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Eur J Intern Med 2022 Apr 10;98:109-110. Epub 2022 Jan 10.

Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021 22;11:739707. Epub 2021 Dec 22.

The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Graves' disease (GD) is a clinical syndrome with an enlarged and overactive thyroid gland, an accelerated heart rate, Graves' orbitopathy (GO), and pretibial myxedema (PTM). GO is the most common extrathyroidal complication of GD. GD/GO has a significant negative impact on the quality of life. Read More

J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2021 10;36(2):216-219. Epub 2021 Aug 10.

Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital.

We present a 61-year-old Chinese female who had a history of angioinvasive follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) treated with total thyroidectomy 16 years ago, without radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment who now presents with pretibial myxedema (PTM) followed by active severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) requiring pulse steroids and radiotherapy. Read More

Cureus 2021 Sep 27;13(9):e18327. Epub 2021 Sep 27.

Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA.

Endocrine disorders are known to involve all organ systems of the body, including the skin. The cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders can range from common findings such as acanthosis nigricans, pretibial myxedema, acne, hirsutism, hyper or hypopigmentation to rare cutaneous findings such as miliaria rubra, calciphylaxis, lentigines, and calcinosis cutis. These cutaneous symptoms can sometimes be the presenting symptoms or can even be pathognomonic of the underlying endocrine condition. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2021 Oct 1;16:134-136. Epub 2021 Sep 1.

Baton Rouge General, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Clin Dermatol 2021 Mar-Apr;39(2):229-232. Epub 2020 Oct 16.

Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.

Cutaneous dermal mucinoses are a group of conditions characterized by abnormal deposition of mucin (hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans) in the dermis. They can be classified either as localized or generalized forms and occur primarily or secondarily to systemic disorders. Obesity-associated lymphedematous mucinosis and pretibial stasis mucinosis are uncommon and relatively newly recognized disorders occurring in obese patients or in patients with venous insufficiency. Read More

Dermatopathology (Basel) 2021 Jun 6;8(2):185-189. Epub 2021 Jun 6.

Departments of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

A 64-year old male presented with a several-year history of an insidious-onset tender, itchy and xerotic rash on his lower legs. Past medical history was significant for Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy. The examination revealed peau d'orange-appearing plaques on his shins clinically consistent with pretibial myxedema. Read More

Case Rep Endocrinol 2021 22;2021:6669653. Epub 2021 May 22.

Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by thyroid antibodies and the following clinical manifestations: goiter, ophthalmopathy, and pretibial myxedema. On the other hand, Henoch-Schönlein purpura is an IgA-mediated small-vessel vasculitis. Review of the literature showed a relationship between propylthiouracil overdose and the following Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis) as a side effect. Read More

Gene 2021 Aug 30;793:145750. Epub 2021 May 30.

School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China. Electronic address:

Objective: Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease manifesting with diffuse symmetric thyroid gland enlargement, pretibial myxedema, and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Recently, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been linked to various autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to GD and GO in the Southwest Chinese Han population. Read More

Exp Dermatol 2021 12 11;30(12):1820-1824. Epub 2021 Jun 11.

Department of Dermatology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Pretibial myxedema (PTM), characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in dermis is an autoimmune skin disorder, which is almost always associated with Graves' disease (GD). Although fibroblast stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) antibody, cytokines and growth factors have been postulated as target of the autoimmune process in the dermopathy, the pathogenesis of PTM remains unclear. We hypothesize that the local immune microenvironment of the skin including the antigens and antibodies, T cells, B cells, plasma cells and fibroblasts may play an important role in the development of PTM. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2021 Jun 28;12:88-90. Epub 2021 Apr 28.

Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.

JAAD Case Rep 2021 Apr 3;10:28-30. Epub 2021 Feb 3.

Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

J Cutan Med Surg 2021 Mar 3:1203475421995717. Epub 2021 Mar 3.

26634 Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary.

Thyroid Res 2021 Mar 1;14(1). Epub 2021 Mar 1.

Department of Endocrinology, Addis Ababa University, College of health sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Pretibial myxedema also known as localized myxedema, thyroid dermopathy, or infiltrative dermopathy and rarely as localized mucinosis is an infrequent manifestation of Graves' disease. It can appear before, during, or after the thyrotoxic state. Euthyroid pretibial myxedema is a rare presentation with few case reports in the literature. Read More

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2021 Jan 1;14(1):21-23. Epub 2021 Jan 1.

Mr. Ansah-Addo is with the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York, New York.

Pretibial myxedema (PM) is a rare extrathyroid condition seen in about 0.5 to 4.3 percent of individuals with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, often presenting with associated thyroid orbitopathy. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2021 Feb 10;8:16-18. Epub 2020 Dec 10.

Department of Dermatology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

JAAD Case Rep 2020 Dec 15;6(12):1281-1282. Epub 2020 Sep 15.

Department of Dermatology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.

J Clin Med Res 2020 Nov 3;12(11):711-723. Epub 2020 Nov 3.

Department of Health Checkup Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.

Background: Pretibial myxedema (PTM) is a local mucinous dermopathy associated with thyroid diseases. Since the etiology of PTM is unclear, the aim of this study is to identify the risk factors for PTM and their etiological roles in PTM occurrence.

Methods: A large-scale case-control study (n = 1,200) was performed to identify risk factors for PTM by calculating odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidential intervals. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2020 Sep;29(3):157-159

Department of Dermatovenerology, Ljubljana Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Pretibial pruritic papular dermatitis (PPPD) is a clinical entity first described in 2006. The etiology is uncertain; however, gentle chronic rubbing is likely to be the reason for the skin reaction. Pretibial pruritic lesions may reflect many different systemic diseases and dermatoses. Read More

JAAD Case Rep 2020 Sep 26;6(9):810-811. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

MetroHealth Medical System, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Ann Surg 2021 05;273(5):e181-e182

Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.

Objective: To identify the difference in presentation, time to treatment, and outcomes between hyperthyroid adults and children referred to surgical evaluation.

Background: There is little data on differences in presenting symptoms, time to treatment, and outcomes between adults and children presenting for thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients with hyperthyroidism referred for thyroidectomy between January 2016 and April 2017. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2020 Aug 6;21:e923342. Epub 2020 Aug 6.

Breast and Endocrine Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and it is considered the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by particular eye manifestations, skin changes, and pretibial myxedema in addition to the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease can be diagnosed based on clinical presentation and low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and elevated free T4 (FT4) levels. Read More

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020 May-Jun;34(3):1085-1090

DDepartment of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 07 2;6(1):52. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany.

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women of reproductive age. Graves' hyperthyroidism is caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that act as agonists and induce excessive thyroid hormone secretion, releasing the thyroid gland from pituitary control. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2021 Jan 2;60(1):e24-e25. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.

An Bras Dermatol 2020 Jul - Aug;95(4):469-472. Epub 2019 Nov 25.

Graduate and Post-Graduate Program in Dermatology, Faculdade Suprema, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.

Localized pretibial myxedema is a dermopathy whose treatment is a challenge in dermatology, occurring in 0.5-4% of patients with Graves' disease. This autoimmune thyroid condition stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans that are deposited particularly in the pretibial region. Read More

Eur Thyroid J 2020 Jan 14;9(1):55-56. Epub 2019 Nov 14.

Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 01 4;34(1):101388. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address:

Graves' disease (GD) is characterized by thyrotoxicosis, caused by the presence of circulating thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb), that are determinant also in the pathogenesis of its extrathyroidal manifestations [Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), pretibial myxedema]. T helper (Th)1 immune response prevails in the immune-pathogenesis of GD and GO, during the active phase, when Th1 chemokines, and their (C-X-C)R3 receptor, play a key role. In GD, the existing treatments are not ideal for hyperthyroidism (long-term remission with anti-thyroid-drugs only in 50% of patients; while radioiodine and surgery cause hypothyroidism). Read More

Eur Thyroid J 2019 Oct 11;8(5):278-282. Epub 2019 Jun 11.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Background: The pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease (GD) is not fully clarified. According to the most common hypothesis, they would reflect an autoimmune reaction against antigens constitutively expressed by the thyroid and by the extrathyroidal affected tissues. According to another hypothesis, the so-called Kriss' hypothesis, soluble autoantigens released from the thyroid would reach the affected tissues, where they would become the target of the immune system. Read More

Cutis 2019 Sep;104(3):E1-E3

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.