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Clin Transplant 2019 Apr 19:e13564. Epub 2019 Apr 19.

Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.

These updated guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice address the prevention and management of Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is among the most common hospital acquired infections. In SOT recipients the incidence of CDI varies by type and number or organs transplanted. Read More

Sci Rep 2019 Apr 3;9(1):5554. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

Glaxo Smith Kline Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy.

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile modulates its transition from a motile to a sessile lifestyle through a mechanism of riboswitches regulated by cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Apr 2. Epub 2019 Apr 2.

Medical Intensive Care Unit, La Source Hospital, CHR Orléans, 14, Hospital Bd, 45100, Orléans, France.

To investigate the predictors and burden of hospital readmission with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) in a large European healthcare system with a low prevalence of hyper-virulent C. difficile clones. We conducted an inception cohort study based on an exhaustive health insurance database and including all survivors of a first hospital stay with CDI over a one-year period (2015) in France. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Mar;98(13):e15004

Department of Pharmacy.

Rationale: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) remains a persistent challenge, with substantially increased incidence and severity. The rising burden of CDAD requires urgent identification of preventable risk factors.

Patients Concerns: A 77-year-old man with the symptoms of abdominal pain and watery diarrhea was readmitted to the hospital, who received cephalosporins and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) during the initial hospitalization for 12 days until discharge. Read More

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019 19;7:2050313X19838442. Epub 2019 Mar 19.

Clinic of Gastroenterology, Adana City Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey.

The infection-related disease varies from mild diarrhoea to pseudomembranouscolitis. Although infection is commonly considered to be a hospital-acquired infection, a significant number of cases are community acquired. Community-acquired infection can exhibit itself as ileus or toxic megacolon. Read More

World J Emerg Surg 2019;14. Epub 2019 Feb 28.

74Emergency Surgery Department, Maggiore Parma Hospital, Parma, Italy.

In the last three decades, infection (CDI) has increased in incidence and severity in many countries worldwide. The increase in CDI incidence has been particularly apparent among surgical patients. Therefore, prevention of CDI and optimization of management in the surgical patient are paramount. Read More

J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019 Mar 5;17:23-24. Epub 2019 Mar 5.

College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.

Objectives: Bacillus cereus is associated with a variety of human diseases such as haematological malignancies, tetanus, gas gangrene, food poisoning and pseudomembranous colitis. Our team found and isolated a strain, named B. cereus S66, from radiation-contaminated soil in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Read More

Clin Ter 2019 Jan-Feb;170(1):e41-e47

Section of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), School of Medicine, University of Bari " Aldo Moro", Bari - UOC Microbiology and Virology, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico of Bari, Bari.

Clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. The main virulence factors of C. difficile are the toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). Read More

Clin Microbiol Infect 2019 Feb 14. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Infection Control & Prevention Unit, Sheba Medical Centre, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Objectives: The role of asymptomatic carriers in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) epidemiology is not fully understood. Our aim was to evaluate CD carriage prevalence on admission, associated risk factors, and the risk of developing CDI.

Methods: A 10-week surveillance program for CD carriage of all medical patients admitted to the Sheba Medical Centre was implemented, utilizing an admission rectal swab PCR. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2019 Feb 11;19(1):133. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Focused Research Unit in Emergency Medicine, Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.

Background: Infectious gastroenteritis is common in the emergency department (ED). Patients infected with either Norovirus or toxigenic Clostridium difficile require special isolation procedures. The aims were to describe the aetiology of infectious gastroenteritis in the ED, evaluate whether current isolation procedures, based on clinical judgement are sufficient, and to identify information that might be used to identify patients requiring isolation. Read More

J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019 Jan 28. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Dept of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address:

Objectives: Clostridium difficile is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). The accumulation of antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile strains can drive Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) epidemiology. Read More

Iran J Microbiol 2018 Oct;10(5):287-293

Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Background And Objectives: is responsible for 15-25% of nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) cases and all cases of pseudomembranous colitis. has two major virulence factors, toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of strains in patients with diarrhea in Babol' hospitals with toxigenic culture and PCR assay. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Jan;98(3):e14150

Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine.

Rationale: Dapagliflozin (a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 [SGLT2] inhibitor) represents the most recently approved class of oral medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin lowers plasma glucose concentration by inhibiting the renal reuptake of glucose in the proximal renal tubules. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration released a warning concerning a potential increased risk of ketoacidosis in patients taking this medication. Read More

Acute Med Surg 2019 Jan 24;6(1):78-82. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine National Defense Medical College Saitama Japan.

Case: We describe a rare case of antibiotic-associated fulminant pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by . A 79-year-old man with a history of antibiotic therapy was admitted to our emergency department, complaining of consciousness disturbance. Initially, we suspected septic shock and diabetic ketoacidosis caused by intestinal infection. Read More

Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol Winter 2018;67(3):104-109

Aim: Using a prospective analysis to assess the success of faecal bacteriotherapy (FBT) in antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile. To analyse whether any of the factors according to which the treated patients can be categorized has a statistically significant effect on the therapeutic outcome.

Materials And Methods: During the 2-year study period (2015-2016), 71 patients received FBT. Read More

Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018 Oct 11;204:52-58. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA. Electronic address:

Aims: To assess the production level of interleukin (IL)-10 inClostridium perfringens (CP)-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and CP-infected chickens using an antigen capture ELISA developed by mouse monoclonal antibodies against chicken IL-10. Also, to investigate which CP toxins induced IL-10 in chicken IECs stimulated with CP.

Methods And Results: Chicken IECs were stimulated with CP toxin in the absence or presence of antibodies (α-toxin or NetB) for 18 h. Read More

FASEB J 2019 Apr 28;33(4):4883-4892. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Institut für Experimentelle and Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and.

Clostridium difficile is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. Its 2 major toxins, toxins A and B, enter host cells and inactivate GTPases of the Ras homologue/rat sarcoma family by glucosylation. Pore formation of the toxins in the endosomal membrane enables the translocation of their glucosyltransferase domain into the cytosol, and membrane cholesterol is crucial for this process. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Dec 18;11(1). Epub 2018 Dec 18.

Department of Aviation Medicine, Evans US Army Hospital, Fort Carson, Colorado, USA.

Subacutethyroiditis is a self-limited inflammatory condition commonly of viral aetiology, that manifests through phases of thyroid hormone changes over a 6-8 month period. A 24-year-old active duty military man, undergoing treatment for recurrent infection, presented for clinical evaluation and was found to have a thyroid stimulating hormone level of 0.003 mg/dL. Read More

Soins Gerontol 2018 Jul - Aug;23(132):15-16

Service de médecine gériatrique, Hupifo, site Ambroise-Paré (AP-HP), 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

In view of its high frequency and its consequences which can be dramatic for patients, it is necessary to know how to identify Clostridium difficile infection. The high risk of an epidemic means it is especially important to know how to treat it, in terms of the hygiene and isolation rules, as well as which medication to use. Read More

Nat Commun 2018 11 19;9(1):4846. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients. C. difficile enterotoxins TcdA and TcdB promote this inflammatory condition via a cytotoxic response on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Nov 8;2018. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.

A 16-year-old Hispanic man was transferred to our level I paediatric trauma centre with pancreatitis. Ten days prior, he had sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen requiring an exploratory laparotomy for repair of a traumatic left diaphragmatic injury. Additional injuries included gastric, renal, liver and pancreatic lacerations as well as a T12 burst fracture that resulted in paraplegia. Read More

Am J Med Sci 2018 Nov 5;356(5):424-432. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama. Electronic address:

The use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was first described in China in the 4th century by Ge Hong when "yellow soup," a fecal slurry, was administered for the treatment of severe food poisoning and diarrhea, a practice that continued for centuries. Bedouin groups also consumed stools of their camels as a remedy for dysentery. FMT was also applied in veterinary medicine in Europe in the 16th century. Read More

Biomol NMR Assign 2019 04 28;13(1):91-95. Epub 2018 Oct 28.

Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, toxin-producing, anaerobic bacterium whose virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenesis require further investigation. C. difficile infections (CDI) result in the severe and potentially fatal gastrointestinal diseases pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon following extensive broad spectrum antibiotic treatment. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2019 Jan 22;14(1):75-78. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Neurotoxicity is a rare side effect of metronidazole therapy. Shown here are findings of metronidazole toxicity in a patient, who received chronic metronidazole as prophylaxis for pseudomembranous colitis following bowel resection as an infant. Findings depicted include increased T2 signal in the dentate nuclei and brainstem. Read More

Dig Dis Sci 2019 02 25;64(2):382-390. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, ACTRI 1W501, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Background And Aims: Gastrointestinal pathogen panels (GPPs) are increasingly being used for evaluation of diarrhea. The impact of these tests on patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown. We performed a time-interrupted cohort study comparing GPPs and conventional stool evaluation in patients with IBD with diarrhea. Read More

World J Emerg Surg 2018 15;13:47. Epub 2018 Oct 15.

2Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, 17666 United Arab Emirates.

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) by non-radiologists has dramatically increased. POCUS is completely different from the routine radiological studies. POCUS is a Physiological, On spot, extension of the Clinical examination, that is Unique, and Safe. Read More

BMC Cancer 2018 Oct 12;18(1):975. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

Departments of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Habikino Medical Center, 3-7-1 Habikino, Habikino City, Osaka, 583-8588, Japan.

Background: In our previous study, colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) tolerated concurrent anti-cancer chemotherapy (anti-CCT) and anti-MTB chemotherapy. In this study, we retrospectively confirmed the efficacy and safety of concurrent chemotherapy in a greater number of patients with different types of malignancies.

Methods: We enrolled 30 patients who were treated concurrently with anti-CCT and anti-MTB regimens between January 2006 and February 2016. Read More

J Med Microbiol 2018 Dec 11;67(12):1689-1697. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

1​Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA.

Purpose: Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic spore-forming bacterial pathogen that causes a spectrum of illness severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile infection (CDI) is antibiotic-associated and primarily mediated by two exotoxins, Toxins A and B. Read More

Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2018 Dec 6;1865(12):1945-1958. Epub 2018 Oct 6.

Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes nosocomial/antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, with dramatic incidence/mortality worldwide. C. difficile virulence factors are toxin A and toxin B (TcdB) which cause cytopathic/cytotoxic effects and inflammation. Read More

BMC Anesthesiol 2018 09 27;18(1):133. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.

Background: Clostridium difficile (CD) is the most common pathogen causing nosocomial diarrhea. The clinical presentation ranges from mild diarrhea to severe complications, including pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. When the disease takes a fulminant course, death ensues rapidly in severe and complex cases. Read More

Gastroenterology 2019 03 18;156(4):883-884. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Presence Saint Francis Hospital, Evanston, Illinois.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Dec 20;37(12):2355-2359. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

The clinical significance of indeterminate (PCR+/Tox-) results for patients tested with a two-step algorithm for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation and 8-week outcomes of patients with indeterminate test results. Patients with stool samples testing positive by PCR and negative by toxin A/B immunoassay between February 1, 2017, and April 30, 2018, were assessed by antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) clinicians and classified as colonized or infected. Read More

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018 Oct 14;31(5):411-418. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Emilio Bouza Santiago, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, C/ Dr. Esquerdo, 46,28007 Madrid, Spain.

Objective: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (R-CDI). Despite its excellent efficacy, it is still not a routine procedure in most European centers. FMT has not been widely used in Spain to date. Read More

J Urol 2019 02;201(2):342-349

Purpose: The development of Clostridium difficile infection after cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We implemented a prospective screening program to identify asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile and assessed its impact on clinical C. Read More

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018 Oct 13;31(5):419-426. Epub 2018 Sep 13.

Jesús Ruiz. Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe. Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell nº106. 46026. Valencia. Spain.

Objective: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASP) have proven to be effective tools for reducing the use of antimicrobials. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of an ASP implantation in a medical Ward.

Methods: Prospective intervention study in a medical ward with a heterogeneous composition. Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Dec 3;37(12):2293-2299. Epub 2018 Sep 3.

Service de Biologie, Unité de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France.

Our aim was to study Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in peripartum women in France and compare them to cases published in the literature. We characterize these infections regarding clinico-biological features and specific risk factors in order to raise awareness for obstetricians and midwifes. Eight antepartum and six post-partum CDI cases were retrospectively studied in 6 French centers during the period between 2008 and 2013. Read More

Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2018 Aug 28;6(3):157-166. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

General Surgery Department, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.

is a major cause of hospital-associated diarrhoea, and in severe cases leads to pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. The frequency of infection (CDI) has increased in recent decades, with 453 000 cases identified in 2011 in the USA. This is related to antibiotic-selection pressure, disruption of normal host intestinal microbiota and emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Read More

Lett Appl Microbiol 2018 Nov 19;67(5):513-519. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Mice in buildings are a hygiene hazard because they harbour several zoonoses and animal diseases. The aim of this study was to gather information on specific bacteria in house mice caught in the urban environment. Mice caught in snap traps during pest control activities were collected in and around the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands, during May-June 2014, October-November 2015 and September-November 2016. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 7;9:1843. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany.

infections (CDI) are considered worldwide as emerging health threat. Uptake of spores may result in asymptomatic carrier status or lead to CDI that could range from mild diarrhea, eventually developing into pseudomembranous colitis up to a toxic megacolon that often results in high mortality. Most epidemiological studies to date have been performed in middle- and high income countries. Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Nov 17;37(11):2123-2130. Epub 2018 Aug 17.

Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) produces a variety of clinical presentations ranging from mild diarrhea to severe infection with fulminant colitis, septic shock, and death. CDI puts a heavy burden on healthcare systems due to increased morbidity and mortality, and higher costs. We evaluated the clinical impact of CDI in terms of complications and mortality in a French university hospital compared with patients with diarrhea unrelated to CDI. Read More

Cureus 2018 Jun 11;10(6):e2778. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Department of Gastroenterology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to possess a significant disease burden in the United States (US) as well as all over the world. Given the increase in severity and recurrence rate, the decrease in cure rate, and the fact that the virulent ribotype 027 strain remains one of the most commonly identified strains in the US, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) published a clinical practice guideline in February 2018 moving away from metronidazole as the first-line treatment for initial CDI and recommending either oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical data available comparing the efficacy of primary treatment of CDI between those two antibiotics. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 31;9:1701. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

is recognized as a problematic pathogen, causing severe enteric diseases including antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The emergence of antibiotic resistant has driven a search for alternative anti-infection modalities. A promising strategy for controlling bacterial infection includes the use of bacteriophages and their gene products. Read More

Am J Transplant 2019 Feb 31;19(2):501-511. Epub 2018 Aug 31.

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is recommended for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) treatment; however, use in solid organ transplantation (SOT) patients has theoretical safety concerns. This multicenter, retrospective study evaluated FMT safety, effectiveness, and risk factors for failure in SOT patients. Primary cure and overall cure were defined as resolution of diarrhea or negative C difficile stool test after a single FMT or after subsequent FMT(s) ± anti-CDI antibiotics, respectively. Read More

Curr Microbiol 2018 Aug 6. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141, Stockholm, Sweden.

Clostridium difficile is normally present in low numbers in a healthy adult gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Drastic changes in the microbial population, e.g. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 26;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 26.

General Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.

PLoS One 2018 26;13(7):e0201539. Epub 2018 Jul 26.

School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) caused by ribotype 002 strain is associated with poor outcomes in Chinese patients. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective but costly treatment for CDI. We aimed to examine potential cost-effectiveness of ribotype-guided FMT in Chinese patients with severe CDI. Read More

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Nov 19;92(3):250-252. Epub 2018 Jun 19.

School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; Antibiotic Development, Boulos & Cooper Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA, Australia. Electronic address:

Antibiotic drug development remains a major challenge with few candidates in clinical development. Ramizol, a first-in-class styrylbenzene antibiotic, is under development for the treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease. Here, we investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of Ramizol in comparison to fidaxomicin, vancomycin and metronidazole against 100 clinical isolates of C. Read More

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2018 May-Aug;12(2):277-285. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare event in surgery. It looks like acute appendicitis and it is difficult to diagnose it on clinical grounds alone. The diagnosis is always confirmed by histopathology of a surgically removed appendix. Read More

Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2018 Jul 11. Epub 2018 Jul 11.

Klinik für Innere Medizin IV (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Interdisziplinäre Endoskopie), Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are encountered in about 1-2% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and pose a special challenge to those who provide care. Only little data regarding severity and management of CDI in ICU patients in Europe are available. Extrapolation of results from one patient population to another is often difficult. Read More

Front Microbiol 2018 18;9:1264. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

is well known as an agent responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The hamster model utilizing an oral route for infection of has been considered to be the standard model for analysis of infection (CDI) but this model exhibits differences to human CDI, most notably as most hamsters die without exhibiting diarrhea. Therefore, we attempted to develop a new non-lethal and diarrheal rat CDI model caused by endogenous using metronidazole (MNZ) and egg white. Read More