PD-1 in CRC. Read More

Environ Int 2018 Dec 3;123:124-131. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy. Electronic address:

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with adverse health outcomes but underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Two randomized crossover trials were used here, the Oxford Street II (London) and the TAPAS II (Barcelona) studies, where volunteers were allocated to high or low air pollution exposures. The two locations represent different exposure scenarios, with Oxford Street characterized by diesel vehicles and Barcelona by normal mixed urban traffic. Read More

Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

Introduction: Pulmonary impairment predicts increased mortality in many settings, and respiratory viral infection (RVI) causes considerable morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (allo-HCT). We hypothesized that pulmonary impairment following respiratory viral infection, defined as a decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second values by ≥10%, may identify allo-HCT recipients at high risk for mortality.

Methods: We studied all allo-HCT recipients at our institution who had RVI with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or influenza from 2004-2013 and had pre-RVI and post-RVI pulmonary function tests. Read More

J Thorac Oncol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.

Introduction: The study objective was to determine the incidence and characteristics of drug-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with an orally available small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib in the real-world clinical setting.

Methods: Post-marketing surveillance was performed in Japan to obtain information on the safety and efficacy of crizotinib. Target patients included all patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received crizotinib, during the enrollment period between May 2012 and December 2014. Read More

J Thorac Oncol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Introduction: Approximately 5% of patients with EGFR-activating mutations acquire EGFR-TKIs resistance through SCLC transformation. However, the reason for the poor outcome and the molecular basis of EGFR-mutant SCLC that has transformed from adenocarcinoma remain unclear.

Methods: In this study, we established 2 EGFR-mutant SCLC cell lines from lung adenocarcinoma patients after failed EGFR-TKI treatment to investigate their molecular basis and potential therapeutic strategies in the hope of improving patient outcome. Read More

J Thorac Oncol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Introduction: Adjuvant gefitinib therapy prolonged disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with resected early-stage epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the ADJUVANT study (CTONG 1104). However, treatment failure patterns after gefitinib therapy are less well characterized.

Methods: Overall, 222 stage N1-N2, EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients received gefitinib or vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VP) treatment. Read More

J Thorac Oncol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) of comorbid patients with pulmonary malignancies is a key issue in considering stereotactic fractionated body radiotherapy (SBRT) indication. This study investigates the early impact of SBRT on QoL.

Methods: 100 patients with pulmonary lesions were treated with SBRT from 02/2011 to 11/2014 within the prospective, monocenter, phase II STRIPE trial. Read More

Int Immunopharmacol 2018 Dec 3;66:336-346. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China. Electronic address:

Acute lung injury (ALI), which is mainly triggered by infection, pneumonia, vasculitis, and sepsis, has no specific and effective therapy except for primary supportive treatment or bedside care. Excessive inflammation caused by innate immune cells is the major characteristic of ALI. Forsythoside B, a phenylethanoside compound, possesses good antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties in vivo and in vitro. Read More

Eur J Pharm Sci 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America. Electronic address:

Reducing the dosing frequency of corticosteroids may increase compliance and increase pulmonary targeting. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a high molecular weight dextran-budesonide conjugate might be suitable for pulmonary slow release of the otherwise fast absorbed budesonide. An array of dextran-spacer-budesonide conjugates was prepared that differed in the molecular weight of dextran (20 kDa or 40 kDa) and the length of the dicarboxylic spacer (succinic, glutaric, and adipic anhydride). Read More

Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Dhule, 425405, India.

Zizyphus jujuba Mill, a famous oriental traditional medicine, has been reported to exhibit diverse activities in biological systems including the respiratory system. However, a little information is available on its antiasthmatic activity. Jujuboside B (JB) is a natural saponin and one of the active constituent of fruits of Zizyphus jujuba. Read More

Anaerobe 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

ABIM Board Certified in Focused Practice in Hospital Medicine (FPHM), Mercy Clinic Hospitalist, Physician Building, 7301 Rogers Ave, Fort Smith, AR, 72903, United States. Electronic address:

Clostridium difficile is the most commonly reported pathogen to cause nosocomial infections in the United States with a high burden affecting morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure. The use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is one of the current standard therapies for recurrent C. difficile infection (CDIr). Read More

Antiviral Res 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan, UT, United States. Electronic address:

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a non-polio enterovirus that affects the respiratory system and can cause serious complications, especially in children and older people with weakened immune systems. As an emerging virus, there are no current antiviral therapies or vaccines available. Our goal was to develop a mouse model of human EV-D68 infection that mimicked the disease observed in humans and could be used for evaluation of experimental therapeutics. Read More

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address:

Pregnant women with epilepsy (PWWE) require continuous anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment to avoid risk to themselves and fetal risks secondary to maternal seizures, resulting in prolonged AED exposure to the developing embryo and fetus. The objectives of this study were to determine whether high-resolution metabolomics is able to link the metabolite profile of PWWE receiving lamotrigine or levetiracetam for seizure control to associated pharmacodynamic (PD) biological responses. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of plasma obtained from 82 PWWE was completed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Read More

Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

University of Michigan, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States ;

Background: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) results in substantial mortality but remains underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Automated ARDS "sniffer" systems, tools that can automatically analyze electronic medical record data, have been developed to improve recognition of ARDS in clinical practice.

Objective: To perform a systematic review examining the evidence underlying automated sniffer systems for ARDS detection. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Rationale: There are controversial reports on applications of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Objective: We hypothesized that lung microenvironment was the main determinant of beneficial versus detrimental effects of MSCs during ARDS.

Methods: Lung proteome was profiled in three models of injury induced by acid instillation and/or mechanical ventilation in mice. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Johns Hopkins University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States ;

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

Rationale: Primary treatment of obstructive sleep apnea can be accompanied by a persistence of excessive sleepiness despite adherence. Furthermore, effectiveness of sleep apnea treatment is limited by poor adherence. Currently available pharmacologic options for the treatment of sleepiness in this population are limited. Read More

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2018 11 30;56(4):379-386. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia No. 3 “Dr. Víctor Manuel Espinoza de los Reyes Sánchez”, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Ciudad de México, México

Background: In severe preeclampsia (SP), pregnancy interruption is the first recommendation. However, some patients receive expectant treatment.

Objetive: To determine maternal and perinatal results of expectant treatment of SP in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a high-specialty hospital. Read More

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2018 11 30;56(4):371-378. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud. Querétaro, Querétaro, México

Background: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a preventable entity, when it develops the patient suffers severe complications, with a high economic impact for the patient and for health services.

Objetive: To determine the cost of medical care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods: Using a cost design, the files of patients with COPD who attended the pulmonology clinic were analyzed. Read More

Acta Ortop Mex 2018 May-Jun;32(3):182-187

Hospital Centro Médico de Occidente. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Guadalajara, Jalisco. México.

The term «vertebral destruction syndrome» comprises pathologies causing structural changes in the spine, mainly in the vertebral body, producing mechanical deformity and neurological involvement. The pathologies found in this definition may be infectious, metabolic or tumoral. Vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease that occurs mainly in adults > 50 years; we speak of spondylodiscitis when the condition affects the disc and vertebral body. Read More

Acta Ortop Mex 2018 May-Jun;32(3):167-171

Departamento de Piel y Partes Blandas del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Ciudad de México, México.

Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma is a variant in which a high grade osteosarcoma coexists with a parosteal osteosarcoma. We report the case of a 20-year-old female patient who presented with six months of evolution of pain and functional limitation of the right forearm, with no apparent cause; radiographs were performed, observing a tumoral lesion in the diaphysis of the right ulna. Physical examination showed pain upon palpation in the diaphysis of the ulna and limitation of prone-supination. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 Dec 3;12:CD012620. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.

Background: Long-acting bronchodilators such as long-acting β-agonist (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), and LABA/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) combinations have been used in people with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to control symptoms such as dyspnoea and cough, and prevent exacerbations. A number of LABA/LAMA combinations are now available for clinical use in COPD. However, it is not clear which group of above mentioned inhalers is most effective or if any specific formulation works better than the others within the same group or class. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0209107. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208495. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Background: Re-biopsy by bronchoscopy is an important part of treatment for patients with relapsed lung cancer; however, some patients refuse to undergo a re-examination due to discomfort during their first bronchoscopy. The aim of the present study was to determine factors causing discomfort during bronchoscopy and to identify the factors that affect patients' reluctance to undergo repeat examinations via a questionnaire administered immediately after the initial bronchoscopy.

Methods And Findings: We evaluated 283 patients who underwent bronchoscopy at Chiba University Hospital between September 2015 and March 2017. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208637. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.

Background: In this study, we assessed the association of SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy) dose and volume with radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk in lung tumor.

Methods: Relevant articles were identified up to April 2018, using following databases; Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled OR (odds ratio) with 95% CI (confidence interval) data [mean ± SD (standard deviation)] obtained from different studies was analyzed by statistical analysis using a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model when appropriate. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208459. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are related to positive clinical prognoses in numerous cancer types. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a mediator of the PD-1 receptor, plays an inhibitory role in cancer immune responses. PD-L1 upregulation can impede infiltrating T-cell functions in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a lung cancer subtype. Read More

PLoS One 2018 6;13(12):e0208171. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder affecting the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and sweat glands. This lethal hereditary disease has known or suspected links to the dysbiosis gut microbiota. High-throughput meta-omics-based approaches may assist in unveiling this complex network of symbiosis modifications. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 Dec 7;67(48):1342-1346. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Exposure to secondhand smoke from burning tobacco products can cause sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory infections, ear infections, and asthma attacks in infants and children, and coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer in adult nonsmokers (1). There is no risk-free level of secondhand smoke exposure (2). CDC analyzed questionnaire and laboratory data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess patterns of secondhand smoke exposure among U. Read More

Acta Med Port 2018 Nov 30;31(11):641-647. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Department of Pathology. Centro Hospitalar São João. Porto. Unit of Pathology and Oncology. Department of Pathology. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade do Porto. Porto. Portugal.

Introduction: Salivary gland tumors include a wide spectrum of histological subtypes and clinical behavior, which we aim to evaluate.

Material And Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all salivary gland tumors diagnosed and treated at the Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, between 2005 and 2015. Histological re- evaluation was performed in all cases and patient files were reviewed and both clinical and follow-up data were collected. Read More

J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Brazil.

Obese adults with asthma are more likely to develop dynamic hyperinflation (DH) and expiratory flow limitation (EFL) than non-obese asthmatics, and weight-loss seems to improve the breathing mechanics during exercise. However, studies evaluating the effect of weight-loss on DH in obese adults with asthma have not been performed.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a weight-loss program on DH in obese adults with asthma. Read More

FASEB J 2018 Dec 6:fj201800981R. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

As mechanisms controlling redox homeostasis become impaired with aging, exaggerated oxidant stress may cause disproportional oxidation of cell membranes and circulating phospholipids (PLs), leading to the formation of truncated oxidized PL products (Tr-OxPLs), which exhibit deleterious effects. This study investigated the role of elevated Tr-OxPLs as a factor exacerbating inflammation and lung barrier dysfunction in an animal model of aging. Mass spectrometry analysis of Tr-OxPL species in young (2-4 mo) and aging (18-24 mo) mice revealed elevated basal levels of several products [1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)- sn-glycero-phosphocholine (POVPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl- sn-glycero-phosphocholine, lysophosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-(9-oxo-nonanoyl)- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, O-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-(5,8-dioxo-8-hydroxy-6-octenoyl)-l-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and others] in the aged lungs. Read More

Environ Sci Technol 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Mushrooms accumulate arsenic (As), yet As concentrations, speciation, and localization in cultivated mushrooms across a large geographic distribution are unknown. We characterized 141 samples of 9 species from markets in 9 capital cities in China, with samples of Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Agaricus bisporus being analyzed for As speciation and localization. Total As concentrations ranged 0. Read More

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2018 11 30;56(4):342-346. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Cardiología, Departamento de Hipertensión Pulmonar y Corazón Derecho. Ciudad de México, México

Background: Peripheral venous blood gases may be useful in subjects with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to evaluate their gas exchange.

Objective: To describe the variability of parameters of arterial and peripheral venous blood gases in subjects with stable obstructive pulmonary disease.

Methods: Cross-sectional design, consecutive subjects were studied in a blinded manner, while arterial and peripheral venous blood was obtained for analysis. Read More

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2018 11 30;56(4):418-423. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, División de Estudios de Posgrado. Ciudad de México, México

Background: Pulmonary embolism is a potentially fatal heart condition that requires prompt restoration of blood flow in the pulmonary vascular bed and prevention of recurrent events. Mortality is associated to the degree of hemodynamic repercussion, complications and opportunity in the treatment.

Case Report: Male 33 years of age who began with sudden dyspnea, chest pain of moderate intensity, sweating and syncope. Read More

Thorac Cancer 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Interventional Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.

Surgery remains the first choice of cure for early stage lung cancer. However, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, and thus miss the opportunity to undergo surgery. As such patients derive limited benefits from chemotherapy or radiotherapy, alternatives focusing on local control have emerged, including iodine-125 seed implantation. Read More