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J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020 May 17:101811. Epub 2020 May 17.

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology and Minimally Invasive Pelvic Surgery, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital - Negrar (Verona), Italy, International School of Surgical Anatomy, Italy.

Objective: To study possible associations between endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Design: Retrospective cohort analysis over 14 consecutive years, based on medical records and insurance coding in a tertiary care endometriosis reference center.

Setting: Tertiary care reference center for endometriosis. Read More

J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020 May 13:101789. Epub 2020 May 13.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Purpose: To evaluate and better characterize the incidence, clinical presentations and risk factors of TOA in postmenopausal women and to evaluate the incidence of underlying malignancy in postmenopausal women with TOA.

Methods: Electronic based search using Pubmed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The following medical subject heading (Mesh) terms, keywords, and their combinations were used: "tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease, menopausal and postmenopausal". Read More

Case Rep Womens Health 2020 Apr 24;26:e00192. Epub 2020 Mar 24.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia.

Haematogenous or direct spread of bacterial infection causing pelvic inflammatory disease of the upper female reproductive tract is uncommon. We report a diagnostically challenging case of a 41-year-old woman with a background of Stage 4 endometriosis presenting with fever, diarrhoea and abdominal pain with recent history of pyelonephritis. Initially managed for undifferentiated abdominal pain with unclear focus of infection, a broad range of investigations were undertaken. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2020 Mar 9:1-6. Epub 2020 Mar 9.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.

The correlation between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and a present intrauterine device (IUD) has been debated. We aimed to evaluate the differences between IUD users and non-users among women hospitalised with a diagnosis of PID. Our hypothesis was that the role of a present IUD among PID patients is minimal, if any. Read More

J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020 May 20;49(5):101714. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF), 21 rue Beaurepaire, 75010 Paris, France.

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) must be suspected when spontaneous pelvic pain is associated with induced adnexal or uterine pain (grade B). Pelvic ultrasonography is necessary to rule out tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) (grade C). Microbiological diagnosis requires endocervical and TOA sampling for molecular and bacteriological analysis (grade B). Read More

Case Rep Womens Health 2020 Apr 8;26:e00181. Epub 2020 Feb 8.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Blacktown Hospital, NSW, Australia.

Pneumoperitoneum seen on an X-ray or computed tomography (CT) image points to a diagnosis of ruptured viscus and immediate surgery is warranted. A case of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) presenting with pneumoperitoneum is unusual. Very few cases have been reported where the pneumoperitoneum is caused by an abscess involving the adnexa. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2019 Nov;37(4):771-784

Emergency/Internal/Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address:

The emergency medicine provider sees a broad range of pathology involving the female genitourinary system on a daily basis. Must-not-miss diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian torsion, because these diagnoses can have severe complications and affect future fertility. Although most patients with abnormal uterine bleeding are hemodynamically stable, it can present as a life-threatening emergency and providers should be adept managing severe hemorrhage. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2019 09;100(6):357-364

Via Christi Health, University of Kansas, Wichita, KS, USA.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract occurring predominantly in sexually active young women. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common causes; however, other cervical, enteric, bacterial vaginosis-associated, and respiratory pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may be involved. PID can be acute, chronic, or subclinical and is often underdiagnosed. Read More

J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020 02 31;27(2):541-547. Epub 2019 Aug 31.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (all authors).

Study Objective: To evaluate the clinical parameters of hospitalized patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) for the presence of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) and predict the need for intervention.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: A tertiary care university medical center. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019 Aug 19. Epub 2019 Aug 19.

Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.

There are approximately a dozen cases of xanthogranulomatous salpingitis reported in the literature, mostly as case reports. Thirteen such cases were identified from 2003 to 2018 at our institution. Patient's ages ranged from 21 to 75 yr old (median and mean, 49 yr). Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2019 Aug;41(8):1221-1234

Winnipeg, MB (GOC).

Objective: The primary objective of this document is to clarify the indications for pelvic examination.

Intended Users: Physicians, including gynaecologists, obstetricians, family physicians, and emergency physicians; nurses, including registered nurses and nurse practitioners; midwives, including midwives in clinical practice and midwifery trainees; medical trainees, including medical students, residents, and fellows; and all other health care providers who care for women.

Target Population: This publication provides evidence and expert-based recommendations for pelvic examination in adult women (18 years and older) both with and without gynaecologic symptoms. Read More

Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019 09 5;300(3):763-769. Epub 2019 Jul 5.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Purpose: To determine the impact of pelvic inflammation caused by tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) on ovarian response to stimulation.

Methods: This retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis that was carried out in a tertiary university-affiliated medical center included 15 women with TOA during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The ovarian response to stimulation and the pregnancy rate were compared in two subsequent cycles, the initial IVF cycle that was complicated by TOA after oocyte retrieval (first treatment cycle) and the following IVF treatment (second treatment cycle) that occurred within a period of a year from the first cycle. Read More

Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2019 2;2019:4161394. Epub 2019 Jun 2.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) complicated by tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) has long-term sequelae in women of reproductive age. Consensus on the optimal treatment of TOA remains lacking. Most clinicians utilize antibiotics as a first-line conservative approach, failing which invasive intervention is adopted. Read More

BMC Womens Health 2019 06 19;19(1):81. Epub 2019 Jun 19.

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Background: A complete infectious focus survey relies on a thorough physical examination as well as a pelvic examination. Tubo-ovarian abscess, though less likely to occur in senior women, may become a life-threatening disease requiring emergent surgery. Hence, clinical awareness and aggressive management are warranted to avoid delayed diagnosis and subsequent complications. Read More

Obstet Gynecol 2019 06;133(6):1224-1230

Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, and the Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan.

Objective: To compare operative outcomes of laparoscopic surgery compared with laparotomy in patients with moderate to severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Methods: Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a national inpatient database for acute-care inpatients in Japan, we performed a large, nationwide retrospective cohort study. We identified all patients aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with PID with or without tubo-ovarian abscess and were admitted to a participating hospital from July 2010 to March 2016. Read More

Fertil Steril 2019 07 21;112(1):177-179. Epub 2019 May 21.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.

Objective: To present a case of obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) syndrome complicated with pyometra and explain tips and tricks for laparoscopic hemihysterectomy.

Design: A step-by-step explanation of the technique with the use of video (Canadian Task Force Classification III). Patient consent and Institutional Review Board approval were obtained. Read More

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019 Jul 6;238:20-24. Epub 2019 May 6.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.

Objective: Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a well-established sequel of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). While as up to 25% of women will experience conservative treatment failure, the factors associated with treatment failure are not clearly-established, and the role of Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is under-studied. We aim to evaluate the role of CA-125 in the conservative management of TOA. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2019 05 14;47(5):431-441. Epub 2019 Mar 14.

Service de gynécologie, CMCO, pôle de gynécologie des hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 19, rue Louis-Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France.

A tubo-ovarian abscess (ATO) should be suspected in a context of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in case of severe pain associated with the presence of general signs and palpation of an adnexal mass at pelvic examination. Imaging allows most often a rapid diagnosis, by ultrasound or CT, the latter being irradiant but also allowing to consider the differential diagnoses (digestive or urinary diseases) in case of pelvic pain. MRI, non-irradiating examination, whenever it is feasible, provides relevant information, more efficient, guiding quickly the diagnosis. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2019 05 14;47(5):398-403. Epub 2019 Mar 14.

Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, institut Mère-Enfant Alix-de-Champagne, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims, France.

Objectives: To provide up-to-date guidelines on management of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Methods: An initial search of the Cochrane database, PubMed, and Embase was performed using keywords related to PID to identify reports in any language published between January 1990 and January 2012, with an update in 2018. All identified reports published in French and English relevant to the areas of focus were included. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Invest 2019 4;84(4):334-342. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,

Background/aim: We aimed to assess the value of early laparoscopic therapy in management of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) or pelvic abscess.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of all consecutive patients who were initially diagnosed with TOA or pelvic abscess at the local hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. The risks of operation and recurrence were analyzed using logistic analyses. Read More

Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018 08 9;73:e364. Epub 2018 Aug 9.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Objectives: Our purpose was to examine the associations of female genital infections and certain comorbidities with infertility.

Methods: The Taiwan National Health Research Database was searched for women with a new diagnosis of infertility between 2000 and 2013. Women without a diagnosis of infertility served as a control group and were matched with the infertility cases by age (±3 years) and index year. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2018 Aug 6;2018(8):rjy191. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Surgery, BronxCare Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA.

Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract may present with abdominal pain and imaging demonstrating pneumoperitoneum. These findings usually require exploratory laparotomy for diagnosis and treatment. Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease presenting as an encapsulated inflammatory mass, but it can occasionally involve other pelvic organs. Read More

J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019 Mar - Apr;26(3):535-543. Epub 2018 Aug 11.

Lis Maternity Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Drs. Fouks, Cohen, Solomon, Almog, Levin).

Study Objective: To identify the clinical characteristics associated with surgical intervention in patients with tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA).

Design: Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).

Setting: Tertiary university-affiliated hospital. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 23;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 23.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Hospital Trust, Birmingham, UK.

A 26-year-old woman presented with a 5-day history of fever after returning from Bali. She denied sexual contact abroad. On examination, there was suprapubic tenderness and a widespread maculopapular rash. Read More

BMC Womens Health 2018 06 11;18(1):90. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Ospedale Regionale Bellinzona e Valli, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the upper genital tract, including the uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. Tubo-ovarian abscess and pyosalpinx are common complications associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. They are usually encountered in sexually active women, but rare cases in Virgos have also been described. Read More

J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019 01 8;26(1):162-168. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Lis Maternity Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address:

Study Objective: To assess the clinical course and surgical and fertility outcomes of patients diagnosed with tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) after fertility treatment.

Design: Parallel case series over 10 consecutive years (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).

Setting: Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, a tertiary university-affiliated hospital. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2018 Jun;34(6):e100-e101

From the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN.

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in non-sexually active female adolescents is a rare presentation to the pediatric emergency department. In the following case, bilateral TOA secondary to Streptococcus constellatus was diagnosed in a 13-year-old virginal female. The patient was seen 4 months before presentation for interventional radiology-guided drainage and antibiotic treatment for an intra-abdominal abscess due to suspected appendiceal rupture. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2018 Aug 9;38(6):818-821. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Umraniye Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) coexists in 15% of cases with pelvic inflammatory disease. Medical treatment is the first line of approach in women with TOA, however, 25% of cases fail to respond to antibiotics, therefore, these cases need to undergo surgical intervention. We aimed to determine factors leading to failure of medical treatment in women diagnosed with TOA. Read More

Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018 05 24;297(5):1201-1204. Epub 2018 Feb 24.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Barzilai Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, HaHistadrut Street 2, Ashkelon, Israel.

Purpose: Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). TOA formation may be an uncommon, but serious complication associated with the use of an intrauterine device (IUD). While the majority of TOA respond to antibiotic therapy, in approximately 25% of cases surgery or drainage is indicated. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 02 8;18(1):73. Epub 2018 Feb 8.

Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.

Background: Melioidosis, the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic in the Northeastern part of Thailand, South-East Asia, and Northern Australia. The pelvic involvement of disease is rare even in an endemic area. Therefore, we describe in this report the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of the patient with primary tubo-ovarian abscess due to melioidosis. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019 Mar;38(2):138-142

Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.

Seven cases of actinomycotic endometritis were identified among 28,906 endometrial biopsies performed in the last 10 yr. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 85 yr old. An intrauterine device was in place from 7 to 44 yr. Read More

Emerg Radiol 2020 Jun 17;27(3):351-353. Epub 2018 Jan 17.

Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.

This is the 47th installment of a series that will highlight one case per publication issue from the bank of cases available online as part of the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) educational resources. Our goal is to generate more interest in and use of our online materials. To view more cases online, please visit the ASER Core Curriculum and Recommendations for Study online at: http://www. Read More

J Exp Ther Oncol 2017 Sep;11(2):81-83

Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Research and Education Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Division of Gynecological Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey.

Objective: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract in women that can include endometritis, parametritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. The spectrum of the disease ranges from subclinical and asymptomatic infection to severe, lifethreatening illness; squealae include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. In this case we report an uncommon complication of pelvic inflammatory disease, a tubo-uterian fistula. Read More

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2017 Jul-Sep;5(3):2324709617729690. Epub 2017 Sep 8.

Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA.

In developed countries, tuberculosis remains a health care challenge due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immigration from endemic regions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 9557 new cases in 2015, with extrapulmonary involvement in 20.2% of the cases. Read More

Ceska Gynekol Fall 2017;82(4):322-326

Objective: A case of tubo-ovarian abscess in a patient with term pregnancy.

Design: Case report.

Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nemocnice s poliklinikou Karviná Ráj. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Aug 20;2017. Epub 2017 Aug 20.

Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

We report a case of a tubo-ovarian abscess infected with serotype A 19-year-old Nepalese woman presented to a hospital in Kathmandu with lower abdominal pain, constipation, fever and a non-healing, suppurative surgical wound from an emergency caesarian section performed 2 months previously at 37 weeks of pregnancy. She also had an exploratory laparotomy for an appendix perforation with peritonitis at 25 weeks of gestation. Her wound infection did not respond to cloxacillin and she had an exploratory laparotomy, and a tubo-ovarian abscess was found from which was isolated. Read More

Emerg Med Pract 2016 Dec 22;18(12 Suppl Points & Pearls):S1-S2. Epub 2016 Dec 22.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common disease that is associated with significant complications including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess, and ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis may be delayed when the presentation has nonspecific signs and symptoms. Even when it is properly identified, pelvic inflammatory disease is often treated suboptimally. Read More

J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017 Sep - Oct;24(6):1040-1045. Epub 2017 May 27.

Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Ludwin and Ludwin Gynecology, Krakow, Poland. Electronic address:

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Acute manifestations in female internal reproductive organs are rare and have been described in only a few cases. A 27-year-old nulligravida woman diagnosed with CD presented with pelvic pain, fever, and a palpable mass (confirmed by ultrasound) in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Read More

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2017 Dec 15;30(6):646-648. Epub 2017 May 15.

Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Background: We describe an unusual presentation of lichen sclerosus in a postmenarchal, virginal girl.

Case: A 14-year-old girl first presented with acute urinary retention due to labial agglutination and developed bilateral tubo-ovarian abscesses in 10 days of the conservative management period. Abscesses were treated with antibiotherapy and percutaneous drainage; simple division of the labial agglutination and vulvar biopsies were performed with a preliminary diagnosis of lichen sclerosus. Read More

Tijdschr Psychiatr 2017;59(4):234-237

A 38-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with pelvic inflammatory disease. She had been diagnosed as having a tubo-ovarian abscess, for which antibiotic therapy with metronidazole and levofloxacin was indicated. Because the patient was already taking lithium she was prescribed clindamycin instead of metronidazole, a drug that interacts with lithium. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2017 Apr;67(4):630-633

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.

Enterobius vermicularis is a common intestinal nematode; however, rare extraintestinal Enterobius infections have been reported from different parts of the world. Here, we present a case of tubo-ovarian abscess in an otherwise healthy young sexually active female with no known comorbids with history of on and off lower abdominal pain for one year and high grade fever for one month. On the basis of further workup and radiological evaluation, a preoperative diagnosis of right sided tubo-ovarian abscess was made and salpingo-oophorectomy was performed laproscopically in July 2015. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Apr 13;2017. Epub 2017 Apr 13.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia.

Mil Med 2017 03;182(3):e1874-e1876

Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brook Drive, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234.

Background: The historic association of Actinomyces israelii infection with intrauterine devices (IUDs) has long been recognized. In recent years, the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease with a copper or levonorgestrel IUD has been less than 1% in women who are low risk for sexually transmitted infections. IUD-related pelvic infections secondary to actinomyces have largely vanished from contemporary practice. Read More

BMC Womens Health 2017 01 13;17(1). Epub 2017 Jan 13.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hallym University Medical Center, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 431-796, South Korea.

Background: Chlamydia infection in acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is associated with serious complications including ectopic pregnancy, tubal infertility, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome and tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). This study compared clinical and laboratory data between PID with and without chlamydia infection.

Methods: The medical records of 497 women who were admitted with PID between 2002 and 2011 were reviewed. Read More

Emerg Med Pract 2016 Dec 1;18(12):1-24. Epub 2016 Dec 1.

Assistant Professor, Associate Program Director, LAC + USC Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common disease that is associated with significant complications including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess, and ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis may be delayed when the presentation has nonspecific signs and symptoms. Even when it is properly identified, pelvic inflammatory disease is often treated suboptimally. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Feb 18;37(2):228-232. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the predictors of the adverse reproductive outcomes in patients who had been hospitalised with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The retrospective cohort study was conducted by contacting all the patients admitted with PID or tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) during January 2004 and December 2011. Those who were sexually active and aged 14-40 years were included. Read More

Radiographics 2016 Sep-Oct;36(5):1579-96

From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (M.V.R., M.M., H.B.D., M.S.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences (M.L.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208042, Room TE-2, New Haven, CT 06520.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common medical problem, with almost 1 million cases diagnosed annually. Historically, PID has been a clinical diagnosis supplemented with the findings from ultrasonography (US) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. However, the diagnosis of PID can be challenging because the clinical manifestations may mimic those of other pelvic and abdominal processes. Read More

Gynecol Obstet Invest 2017 3;82(3):262-266. Epub 2016 Sep 3.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

We aimed to investigate the clinical importance of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). Patients diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID; n = 36) and patients diagnosed with TOA (n = 42) were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, laboratory and clinical parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Read More