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Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019 Feb 7. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of cadaveric ankle arthroscopy courses in reducing iatrogenic injuries.

Methods: A total of 60 novice surgeons enrolled in a basic cadaveric ankle arthroscopy course were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 32) was lectured on portal placement and use of the arthroscope, whereas group B (n = 28) was in addition lectured on specific portal-related complications. Read More

World J Orthop 2019 Jan 18;10(1):45-53. Epub 2019 Jan 18.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore.

Background: Peroneal tendinopathies are an under-diagnosed and potentially under-treated pathology. If left untreated it can be a cause of chronic lateral hindfoot pain. Its diagnosis is challenging owing to its low incidence and vague clinical presentation. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2018 Dec 19:1938640018819783. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Introduction: Peroneal tendon disorders pose a diagnostic conundrum to the clinician. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to assess tendon pathology. A recognized artifact of MRI, the magic angle effect (MAE), can lead to spurious results and inappropriate management. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Dec 12. Epub 2018 Dec 12.

Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Electronic address:

The purpose of our study was to examine the preoperative clinical factors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with peroneal pathology in chronic lateral ankle instability patients, as well as the clinical factors associated with peroneal lesions being detected on MRI. Peroneal pathology was determined from intraoperative findings. Patients with/without peroneal pathology were compared regarding their preoperative clinical findings. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2018 Nov 22:1071100718809350. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

6 School of Medicine, Department of Hand Surgery, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.

Background:: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of tendoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of peroneal tendon (PT) pathologies, and to evaluate the results of our technical modification.

Methods:: Twenty ankles of 18 patients with retrofibular pain, operated on between 2006 and 2012, were included in this study. Peroneal tendoscopy was performed diagnostically for the patients who were diagnosed as having "peroneal tendinopathy" with physical examination, x-ray, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2019 Jan 8;41(1):75-85. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Purpose: Fibular (peroneal) groove morphology may influence fibularis tendon pathology, including tendinosis, tears, and luxation. The study goal was to evaluate the inter-reader agreement of morphologic characterization and measures of the fibular groove at two different levels on MRI and correlation with fibularis tendon pathology.

Materials And Methods: 47 ankle MRIs in patients without lateral ankle pain were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Jul 23. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Department of Orthopedics, Clinica Del Remei, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Peroneal Tendon (PT) complex is formed by the Peroneus Longus Tendon (PLT) and Peroneus Brevis Tendon (PBT), their synovial sheath, the superior and inferior retinaculum, and the Os Peroneum (OP). Their insertion is associated with some anatomic variability. Knowing these variants helps to understand the PT pathology and it may support the decision-making concerning the operative approach. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2018 Aug 23;7(8):e859-e862. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A.

Snapping biceps femoris is a rare phenomenon in which the biceps femoris tendon subluxates over the fibular head when the leg is brought into deep flexion. Two primary pathologies have been identified: biceps insertion tears/anatomic variants and/or an enlarged fibular head. Often, it can be treated nonoperatively; however, if symptoms are severe enough and refractory to conservative treatments, the underlying pathology can be corrected surgically to alleviate symptoms. Read More

J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018 Nov;26(22):809-815

From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Mr. Res, Dr. Dixon, Dr. Lubberts, Dr. Vicentini, Dr. Hosseini, Dr. Guss, and Dr. DiGiovanni), and Orthopedic Research Department, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr. van Dijk).

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine whether tears of the peroneus brevis (PB) tendon correlate with increased fatty infiltration of the PB muscle on MRI compared with musculature without clinical evidence of peroneal pathology.

Methods: Ankle MRI scans of patients with PB tendon tearing (tear group) were compared with those of patients without clinical evidence of peroneal pathology (control group). Two reviewers graded the PB muscle belly according to the Goutallier classification. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Aug;97(31):e11351

Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

Repairing soft tissue loss in feet's anterior and middle parts has become a problem, especially for children. We observed the feasibility and clinical effects of superficial peroneal fasciocutaneous flap pedicled with terminal perforating branches of peroneal artery for repairing children's feet.Between January 2015 and December 2016, soft tissue loss in anterior and middle regions of feet were repaired using superficial peroneal fasciocutaneous flap pedicled with terminal perforating branches of peroneal artery in 8 children with a median age of 6. Read More

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018 10 16;26(10):3096-3107. Epub 2018 May 16.

Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Introduction: Peroneal tendon injuries are a significant cause of lateral ankle symptoms in the active population. Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment is important for minimizing the risk of long-term sequelae associated with chronic peroneal tendinopathy. Although several studies have been published on diagnostic strategies and treatment outcomes, there is no consensus on the optimal management of peroneal tendon pathologies. Read More

Radiologe 2018 May;58(5):415-421

Klinik für Radiologie, Isarklinikum München, München, Deutschland.

Injuries of the ligaments and tendons of the ankle and foot are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries. A correct and precise description of the pathology and possible accompanying injuries is essential for treatment planning by trauma and orthopedic surgeons. While X‑ray is used to exclude fractures, ultrasound is a very useful tool to assess the ligaments and tendons. Read More

Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2018 Jun 3;104(4):511-517. Epub 2018 Apr 3.

Université Lille-Hauts de France, 59000 Lille, France; Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Traumatologie, Hôpital Salengro, CHRU de Lille, rue Emile-Laisne, 59037 Lille, France.

Introduction: Peroneal tendinopathy is an under-diagnosed pathology, mainly triggered by ankle sprain. Failure of medical treatment often leads to surgery, with modalities adapted to the lesion type. The present study aimed to assess clinical and functional results of tendon repair and to analyze the influence of hindfoot alignment on quality of outcome. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2018 05 29;39(5):542-550. Epub 2018 Mar 29.

3 Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (Human Anatomy Unit), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Snapping peroneal tendons is a rare cause of lateral ankle pain. Two subgroups have been described: chronic subluxation with superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR) injury and intrasheath subluxation with SPR intact. The aim of the study was to report the tendoscopic findings and results in patients affected by snapping peroneal tendons without evident dislocation. Read More

World J Surg Oncol 2018 Mar 27;16(1):65. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.

Background: Resection of proximal fibular osteosarcoma involving the posteromedial aspect of the fibula is challenging. Reconstruction using a gastrocnemius flap may result in significant lateral instability and abnormal knee movement. Furthermore, postoperative gait may be disturbed by foot drop resulting from scarification of the common peroneal nerve. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2018 Jan 18;7(1):e45-e51. Epub 2017 Dec 18.

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Sheung Shui, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Post-traumatic peroneal tendon subluxation or dislocation is most commonly due to injury to the superior peroneal retinaculum. Acute repair of the retinaculum is an option for active athletes who desire quick return of sport activity. In general, conventional open surgeries require extensive exposure of the injured superficial peroneal retinaculum and have potential risks of scar formation, sural nerve injury, limited range of movement, peroneal tendon re-subluxation, and tendon irritation. Read More

Arthrosc Tech 2017 Oct 4;6(5):e1489-e1493. Epub 2017 Sep 4.

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Sheung Shui, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Symptomatic hypertrophy of the peroneal tubercle can result in pain, clicking sensation, and limitation of ambulation. Surgical resection is indicated for symptomatic hypertrophied tubercle that is recalcitrant to conservative treatment. The purpose of this Technical Note is to report the details of tendoscopic resection of the hypertrophied peroneal tubercle. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Mar - Apr;57(2):296-300. Epub 2018 Jan 11.

Professor and Vice Chair and Director of Anatomy Division, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV.

Terminal branches of the superficial fibular nerve are at risk of iatrogenic damage during foot surgery, including hallux valgus rigidus correction, bunionectomy, cheilectomy, and extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer. One terminal branch, the dorsomedial cutaneous nerve of the hallux, is particularly at risk of injury at its intersection with the extensor hallucis longus tendon. Iatrogenic injuries of the dorsomedial cutaneous nerve of the hallux can result in sensory loss, neuroma formation, and/or debilitating causalgia. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2018 May - Jun;57(3):478-483. Epub 2017 Dec 19.

Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Chronic peroneal tendon dislocation is an uncommon disorder that frequently presents with concomitant pathology. Posterior fibular groove deepening and retinaculum repair have been increasing in popularity for treatment of peroneal tendon dislocations. The purpose of the present study was to introduce a posterior fibular groove deepening procedure using low-profile snap-off screws to securely and simply fix the fibrocartilaginous flap to facilitate faster rehabilitation and to assess the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic peroneal tendon dislocation and associated pathologic features. Read More

Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2017 Dec 3;51(6):482-487. Epub 2017 Nov 3.

Cactus Healthcare, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address:

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with the likelihood of a better clinical outcome after the peritendinous injection of PRP for the treatment of chronic tendinopathy and identify whether PRP represents an effective treatment option for chronic tendinopathies.

Methods: The study included 214 patients (86 males and 128 females; mean age: 39.3 (18-75) years) who received PRP injections for tendinopathy refractory to conventional treatments. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2017 Nov - Dec;56(6):1323-1327

Orthopaedic Surgeon, FussZentrum Hirslanden Zuerich, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland.

Subfibular impingement has been described in patients with flatfoot. It possibly occurs with valgus deformity associated with talocalcaneal coalition. We observed symptomatic unilateral fibular impingement initially on the left foot of an 11-year-old female with an otherwise asymptomatic bilateral talocalcaneal coalition. Read More

Unfallchirurg 2017 Dec;120(12):1020-1030

Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Handchirurgie, HELIOS Klinikum Erfurt, Nordhäuser Straße 74, Erfurt, Deutschland.

Clinical Issue: Injuries of the peroneal tendons are rare and often overlooked. Typical pathologies are tendinitis, tears and dislocation. Accompanying injuries are fractures. Read More

Ultrasound Med Biol 2017 11 29;43(11):2537-2545. Epub 2017 Jul 29.

Medical Ultrasound Imaging Center (MUSIC), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.

A need exists for biomarkers to diagnose, quantify and longitudinally follow facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and many other neuromuscular disorders. Furthermore, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to muscle weakness in most neuromuscular disorders are not completely understood. Dynamic ultrasound imaging (B-mode image sequences) in combination with speckle tracking is an easy, applicable and patient-friendly imaging tool to visualize and quantify muscle deformation. Read More

EFORT Open Rev 2017 Jun 22;2(6):281-292. Epub 2017 Jun 22.

Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK.

Pathological abnormality of the peroneal tendons is an under-appreciated source of lateral hindfoot pain and dysfunction that can be difficult to distinguish from lateral ankle ligament injuries.Enclosed within the lateral compartment of the leg, the peroneal tendons are the primary evertors of the foot and function as lateral ankle stabilisers.Pathology of the tendons falls into three broad categories: tendinitis and tenosynovitis, tendon subluxation and dislocation, and tendon splits and tears. Read More

Skeletal Radiol 2017 Oct 28;46(10):1441-1446. Epub 2017 Jun 28.

Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, Mail Code 8756, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.

Synovial lipoma arborescens is a rare and benign fatty proliferative lesion of the synovium that is most commonly seen within the suprapatellar pouch of the knee, but increasingly reported to involve tendon sheaths, including those of the ankle. We present the third known case of tenosynovial lipoma arborescens isolated to the peroneal tendon sheath without ankle joint involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first to report this entity utilizing a unique combination of radiographic, sonographic, and MR imaging, along with intraoperative and histologic correlation. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2017 Nov - Dec;56(6):1316-1319. Epub 2017 Jun 21.

Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Electronic address:

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is abnormal formation of mature lamellar bone in soft tissues. HO is most commonly diagnosed in the setting of localized trauma, which results in improper differentiation of progenitor cells, leading to aberrant tissue formation. In the pediatric population, nongenetic causes of HO have rarely been reported, especially HO involving the tendons of the ankle. Read More

Eur J Radiol 2017 Jul 10;92:132-144. Epub 2017 May 10.

Musculoskeletal Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, TX, USA; Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, TX, USA. Electronic address:

Peroneal tendon pathology is an important cause of lateral ankle pain and instability. Typical peroneal tendon disorders include tendinitis, tenosynovitis, partial and full thickness tendon tears, peroneal retinacular injuries, and tendon subluxations and dislocations. Surgery is usually indicated when conservative treatment fails. Read More

Instr Course Lect 2017 Feb;66:301-312

Orthopaedic Surgery Foot and Ankle Fellow, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Surgeons should understand the anatomic, vascular, biomechanical, and predisposing factors related to lateral ankle instability and peroneal tendon injuries, including peroneal tendinitis and tenosynovitis, peroneal tendon tears and ruptures, as well as peroneal tendon subluxation and dislocation. Surgeons should understand the treatment options and recommendations for patients who have lateral ankle instability and peroneal tendon injuries from the perspective of a sports medicine foot and ankle specialist. In addition, surgeons should be aware of arthroscopic approaches and an algorithm for the treatment of patients who have lateral ankle instability and peroneal tendon injuries. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2017 Jun 1;38(6):677-683. Epub 2017 Feb 1.

1 Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA.

Background: Peroneal tendon evaluation is particularly demanding using current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques because of their curving path around the lateral malleolus. Quantifiable, objective data on the health of the peroneal tendons could be useful for improving diagnosis of tendon pathology and tracking post-treatment responses. The purpose of this study was to establish a method and normative T2-star (T2*) values for the peroneal tendons in a screened asymptomatic cohort using clinically reproducible subregions, providing a baseline for comparison with peroneal tendon pathology. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2017 Jan;107(1):76-79

This case report highlights a novel approach to strengthening the repair of a split peroneus brevis tendon tear with a peroneus quartus muscle autograft. We describe a 51-year-old woman with a longitudinal split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperatively, a peroneus quartus muscle was appreciated, resected, and used as an autograft in the repair of the peroneus brevis tendon. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016 Nov;106(6):439-444

A fracture of the os peroneum is a rare cause of ankle and foot pain and is often overlooked and not assumed. Only a few case reports have discussed the different etiologies, options for diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for acute cases. We present a case of delayed diagnosis of an os peroneum fracture due to a distortion of the ankle that occurred during air sports. Read More

Eur J Radiol 2016 Dec 17;85(12):2238-2256. Epub 2016 Oct 17.

Department of Radiology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore. Electronic address:

Posterior ankle pain is a cause of chronic pain and disability, afflicting a wide range of individuals. While proper identification of the cause is essential for timely and adequate treatment, identifying the cause and excluding mimickers is often challenging for the physician due to the complex nature of the joint. In addition, pathology that can cause posterior ankle pain may occur on their own or in co-existence. Read More

Surg Technol Int 2016 Oct;29:270-272

S.O.D. Ortopedia e Traumatologia AOUP, Pisa, Italy.

The peroneal tubercle is an osseous prominence present on the calcaneus bone at the junction between the middle and the anterior third of its lateral surface. It is a bony septum which divides the tendons of the peroneus brevis and the peroneus longus and offers insertion to the inferior peroneal retinaculum. A hypertrophy of this prominence causes pain in the lateral and the posterior part of the foot while wearing shoes, rarely peroneal tenosynovitis can even cause it to break. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2016 Nov;30(11):627-633

*Department of Orthopaedics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; and †Division of Environment and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of (1) peroneal tendon displacement (PTD) and posteromedial structure entrapment (PMSE) cases in a sample of pilon fractures, (2) missed diagnoses of PTD and PMSE on computed tomography (CT) by radiologists and attending orthopaedic trauma surgeons, and PTD and PMSE cases by (3) OTA/AO classification, and (4) fibular fracture.

Design: Retrospective cohort review.

Setting: Regional level 1 Trauma Center. Read More

Radiographics 2016 Oct;36(6):1828-1848

From the Department of Radiology, Florida Hospital, 601 E Rollins St, Orlando, FL 32803 (G.M.L., K.F.S., D.R.W., C.W.W., C.R.P., L.W.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.R., J.A.P.); Department of Podiatry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla (G.L.); and Department of Podiatry, Florida Foot and Ankle Specialist, Lake Mary, Fla (C.C.M.).

A variety of surgical procedures exist for repair of both traumatic and degenerative osseous and soft-tissue pathologic conditions involving the foot and ankle. It is necessary for the radiologist to be familiar with these surgical procedures, so as to assess structural integrity, evaluate for complicating features, and avoid diagnostic pitfalls. Adequate interpretation of postoperative changes often requires access to surgical documentation to evaluate not only the surgery itself but the expected timeline for resolution of normal postoperative changes versus progressive disease. Read More

Wounds 2016 Sep;28(9):306-316

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine.

Open wounds of the distal third of the leg and foot with an exposed tendon present a challenge in wound management and in attaining stable, durable coverage. The mobility of the tendon often leads to chronic inflammation that impedes wound closure, while the desiccation of the exposed tendon leads to progressive tendon necrosis. For the authors' cases, the ability of extracellular matrix (ECM) products to modulate wound bed inflammation and facilitate constructive remodeling of a wound seemed a reasonable approach in treating these wounds, especially in patients who are often poor surgical candidates for more advanced reconstructive procedures. Read More

Pediatr Neurosurg 2017 19;52(1):62-66. Epub 2016 Jul 19.

Department of Neurosurgery, Hakkari State Hospital, Hakkari, Turkey.

Foot drop is an inability to dorsiflex the ankle and toe. Primary causes of foot drop are compression or lesion of the 5th lumbar nerve and entrapment of the peroneal nerve at the head of the fibula. Rarely, some central nervous system lesions lead to foot drop. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2016 Jun 20;22(2):125-30. Epub 2015 Jun 20.

Netcare Linksfield Orthopaedic Sports & Rehabilitation Centre (Clinic), Johannesburg, South Africa; Orthopaedic Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: Dislocating or subluxing peroneal tendons is a relatively infrequent injury. Although infrequent it is very debilitating for the athlete. This retrospective study addresses primarily the surgical technique. Read More

Cureus 2016 Apr 19;8(4):e577. Epub 2016 Apr 19.

Diagnostic Radiology, Florida Hospital-Orlando.

The peroneus tertius (PT) muscle is a variably present muscle, uncommonly found in humans. Injury to the PT tendon is rare with virtually no cases reported in the literature. As a consequence of the rarity of this injury, there is little clinical information regarding injury or rupture of the PT muscle and tendon. Read More

Chirurgia (Bucur) 2016 Mar-Apr;111(2):175-9

Negative pressure wound therapy is a non-invasive treatment that uses under atmospheric pressure to increase blood supply to the wound, stimulating the formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Negative pressure therapy has also the ability to decrease the bacterial load, reduce swelling and decrease exudate while maintaining a moist environment that facilitates healing. Our patient, a 17 year old male, suffered major third and fourth-degree high voltage electrical burns on 60% of the body surface, in November 2011. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2016 Jun 21;27(2):294-301. Epub 2016 Mar 21.

Department of Sports Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany (Drs Schöffl, Lutter, and Popp).

Acute injuries in rock climbing either come from a fall onto the lower leg or from performing a hard move and injuring the upper extremity. Further evaluations of lower leg injuries in rock climbing athletes have been performed recently finding sport characteristics such as peroneal tendon dislocations or chronic deformations of the feet. One injury mechanism described in case reports is the so-called heel hook position, which is used more frequently today compared with the beginngs of rock climbing. Read More

JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2016 Mar 23;6(1):e12. Epub 2016 Mar 23.

Linksfield Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Introduction: An isolated subtalar arthrodesis through a sinus tarsi approach with cannulated screw fixation is safe, reproducible, and effective for specific hindfoot pathology in adults.

Indications & Contraindications:

Step 1 Preoperative Planning: Perform a comprehensive clinical and radiographic assessment.

Step 2 Patient Positioning: Position the patient supine on the operating table with a bump under the ipsilateral hip, to internally rotate the involved leg. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2016 Jul 3;37(7):743-7. Epub 2016 Mar 3.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Background: Abnormalities of the peroneal tendons can frequently be identified on routine MRI of the foot and ankle. Previous studies in the orthopedic literature have discussed the prevalence of abnormal MRI findings in asymptomatic patients, most notably with regards to the spine and shoulder. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal findings of the peroneal tendons on MRI in asymptomatic individuals. Read More

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016 Apr 4;24(4):1148-54. Epub 2016 Feb 4.

Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes following peroneal tendoscopy for the treatment of peroneal pathology. Correlation between pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and peroneal tendoscopic diagnostic findings was also assessed.

Methods: Twenty-three patients with a mean age of 34 ± 8. Read More

J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2016 Jan;24(1):1-10

Peroneal nerve palsy is the most common entrapment neuropathy of the lower extremity. Numerous etiologies have been identified; however, compression remains the most common cause. Although injury to the nerve may occur anywhere along its course from the sciatic origin to the terminal branches in the foot and ankle, the most common site of compressive pathology is at the level of the fibular head. Read More

Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2016 Jan 23;33(1):163-75. Epub 2015 Jul 23.

Unity Point Health, 1415 Woodland Avenue, #100, Des Moines, IA 50309, USA.

This article discusses four subsets of patients that have an increased risk of complications from tendon surgery in the foot and ankle: smokers, diabetics, and patients with peroneal or Achilles tendon pathology. Very little has been published on the complications of other tendon surgeries in the foot and ankle other than Achilles tendon repair. Data can be extrapolated from the general orthopedic literature and animal studies to help guide therapy and treatment options. Read More

J Emerg Med 2016 Feb 1;50(2):e79-81. Epub 2015 Oct 1.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Background: Ankle pain is a frequent chief complaint, and although peroneal tendon disorders are relatively uncommon, if treated inappropriately they may cause persistent pain and dysfunction. Peroneal tendon disorders, including the tendon sheath inflammatory condition tenosynovitis, are a major cause of chronic lateral ankle pain. Although magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as the modality of choice to assess the majority of these injuries, dynamic ultrasonography detects tendon pathology such as tenosynovitis. Read More

Clin Sports Med 2015 Oct 31;34(4):625-41. Epub 2015 Jul 31.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.

Peroneal tendon pathology is often found in patients complaining of lateral ankle pain and instability. Conditions encountered include tendinosis; tendinopathy; tenosynovitis; tears of the peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and both tendons; subluxation and dislocation; and painful os peroneum syndrome. Injuries can be acute as a result of trauma or present as chronic problems, often in patients with predisposing structural components such as hindfoot varus, lateral ligamentous instability, an enlarged peroneal tubercle, and a symptomatic os peroneum. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2016 Jan-Feb;55(1):198-200. Epub 2015 Aug 14.

Director, Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA.

Peroneal tendon pathology is a commonly reported cause of lateral ankle pain. The causes include cavovarus foot type, overuse, chronic tendinosis, peroneal subluxation or dislocation, acute traumatic split tears, and traumatic rupture. The purpose of the present report is to describe an alternative approach for surgical reconstruction of the peroneal tendons in patients when repair might no longer be effective. Read More

Acta Radiol 2016 May 7;57(5):620-6. Epub 2015 Aug 7.

Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Background: Because peroneal tendons course from the lateral side of the proximal fibula through the posterior side of the distal fibula, correct diagnosis of the tendon pathology on an orthogonal sagittal plane can be difficult.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of oblique sagittal imaging (peroneal view) for evaluation of peroneal tendon pathology.

Material And Methods: This retrospective study included 69 patients at our institution who underwent routine ankle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the peroneal view. Read More