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Ann Pharmacother 2021 Jun 22:10600280211027968. Epub 2021 Jun 22.

Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Objective: This article reviews the pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and clinical importance of abametapir 0.74% (Xeglyze) for the treatment of head lice.

Data Sources: From 2020 to May 2021, a systematic review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted using the terms , , , and . Read More

J Med Entomol 2021 Jun 9. Epub 2021 Jun 9.

Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.

Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a common mechanism of insecticide resistance in head lice to the conventionally used pyrethroid pediculosis and can be the result of various amino acid substitutions within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). In this study, 54 sequences from varied specimens were investigated to monitor well-known resistance mutations and probable new mutations. The Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer specimens were collected from 13 provinces in Iran. Read More

Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2021 06;45(2):157-159

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Samsun, Türkiye

Ectoparasite infestation was detected in a macroscopic examination of a red fox () that was brought dead to the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ondokuz Mayıs University Collected tick, lice and flea samples were preserved in 70% alcohol. It was determined in microscopic examination that tick samples were (Acari: Ixodidae), flea samples were (Siphonaptera; Vermipsyllidae) and chewing lice samples were () (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). This study first reported the existence of () from foxes in Turkey. Read More

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021 Jun 10;248:109095. Epub 2021 Jun 10.

Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.

The pyrethroid deltamethrin and the macrocyclic lactone emamectin benzoate (EMB) are used to treat infestations of farmed salmon by parasitic salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. While the efficacy of both compounds against Atlantic populations of the parasite has decreased as a result of the evolution of resistance, the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in L. salmonis are currently not fully understood. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2021 Jun 1. Epub 2021 Jun 1.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Dermatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Purpose Of The Review: This review will update pediatric providers on the recent data regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common skin infestations affecting children and adolescents.

Recent Findings: Standard superficial skin biopsy for scabies and the vacuum method for head lice can increase diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. There is growing resistance to some of the traditional treatments for scabies and head lice, and progress has been made in finding newer and potentially more effective treatments, such as oral moxidectin for scabies and abametapir for head lice. Read More

J Dermatol 2021 May 28. Epub 2021 May 28.

Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan.

Pyrethroid insecticides are the only pesticides approved for the treatment of head lice (pediculosis capitis) infestations in Japan. However, in Okinawa Prefecture, 96% of head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Here, we conducted a clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a dimethicone preparation against head lice infestations in Okinawa Prefecture. Read More

BMJ Paediatr Open 2021 10;5(1):e001129. Epub 2021 May 10.

Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Background: Head lice infestation is a major public health problem around the globe. Its treatment is challenging due to product failures resulting from rapidly emerging resistance to existing treatments, incorrect treatment applications and misdiagnosis. Various head lice treatments with different mechanism of action have been developed and explored over the years, with limited report on systematic assessments of their efficacy and safety. Read More

Health Equity 2021 13;5(1):310-315. Epub 2021 May 13.

Antenna Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland.

The prevalence of head lice in poor rural communities and urban slums is estimated to be between 28% and 43% in Brazil, respectively. Children are among the most affected, often in clusters within schools. We launched a program intending to tackle the social stigma associated with head lice using scientific information and a local traditional remedy as a way to lower the prevalence of head lice in a low-resource community. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2021 Mar-Apr;12(2):220-236. Epub 2021 Mar 2.

Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Infectious cutaneous diseases are very common, especially in certain geographic and tropical regions. Sometimes they may simulate other dermatoses, ordering verification of diagnosis with particular investigations. Dermoscopy is among one of the most important tools readily available in the outpatient setting for the dermatologist to confirm the diagnosis. Read More

J Fish Biol 2021 May 4. Epub 2021 May 4.

The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) display extensive plasticity in marine migratory behaviours, with marine migrations considered to be an adaptive strategy which enables sea trout to maximize growth and reproductive potential. However, marine migrations are not without associated costs, including threats posed by ever-increasing salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations. In the present study, we used passive integrated transponder technology to characterize variability in sea trout migration behaviour amongst three catchments situated in a region of intensive salmon farming in central Norway. Read More

Microorganisms 2021 Apr 12;9(4). Epub 2021 Apr 12.

Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.

Cunner () is a cleaner fish being considered for utilized in the North Atlantic salmon () aquaculture industry to biocontrol sea lice infestations. However, bacterial diseases due to natural infections in wild cunners have yet to be described. This study reports the isolation of sp. Read More

Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2021 26;30(1):e015620. Epub 2021 Apr 26.

Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa. MG, Brasil.

Rickettsia felis is an obligate intracellular bacterium capable of infecting ticks, fleas, lice, and other arthropods. This bacterium is classified as a member of the Transitional Group (TRG) Rickettsia. It is known the evidence of R. Read More

J Parasitol 2021 03;107(2):304-308

Department of Zoology, Government Raza Postgraduate College, Rampur (UP)-244901, India.

Rearing hematophagous amblyceran lice in vitro is a challenging task. The hematophagous nature and active habits of amblycerans are distinct hurdles to in vitro rearing. The literature indicates only limited success in rearing the hematophagous amblyceran avian louse. Read More

Parasitol Res 2021 May 2;120(5):1883-1890. Epub 2021 Apr 2.

Ferrer, Corporate Medical Affairs Department, Av. Diagonal 549, E-08029, Barcelona, Spain.

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are worldwide obligate human ectoparasites, with high implications in pediatrics. In Europe, first-line topical neurotoxic insecticidal therapeutic strategies are being replaced by topical physically acting agents as the first-choice treatment. Safety of the active ingredients and high efficacy in a one-time single-dose treatment with a brief treatment application time are key issues for consumer use and effective compliance. Read More

J Parasitol 2021 03;107(2):262-266

School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.

A recent paper in this journal concerning parasites of rock pigeons (Columba livia) published by Ali and colleagues exemplifies a growing trend of misidentified parasites in the literature, despite increased online resources that should help facilitate accurate identification. In the Ali et al. paper, a pigeon louse in the genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) is misidentified as Menopon gallinae, which is a parasite of chickens (Gallus gallus) and their relatives; moreover, this louse is from an entirely different suborder of lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera). Read More

Acta Parasitol 2021 Mar 26. Epub 2021 Mar 26.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.

Purpose: Pediculosis caused by human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) is a public health problem with a high prevalence, especially among children in school age. Different chemical pediculicides (insecticides) are used against lice but the repeated application of these pediculicides for the treatment of P. humanus capitis infestation in the past decades has resulted in the development of resistance. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2021 Jan-Feb;12(1):14-23. Epub 2021 Jan 16.

Department of Dermatology, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Dermoscopy is a non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of skin diseases. Entomodermoscopy is a branch of dermoscopy that deals with infections and infestations. The use of dermoscopy for diagnosis of infections and infestations is rapidly increasing as it can provide useful clues related to diagnosis and effectiveness of treatment. Read More

Zootaxa 2021 Jan 20;4915(1):zootaxa.4915.1.11. Epub 2021 Jan 20.

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand..

Packard (1873) described Menopon picicola as a new species, based on ten lice taken from two species of woodpeckers of the genus Picoides-P. arcticus (Swainson, 1832) and P. dorsalis Baird, 1858-collected in Wyoming, U. Read More

Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2021 03;45(1):80-82

Balıkesir Devlet Hastanesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı, Balıkesir, Türkiye

Phthiriasis palpebrarum is a rare eyelid infestation caused by (pubic lice) that is often confused with other causes of blepharoconjunctivitis. In this study, we report the case of a 49-year-old male patient with phthiriasis palpebrarum who presented with itching and eye irritation in the left eye and had undergone treatment for conjunctivitis in the past month. Biomicroscopic examination revealed a dense population of motile and translucent lice and eggs, more intensely on the upper lid. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2021 Mar 6;21(1):122. Epub 2021 Mar 6.

Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde hospital of Zhejiang Province, NO, 234, Gucui Road, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.

Background: Phthirus pubis is an obligate parasite of human beings. Demodex spp. is a much more common parasite of human beings. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2021 12;8:646652. Epub 2021 Feb 12.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) are ectoparasites which negatively impact marine aquaculture species around the world. There are a limited number of treatments licensed for use against sea lice in tropical and semi-tropical farmed fish species. Emamectin benzoate (EB) was an effective pharmaceutical drug against sea lice infestations in several salmon industries before resistance to the product developed. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2021 02 18;17(2):e1008863. Epub 2021 Feb 18.

INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France.

Control of infestation by cosmopolitan lice (Pediculus humanus) is increasingly difficult due to the transmission of parasites resistant to pediculicides. However, since the targets for pediculicides have no been identified in human lice so far, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. The macrocyclic lactone ivermectin is active against a broad range of insects including human lice. Read More

Hautarzt 2021 Mar 18;72(3):232-242. Epub 2021 Feb 18.

Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 7, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.

Parasitoses are a frequent occurrence in pediatric consultations in both hospitals and private practices. Responsible for this are parasites that permanently infest human skin, such as Sarcoptes scabiei hominis and Pediculus humanus capitis (persistent parasites) as well as those that only attack the skin for feeding, such as Pulex irritans, Cimex lectularius und Neotrombicula autumnalis (transient parasites). The main symptom of parasitoses is pruritus, which is caused by a delayed allergic reaction to proteins in the saliva of the parasites. Read More

Acta Derm Venereol 2021 Mar 18;101(3):adv00417. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, IT-95123 Catania, Italy.

Pol J Microbiol 2020 Dec 27;69(4):463-469. Epub 2020 Dec 27.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Zakho, Zakho, Duhok, Iraq.

This study was conducted to estimate the incidence and the effects of associated risk factors of scabies and head lice on displaced people in Cham Mishko camp, Zakho city, Duhok Province, Iraq. The study included 1300 internally displaced people (IDPs) who visited the dermatology clinic and health care center in Cham Mishko camp from January 2018 to December 2019. Participants' bio-information was collected on special questionnaire form after receiving permission from the camp's health authorities and verbal consent from the participants. Read More

J Parasitol 2021 01;107(1):108-114

School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849.

Eight species of ectoparasites were collected during 225 gray mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller), captures, in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, in 2010-2011. Read More

Parasitol Res 2021 Feb 6. Epub 2021 Feb 6.

Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany.

Urbanisation and invasion of wildlife into urban areas as well as human leisure activities create diverse wildlife-domestic animal-human interfaces, increasing the risk of (zoonotic) parasite spillover from sylvatic to domestic and synanthropic cycles. This study investigated the endo- and ectoparasite fauna, emphasising on parasites of One Health Concern, of the most common predators in northern Germany between November 2013 and January 2016. Eighty red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 18 stone martens (Martes foina) and nine raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were available for the study. Read More

J Parasitol 2021 01;107(1):29-38

Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vectores, División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México ZC 86040.

This study was carried out to identify the ectoparasites that infest owned dogs in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. In total, 1,302 dogs were sampled in the 5 ecological regions of Tabasco. The dog owners were surveyed to identify the factors associated with infestations. Read More

J Fish Dis 2021 May 23;44(5):633-638. Epub 2021 Jan 23.

Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.

The sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi is the most important pathogen causing "caligidosis" in the Chilean salmon industry. In this study, using cox1 gene, we evaluate the genetic variation of C. rogercresseyi from farmed Salmo salar along a latitudinal range (40°-52°S) in south Chile to determine whether morphological differences are explained by genetic or environmental factors. Read More

Vet Med Int 2020 24;2020:8889755. Epub 2020 Dec 24.

Kombolcha Agricultural TVET College, Department of Animal Health, Oromia, Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional study on ectoparasites of sheep ( = 134) and goats ( = 250) was conducted in Kombolcha district, east Hararge zone Oromia regional state, east Ethiopia, from November 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of major lice infestation of sheep and goats and the associated risk factors. Out of the examined animals (384), 56 (41.8%) sheep and 88 (22. Read More