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Diagnostics (Basel) 2022 Jun 15;12(6). Epub 2022 Jun 15.

Anatomic Pathology, Lino Rossi Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.

During the 90 days following hospitalization for acute heart failure, the ejection fraction and type of discharge medications have been shown in clinical trials to have little effect on mortality. We examined the recent literature addressing brain-related etiologies of sudden death following heart failure. Two mechanisms of sudden unexpected death have been suggested to possibly result from four significant influences on pathophysiology in the brain. Read More

BMC Neurol 2022 Jun 17;22(1):222. Epub 2022 Jun 17.

Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a recalcitrant complication that occurs after injury to the central nervous system and has an acute onset and rapid progression. Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory encephalopathy caused by viruses, immune responses, or other factors involving the limbic system. Read More

J ECT 2022 Jun;38(2):e20-e21

Appl Bionics Biomech 2022 6;2022:7596426. Epub 2022 May 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.

Background: The prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is influenced by many factors. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a biological marker of neurological damage. This study aimed to determine the related prognostic factors and whether or not the maximum NSE value (NSE) has a threshold between good and poor prognosis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 May 13. Epub 2022 May 13.

CHU UCL Namur, 82470, cardiovascular, thoracic surgery and lung transplantation, Yvoir, Belgium.

Rationale: Donor brain death-induced lung injury may compromise graft function after transplantation. Establishing strategies to attenuate lung damage remains a challenge because the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain.

Objectives: The effects of tacrolimus pretreatment were evaluated in an experimental model of brain death-induced lung injury. Read More

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022 25;12:873304. Epub 2022 Apr 25.

School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Read More

Pediatr Neurosurg 2022 May 4. Epub 2022 May 4.

Introduction: Takatsubo (Japanese- fishing pot for trapping octopus) cardiomyopathy is a rare phenomenon of acute coronary syndrome presenting usually with presence of transient apical ballooning of the left ventricle in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease1,2,3. It mainly seen in women of older age secondary to emotional , physical or psychological stress1,4,5. In age less than 18 its mainly seen in adolescents suffering from psychiatric disorders and substance abuse6,7. Read More

Respirol Case Rep 2022 May 25;10(5):e0952. Epub 2022 Apr 25.

Education and Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA.

Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure is a rarely described illness likely involving physical disruption of alveolar-capillary interface similar to the mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Based on our review of the English literature, only 11 cases have been reported to date. Recognition of this sparsely reported entity is important for optimal management, including avoidance of medications that have been implicated in causing DAH. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2022 Apr 23. Epub 2022 Apr 23.

Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Background: Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) is characterised by an acute onset cardiac dysfunction following an acute neurological insult which mimics acute coronary syndrome.

Case Details: A 12-year-old male child was admitted to the neuro-intensive care unit (NICU) following midline suboccipital craniotomy and resection of recurrent medulloblastoma. Postoperatively, in NICU, he developed tachycardia and hypotension, which was unresponsive to fluid challenge requiring norepinephrine infusion. Read More

Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2022 Feb;34(2):188-190

Heart Center, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China. Corresponding author: Jiang Suwen, Email:

Objective: To explore the early diagnosis and correct treatment of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) and review the literature.

Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed in six patients diagnosed as NPE who were admitted to the emergency department of Tianjin Third Central Hospital from March 2017 to March 2021.

Results: Six patients had acute onset, presenting severe dyspnea and hypoxemia, and obvious wet rales could be heard in both lungs. Read More

Eur J Neurosci 2022 03 20;55(6):1645-1657. Epub 2022 Mar 20.

Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.

Neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPE) is a life-threatening complication that develops rapidly and dramatically after an injury to the central nervous system (CNS). The autonomic system imbalance produced by severe brain damage may play an important role in the development of NPE. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the vagus nerve system are essential prerequisites for autonomic system imbalance. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2022 Feb 28;15(2). Epub 2022 Feb 28.

Cardiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.

Any insult to the central nervous system can lead to the rare occurrence of neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO). It is usually associated with significant neurological injury (eg, subarachnoid haemorrhage or traumatic brain injury) with a relatively rapid onset. As an exception to this observation, we report a middle-aged woman who developed NPO 72 hours after the onset of a subtle but evolving right middle cerebral artery infarction confirmed on CT. Read More

Acute Crit Care 2022 Feb 11;37(1):35-44. Epub 2022 Feb 11.

Department of Intensive Care, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA.

The brain-lung interaction can seriously affect patients with traumatic brain injury, triggering a vicious cycle that worsens patient prognosis. Although the mechanisms of the interaction are not fully elucidated, several hypotheses, notably the "blast injury" theory or "double hit" model, have been proposed and constitute the basis of its development and progression. The brain and lungs strongly interact via complex pathways from the brain to the lungs but also from the lungs to the brain. Read More

J Thorac Dis 2021 Nov;13(11):6536-6549

Department of Surgery, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Transplantation of any organ into a recipient requires a donor. Lung transplant has a long history of an inadequate number of suitable donors to meet demand, leading to deaths on the waiting list annually since national data was collected, and strict listing criteria. Before the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA), passed in 1980, legally defined brain death in the U. Read More

Egypt J Neurosurg 2021 15;36(1):27. Epub 2021 Nov 15.

Medical and Surgical Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a condition that carries high rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability around the world. One of its complications is neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), which is mainly caused by sympathetic hyperactivity. Due to the complexity of the pathophysiological process and the unspecificity of the clinical presentation, it is little known by general practitioners, medical students and other health care workers not directly related to the neurological part, making the management of this chaotic condition difficult. Read More

Eur Heart J Case Rep 2021 Nov 28;5(11):ytab425. Epub 2021 Oct 28.

IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Neurology Department & Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna 40133, Italy.

Background: Neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO) and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy are rare complications of ischaemic stroke. They are considered to be due to an excess catecholamine release after sympathetic nervous stimulation following stroke onset. Among the different types of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, apical ballooning is recognized as the typical form, but three atypical patterns have been described (midventricular, basal, and focal) which are more commonly observed in patients with neurological disorders. Read More

Neurosci Lett 2022 01 29;770:136377. Epub 2021 Nov 29.

Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address:

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a polymodal, non-selective cation channel that detects thermal, mechanical, and environmental cues and contributes to a range of diverse physiological processes. The effects of chronic TRPV4 stimulation and gain-of-function genetic mutations suggest that TRPV4 may also be a valuable therapeutic target for pathophysiological events including neurogenic inflammation, peripheral neuropathies, and impaired wound healing. There has been significant interest in defining how and where TRPV4 may promote inflammation and pain. Read More

Am J Med 2022 03 15;135(3):e71-e72. Epub 2021 Nov 15.

Division of General Medicine,Itabashi Chuo Medical Center,Tokyo, Japan.

Lung 2021 12 15;199(6):603-610. Epub 2021 Nov 15.

Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.

Objectives: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with increased mortality. Information on the prevalence of ARDS and its neurological outcome after TBI is sparse. We aimed to systematically review the prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of ARDS in TBI population. Read More

Crit Care 2021 10 13;25(1):358. Epub 2021 Oct 13.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

During the last decade, experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that isolated acute brain injury (ABI) may cause severe dysfunction of peripheral extracranial organs and systems. Of all potential target organs and systems, the lung appears to be the most vulnerable to damage after brain injury (BI). The pathophysiology of these brain-lung interactions are complex and involve neurogenic pulmonary oedema, inflammation, neurodegeneration, neurotransmitters, immune suppression and dysfunction of the autonomic system. Read More

Int J Cardiol 2021 11 21;343:105. Epub 2021 Sep 21.

Anatomic Pathology, Lino Rossi Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy. Electronic address:

J Neurochem 2022 01 9;160(1):34-50. Epub 2021 Oct 9.

Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening condition, and although its two main complications-cerebral vasospasm (CVS)/delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and early brain injury (EBI)-have been widely studied, prognosis has not improved over time. The sympathetic nerve (SN) system is important for the regulation of cardiovascular function and is closely associated with cerebral vessels and the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function; thus, excessive SN activation leads to a rapid breakdown of homeostasis in the brain. In the hyperacute phase, patients with SAH can experience possibly lethal conditions that are thought to be associated with SN activation (catecholamine surge)-related arrhythmia, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and irreversible injury to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Read More

AACN Adv Crit Care 2021 Sep;32(3):275-282

Donna Lynch-Smith is Associate Professor, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.

Neurogenic stunned myocardium is a form of stress cardiomyopathy. The disorder is sometimes referred to as atypical Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of neurogenic stunned myocardium is hypothesized to involve significant overdrive of the sympathetic nervous system after a brain injury. Read More

Front Microbiol 2021 18;12:663019. Epub 2021 Jun 18.

Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

The outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) have emerged as an emergency of global health due to its association with fatal encephalitis and subsequent neurogenic pulmonary edema; however, the molecular characteristics and pathological features underlying EV71-associated encephalitis and pulmonary edema remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of fresh brain and lung tissues from EV71-infected mice at 7 days post infection. We detected a perturbed expression of 148 proteins in the brain and 78 proteins in the lung after EV71 expression. Read More

Transl Stroke Res 2022 02 14;13(1):112-131. Epub 2021 Apr 14.

Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310000, China.

Neuroinflammation is closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are important regulators of sterile inflammation, in SAH. In this study, markers of NET formation, quantified by the level of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), were significantly increased after SAH and correlated with SAH severity. Read More

Saudi J Anaesth 2021 Jan-Mar;15(1):43-45. Epub 2021 Jan 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.

We present a case of severe neurogenic pulmonary edema and arrhythmia complicating management of a 7-year-old child with acute epidural hematoma and impending cerebral herniation. The underlying mechanisms for this are discussed as well as management of severe neurogenic pulmonary edema. We emphasize the need to recognize this rare complication early and institute prompt aggressive management. Read More

Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021 Sep 1;37(Suppl 3):425-432. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY USA.

The number of lungs available for lung transplantation is far lower than the number of patients awaiting them. Consequently, there is a significant attrition rate while awaiting transplantation. Lung procurement rates are lower than those of other solid organs. Read More

Toxicology 2021 02 20;450:152682. Epub 2021 Jan 20.

Covestro Deutschland AG, Global Phosgene Steering Group, 51365, Leverkusen, Germany; Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany(1). Electronic address:

Phosgene (carbonyl dichloride) gas is an indispensable high-production-volume chemical intermediate used worldwide in numerous industrial processes. Published evidence of human exposures due to accidents and warfare (World War I) has been reported; however, these reports often lack specificity because of the uncharacterized exposure intensities of phosgene and/or related irritants. These may include liquid or solid congeners of phosgene, including di- and triphosgene and/or the respiratory tract irritant chlorine which are often collectively reported under the umbrella of phosgene exposure without any appreciation of their differences in causing acute lung injury (ALI). Read More

Clin Case Rep 2020 Dec 4;8(12):3559-3560. Epub 2020 Aug 4.

Department of Respiratory Medicine Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital Yokkaichi-shi Japan.

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that is caused by an acute central nervous system injury and usually develops rapidly after an injury. Although several episodes of NPE resolve spontaneously, the condition may cause unexpected death among patients with epilepsy. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2021 Jan 15;61(1):29-32. Epub 2020 Dec 15.

Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School Hospital.

A 79-year-old woman developed consciousness disturbance, left eye deviation, right hemiplegia and aphasia with hypoxemia. Chest X-ray showed bilateral pulmonary edema. MRI revealed the left internal carotid artery occlusion and entire left middle cerebral artery infarct including insular cortex. Read More