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Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 06 6;19(11). Epub 2022 Jun 6.

Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96 Owada-Shinden, Yachiyo 276-0046, Chiba, Japan.

The study tested the hypothesis that human mobility may be a potential factor affecting reductions in droplet-transmissible pediatric infectious diseases (PIDs) during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic mitigation period in 2020. An ecological study was conducted using two publicly available datasets: surveillance on infectious diseases collected by the Japanese government and COVID-19 community mobility reports presented by Google. The COVID-19 community mobility reports demonstrated percentage reductions in the movement of people over time in groceries and pharmacies, parks, and transit stations. Read More

Children (Basel) 2022 Apr 29;9(5). Epub 2022 Apr 29.

Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25160, Taiwan.

Enterovirus infection is endemic in many areas, especially in Southeast Asia. Enterovirus infection with severe complications (EVSC) is life-threatening, and timely diagnosis and management are crucial for successful management. Here, we report on a 2-year-old boy with hand, foot, and mouth disease. Read More

J Infect Public Health 2022 May 22;15(5):594-598. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan.

Background: Appropriate mitigation strategy to minimize enterovirus (EV) transmission among children is essential to control severe EV epidemics. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of case isolation and class suspension is lacking.

Methods: EV-infected children ≤ eight years are asked to stay at home for seven days. Read More

Food Chem X 2022 Mar 4;13:100244. Epub 2022 Feb 4.

College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main cause of hand, foot and mouth disease that results in high rates of severe diseases in small children. Lacto--fucopentaose I (LNFPI) can inhibit pathogen invasion and regulate intestinal flora. However, whether LNFPI inhibits EV71 infection remains unknown. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2022 Apr 27:1-19. Epub 2022 Apr 27.

Department of Infectious Disease, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China.

Cureus 2022 Feb 9;14(2):e22066. Epub 2022 Feb 9.

Pediatrics, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, USA.

A majority of pediatric outpatient practice involves managing familiar diseases that present in familiar ways. Occasionally, a familiar disease presents uniquely, which adds a diagnostic challenge and enhances the clinical experience of the clinician. We describe an 18-month-old male who presented to the clinic with a familiar disease but with unique additional findings. Read More

Cureus 2022 Jan 31;14(1):e21764. Epub 2022 Jan 31.

Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network Campus, Allentown, USA.

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the medical community to characterize and treat a new illness. Now almost two years after the initial confirmed cases of COVID-19, medical teams are faced with another unique disease process temporally related to the pandemic-multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The comparison of these patients' presentations illustrates the new challenges of evaluating a pediatric rash and fever in the era of MIS-C. Read More

Nat Commun 2022 02 16;13(1):890. Epub 2022 Feb 16.

Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Human Enterovirus A71 (HEVA71) infection is typically a benign infection. However, in minority of cases, children can develop severe neuropathology that culminate in fatality. Approximately 36. Read More

J Biomed Sci 2022 Feb 8;29(1):10. Epub 2022 Feb 8.

The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Background: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic virus which may cause severe neural complications, especially in infants and children. The clinical manifestations include hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, brainstem encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and other severe neurological diseases. Although there are some vaccines approved, the post-marketing surveillance is still unavailable. Read More

Front Microbiol 2021 6;12:811553. Epub 2022 Jan 6.

The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China.

After the first national-scale outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, a national surveillance network was established. Here we described the epidemiology and pathogenic profile of HFMD and the impact of EV-A71 vaccination on pathogen spectrum of enteroviruses in the southeastern Chinese city of Nanchang during 2010-2019. A total of 7,951 HFMD cases from sentinel hospitals were included, of which 4,800 EV-positive cases (60. Read More

J Clin Immunol 2022 04 18;42(3):606-617. Epub 2022 Jan 18.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Shin St, Kwei-Shan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Purpose: Enterovirus A71 (EV71) causes a broad spectrum of childhood diseases, ranging from asymptomatic infection or self-limited hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) to life-threatening encephalitis. The molecular mechanisms underlying these different clinical presentations remain unknown. We hypothesized that EV71 encephalitis in children might reflect an intrinsic host single-gene defect of antiviral immunity. Read More

Rev Med Virol 2022 Jan 8:e2322. Epub 2022 Jan 8.

Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an infectious virus affecting all age groups of people around the world. It is one of the major aetiologic agents for HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease) identified globally. It has led to many outbreaks and epidemics in Asian countries. Read More

Int Immunopharmacol 2021 Dec 27;101(Pt B):108369. Epub 2021 Nov 27.

Department of Infection, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Developmental and Diseases, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, No. 136 Zhongshan Road, Yuzhong District, 400014 Chongqing, PR China. Electronic address:

Background: The roles of CD56 and CD56 natural killer (NK) subsets in the viral clearance and inflammatory processes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remain undefined.

Methods: A total of 39 HCs and 55 patients were enrolled to analyze peripheral CD56 and CD56 NK cells according to cell number, surface receptors, cytotoxic activities, and cytokine production. The plasma concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α,and MCP-1 were detected using ELSA. Read More

Immunity 2021 10 22;54(10):2231-2244.e6. Epub 2021 Sep 22.

State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China. Electronic address:

RNA interference (RNAi) is the major antiviral mechanism in plants and invertebrates, but the absence of detectable viral (v)siRNAs in mammalian cells upon viral infection has questioned the functional relevance of this pathway in mammalian immunity. We designed a series of peptides specifically targeting enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)-encoded protein 3A, a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR). These peptides abrogated the VSR function of EV-A71 in infected cells and resulted in the accumulation of vsiRNAs and reduced viral replication. Read More

Arch Virol 2021 Dec 18;166(12):3269-3274. Epub 2021 Sep 18.

Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) poses a major threat to public health globally due to severe and even fatal hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, no effective antiviral agents are available to treat HFMD caused by this virus. Polysaccharides have been shown to exhibit antiviral activity, and polysaccharides extracted from Picochlorum sp. Read More

World J Pediatr 2021 Oct 28;17(5):508-516. Epub 2021 Aug 28.

Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, 2 Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.

Background: Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary characteristics of CVA16.

Methods: Throat swabs were collected from children with HFMD and suspected HFMD during 2010-2019. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2021 Jul 31;21(1):722. Epub 2021 Jul 31.

Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.

Background: The aim of the present study was to develop a clinical scoring system for the diagnosis of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) with improved accuracy.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on standardized patient history and clinical examination data obtained from 1435 pediatric patients under the age of three years who presented with acute rash illness and underwent enterovirus nucleic acid detection. Patients were then divided into the HFMD (1094 patients) group or non-HFMD (341 patients) group based on a positive or a negative result from the assay, respectively. Read More

Pediatr Int 2021 Jul 17;64(1):e14927. Epub 2021 Jul 17.

Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.

Background: Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a significant public health concern, especially in Asia-Pacific countries. Its diagnosis mainly depends on clinical symptoms. It is easy to miss the source of infection and best treatment period. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021 07;40(7):628-633

From the Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.

Background: Between April and June 2016, an outbreak of rhombencephalitis (RE) caused by enterovirus (EV) A71 was detected in Catalonia, Spain-the first documented in Western Europe. The clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with this condition differed from those reported in outbreaks occurring in Southeast Asia.

Methods: Observational, multicenter study analyzing characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients with EV-A71 rhombencephalitis diagnosed in 6 publicly funded hospitals within the Catalonian Health Institute. Read More

Arch Virol 2021 Aug 4;166(8):2209-2216. Epub 2021 Jun 4.

Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and may be associated with severe neurological complications. There have been numerous reports of increased incidence of EV-A71 subgenogroup C1 (EV-A71 C1) infections associated with neurological diseases since the first occurrence in Germany in 2015. Here, we describe 11 full-length genome sequences of 2019 EV-A71 C1 strains isolated from HFMD patients in Thailand from 2019 to early 2020. Read More

Pathogens 2021 May 19;10(5). Epub 2021 May 19.

Center of Research Excellence in Immunoregulation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is highly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. It particularly affects children under five years of age. The most common causative agents are coxsackieviruses A6 and A16, and enterovirus A71 (EV71). Read More

Pathogens 2021 May 10;10(5). Epub 2021 May 10.

Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious childhood illness and annually affects millions of children aged less than 5 years across the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD transmission mainly occurs through direct contact (person-to-person) and indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. Therefore, public health measures to reduce the spread of HFMD in kindergartens and daycare centers are essential. Read More

Front Immunol 2021 13;12:665197. Epub 2021 May 13.

State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) is recognized as a major enterovirus type that can cause severe hand, foot, and mouth disease and spread widely among children. Vaccines and antiviral drugs may be developed more effectively based on a stable and easy-to-operate CVA6 mouse infection model. In this study, a wild CVA6-W strain was sub-cultured in newborn mice of different ages (in days), for adaptation. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2021 Jul 14;28(5):417-421. Epub 2021 May 14.

Department of Dermatology, Regional University Hospital (CHRU), 5, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. Electronic address:

Background: Children with skin disorders usually receive care from a pediatrician, despite their limited training in this discipline. The advice of a dermatologist is frequently requested.

Objectives: To estimate the degree of concordance in the diagnosis, treatment, advice, and recommended follow-up of skin disorders between pediatricians (in private practice or a pediatric emergency department [PED]) and a dermatologist. Read More

Front Med (Lausanne) 2021 26;8:656699. Epub 2021 Apr 26.

Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), two of the most common childhood infectious diseases, are associated with enteroviruses (EVs) infection. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular epidemiology of enterovirus causing HFMD/HA in Zunyi, China, during 2019, and to describe the clinical features of the cases. We collected the information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data of laboratory-confirmed EVs associated HFMD/HA cases in Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital between March 1 and July 31, 2019. Read More

Viruses 2021 04 28;13(5). Epub 2021 Apr 28.

Enterovirus Unit, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild illness caused by enteroviruses (EV), although in some Asian countries, large outbreaks have been reported in the last 25 years, with a considerable incidence of neurological complications. This study describes epidemiological and clinical characteristics of EV infections involved in HFMD and other mucocutaneous symptoms from 2006 to 2020 in Spain. EV-positive samples from 368 patients were included. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2021 Apr 16;22(8). Epub 2021 Apr 16.

Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan.

A16 (CA16) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Children aged <5 years are the most affected by CA16 HFMD globally. Although clinical symptoms of CA16 infections are usually mild, severe complications, such as aseptic meningitis or even death, have been recorded. Read More

Trop Biomed 2021 Mar;38(1):150-153

Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood disease caused by enteroviruses. In 2018, a HFMD outbreak in Malaysia affected over 76,000 children. In this study, we used RT-qPCR and CODEHOP PCR to detect the causative agents in 89 clinically diagnosed HFMD patients in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Read More

Biotechnol Lett 2021 Jul 1;43(7):1357-1369. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Department of Pediatrics, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China.

Background: Enterovirus71 (EV71), the major cause of hand, foot, and-mouth disease (HFMD), has increasingly become a public health challenge. Type I interferons (IFNs) can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play regulatory roles in host innate immune responses to viral infections. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2021 Jul 15;108:190-197. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

Institute of Paediatrics, The Kunming Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China. Electronic address:

Background: Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) is one of the main pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). In China, the proportion of cases of HFMD caused by EVA71 is known to be significantly lower following EVA71 vaccination; however, infection with EVA71 can still occur after vaccination.

Methods: The complete genomic sequences of EVA71-KM18A and KM18B (from two rare cases of EVA71 infection following vaccination) were obtained. Read More