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JAAD Case Rep 2021 Apr 3;10:28-30. Epub 2021 Feb 3.

Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

J Cutan Med Surg 2021 Mar 3:1203475421995717. Epub 2021 Mar 3.

26634 Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary.

Thyroid Res 2021 Mar 1;14(1). Epub 2021 Mar 1.

Department of Endocrinology, Addis Ababa University, College of health sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Pretibial myxedema also known as localized myxedema, thyroid dermopathy, or infiltrative dermopathy and rarely as localized mucinosis is an infrequent manifestation of Graves' disease. It can appear before, during, or after the thyrotoxic state. Euthyroid pretibial myxedema is a rare presentation with few case reports in the literature. Read More

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2021 Jan 1;14(1):21-23. Epub 2021 Jan 1.

Mr. Ansah-Addo is with the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York, New York.

Pretibial myxedema (PM) is a rare extrathyroid condition seen in about 0.5 to 4.3 percent of individuals with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, often presenting with associated thyroid orbitopathy. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2021 Feb 10;8:16-18. Epub 2020 Dec 10.

Department of Dermatology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

JAAD Case Rep 2020 Dec 15;6(12):1281-1282. Epub 2020 Sep 15.

Department of Dermatology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.

J Clin Med Res 2020 Nov 3;12(11):711-723. Epub 2020 Nov 3.

Department of Health Checkup Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.

Background: Pretibial myxedema (PTM) is a local mucinous dermopathy associated with thyroid diseases. Since the etiology of PTM is unclear, the aim of this study is to identify the risk factors for PTM and their etiological roles in PTM occurrence.

Methods: A large-scale case-control study (n = 1,200) was performed to identify risk factors for PTM by calculating odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidential intervals. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2020 Sep;29(3):157-159

Department of Dermatovenerology, Ljubljana Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Pretibial pruritic papular dermatitis (PPPD) is a clinical entity first described in 2006. The etiology is uncertain; however, gentle chronic rubbing is likely to be the reason for the skin reaction. Pretibial pruritic lesions may reflect many different systemic diseases and dermatoses. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2020 Sep 26;6(9):810-811. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

MetroHealth Medical System, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Ann Surg 2021 May;273(5):e181-e182

Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.

Objective: To identify the difference in presentation, time to treatment, and outcomes between hyperthyroid adults and children referred to surgical evaluation.

Background: There is little data on differences in presenting symptoms, time to treatment, and outcomes between adults and children presenting for thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients with hyperthyroidism referred for thyroidectomy between January 2016 and April 2017. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2020 Aug 6;21:e923342. Epub 2020 Aug 6.

Breast and Endocrine Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and it is considered the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by particular eye manifestations, skin changes, and pretibial myxedema in addition to the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease can be diagnosed based on clinical presentation and low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and elevated free T4 (FT4) levels. Read More

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020 May-Jun;34(3):1085-1090

DDepartment of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 07 2;6(1):52. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany.

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women of reproductive age. Graves' hyperthyroidism is caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that act as agonists and induce excessive thyroid hormone secretion, releasing the thyroid gland from pituitary control. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2021 Jan 2;60(1):e24-e25. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.

An Bras Dermatol 2020 Jul - Aug;95(4):469-472. Epub 2019 Nov 25.

Graduate and Post-Graduate Program in Dermatology, Faculdade Suprema, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.

Localized pretibial myxedema is a dermopathy whose treatment is a challenge in dermatology, occurring in 0.5-4% of patients with Graves' disease. This autoimmune thyroid condition stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans that are deposited particularly in the pretibial region. Read More

Eur Thyroid J 2020 Jan 14;9(1):55-56. Epub 2019 Nov 14.

Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 01 4;34(1):101388. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address:

Graves' disease (GD) is characterized by thyrotoxicosis, caused by the presence of circulating thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb), that are determinant also in the pathogenesis of its extrathyroidal manifestations [Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), pretibial myxedema]. T helper (Th)1 immune response prevails in the immune-pathogenesis of GD and GO, during the active phase, when Th1 chemokines, and their (C-X-C)R3 receptor, play a key role. In GD, the existing treatments are not ideal for hyperthyroidism (long-term remission with anti-thyroid-drugs only in 50% of patients; while radioiodine and surgery cause hypothyroidism). Read More

Eur Thyroid J 2019 Oct 11;8(5):278-282. Epub 2019 Jun 11.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Background: The pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease (GD) is not fully clarified. According to the most common hypothesis, they would reflect an autoimmune reaction against antigens constitutively expressed by the thyroid and by the extrathyroidal affected tissues. According to another hypothesis, the so-called Kriss' hypothesis, soluble autoantigens released from the thyroid would reach the affected tissues, where they would become the target of the immune system. Read More

Cutis 2019 Sep;104(3):E1-E3

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.

Lancet 2019 Oct;394(10206):1364

Department of Internal Medicine, OLVG East, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Br J Dermatol 2019 11 24;181(5):e117. Epub 2019 Jul 24.

Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China.

Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 2019 06 30;65(2):134-138. Epub 2019 Jun 30.

Moscow Scientific and Practical Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology.

Pretibial myxedema (PTM) or thyroid dermopathy is a rare extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. The condition is accompanied by mucinous skin changes, mainly in the anterior tibial surface. Severe forms may lead to lymphatic congestion and disability. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2019 Mar-Apr;10(2):162-164

Department of Skin and STD, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Mawdiangdiang, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.

Localized myxedema is most commonly described in patients with hyperthyroidism, especially Graves' disease. Although pretibial myxedema generally appears as indurated plaques on the shins, it has also been rarely reported in other areas such as the face, shoulders, arms, and abdomen. We report a rare case of preradial myxedema in a hyperthyroid patient who was taking thyroxine post thyroidectomy for goiter. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2019 Feb 15;25(2). Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York.

Pretibial myxedema or thyroid dermopathy constitutes dermal deposition of mucin, primarily hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. It is a manifestation of autoimmune thyroiditis, seen more in Graves disease than in Hashimoto thyroiditis. The time delay from treatment of hyperthyroidism to appearance of localized myxedema varies from one month to 16 years (mean 5. Read More

Thyroid 2019 05 8;29(5):692-699. Epub 2019 Apr 8.

1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Severe pretibial myxedema (PTM) can be difficult to manage, highlighting the need to investigate newer therapies. Rituximab (RTX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been tried in Graves' orbitopathy. Since PTM and orbitopathy share a similar underlying pathophysiology, this study aimed to explore these therapies for progressive PTM. Read More

Aten Primaria 2019 12 4;51(10):654-655. Epub 2019 Mar 4.

Departamento de Dermatología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España.

Dermatol Ther 2019 05 4;32(3):e12854. Epub 2019 Mar 4.

Department of Dermatology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.

Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are therapeutic products, comprising polyclonal IgGs, which are obtained from human plasma pool of healthy blood donors. Despite the lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, the experience of using IVIG in various dermatological diseases increases day by day and exciting results are reported. However, experience with the use of IVIG in dermatological indications are mostly case reports whereas randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicentric studies have not been performed. Read More

World J Clin Cases 2018 Nov;6(14):854-861

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China.

Pretibial myxedema (PTM), an uncommon manifestation of Graves' disease (GD), is a local autoimmune reaction in the cutaneous tissue. The treatment of PTM is a clinical challenge. We herein report on a patient with PTM who achieved complete remission by multipoint subcutaneous injections of a long-acting glucocorticoid and topical glucocorticoid ointment application for a self-controlled study. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2019 05 15;152(9):375. Epub 2018 Oct 15.

Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España.

JAAD Case Rep 2018 Oct 3;4(9):874-876. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.