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Cureus 2021 May 7;13(5):e14896. Epub 2021 May 7.

Orthopedics, General Hospital of Patras "Agios Andreas", Patras, GRC.

Os vesalianum pedis is a rare accessory foot ossicle. It is usually asymptomatic, however, it can be an infrequent cause of lateral foot pain. We present the case of a 19-year-old healthy male with lateral foot pain after an inversion-type injury. Read More

J Midwifery Womens Health 2021 May 8;66(3):385-390. Epub 2021 Jun 8.

Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

Parvovirus B19 has been identified as the cause of erythema infectiosum, a common childhood illness. Also known as fifth disease, this virus is highly contagious among school-age children, especially during the winter months when outbreaks within classrooms are widespread. The majority of adults have had the infection in childhood and are immune to recurrence. Read More

Front Immunol 2021 19;12:644862. Epub 2021 May 19.

Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as a crucial regulator of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The expression of MCT4 is significantly increased in intestinal mucosal tissue of IBD, which has been identified to regulate intestinal barrier function. However, the function of MCT4 in cell pyroptosis remained unknown. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021 20;12:664287. Epub 2021 May 20.

Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. GDM has a considerable impact on health outcomes of the mother and offspring during pregnancy, delivery, and beyond. Although the exact mechanism regarding GDM remains unclear, numerous studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding (lnc)RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, were involved in the pathogenesis of GDM in which they played vital regulatory roles. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2021 05 31;22(1):202. Epub 2021 May 31.

Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The reported incidence of AKI, however, varies among studies. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of AKI and its association with mortality and morbidity in children infected with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who required hospital admission. Read More

J Trop Pediatr 2021 05;67(2)

Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India.

Background: Data on the gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of Pediatric Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) are conflicting and the relationship between GI involvement and the severity of COVID-19 disease has not been evaluated. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine the GI manifestations of pediatric COVID-19 and to evaluate their role as risk factors for a severe clinical course.

Methods: : A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed and Scopus for studies published before 31 December 2020 with information about the GI manifestations of pediatric COVID-19. Read More

Arch Endocrinol Metab 2021 May;64(5):548-558

Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the determinants of socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of short stature and underweight in Iranian children and adolescents.

Methods: This cross-sectional nationwide study was conducted on 36,486 participants, aged 6-18 years. This school-based surveillance (CASPIAN- IV) program and its complementary part on weight disorders evaluation was conducted in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. Read More

Turk Arch Pediatr 2021 Jan 1;56(1):88-91. Epub 2021 Jan 1.

Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.

can be frequently isolated from brain abscesses, but is a rare cause of the liver, lung, and deep tissue abscesses. In this report, we present a patient with subdural empyema, brain abscess, and superior sagittal cerebral venous thrombosis as complications of rhinosinusitis whose purulent empyema sample yielded . A 13-year-old female patient was referred to our pediatric intensive care unit with altered mental status, aphasia, and behavioral change. Read More

BMJ Paediatr Open 2021 27;5(1):e000970. Epub 2021 Apr 27.

Ahmed Gasim Paediatric Hospital, Khartoum North, Khartoum, Sudan.

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that affects ventricular function; it is a debilitating disease that can lead to heart failure and death in children. There is a lack of good epidemiological data about paediatric DCM in Sudan or in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: To study the incidence, causes and outcome of DCM among children in Sudan. Read More

Int Heart J 2021 May 1;62(3):566-574. Epub 2021 May 1.

Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) refers to a rare, progressive disorder that is characterized by occlusive pulmonary vascular remodeling, resulting in increased pulmonary arterial pressure, right-sided heart failure, and eventual death. Emerging evidence from genetic investigations of pediatric-onset PAH highlights the strong genetic basis underpinning PAH, and deleterious variants in multiple genes have been found to cause PAH. Nevertheless, PAH is of substantial genetic heterogeneity, and the genetic defects underlying PAH in the overwhelming majority of cases remain elusive. Read More

J Virol 2021 May 5. Epub 2021 May 5.

Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection causes diseases in humans ranging from the mild to severe hematological disorders. The unique region of the minor structural protein VP1 (VP1u) of 227 amino acids harbors strong neutralizing epitopes which elicit dominant immune responses in patients. Recent studies have shown that the VP1u selectively binds to and enters B19V permissive cells through an unknown cellular proteinaceous receptor. Read More

J Neurooncol 2021 Jun 3;153(2):293-301. Epub 2021 May 3.

Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Introduction: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma is a rare disease with a high mortality. Our primary aim was to determine the incidence of this disease in Belgium. Secondly, we wanted to compare the treatment approach of Belgian pediatric oncology centres, to investigate possibilities for improvement. Read More

Int J Neonatal Screen 2021 Apr 23;7(2). Epub 2021 Apr 23.

Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.

Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism remains challenging decades after broad implementation worldwide. Testing protocols are not uniform in terms of targets (TSH and/or T4) and protocols (parallel vs. sequential testing; one or two specimen collection times), and specificity (with or without collection of a second specimen) is overall poor. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 04 8;18(8). Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.

We aimed to evaluate the knowledge-based attitudes of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among medical students of Medical University of Warsaw using the questionnaire prepared by the study's authors. In May-June 2018, we carried out a cross-sectional study among the students of all years, embracing 291 respondents. The students were divided into two groups: A (students in their first to third years) and B (students in their fourth to sixth years). Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2021 Apr 20. Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

The risk of tuberculosis is greatest soon after infection, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis can remain in the body latently, and individuals can develop disease in the future, sometimes years later. However, there is uncertainty about how often reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) occurs. We searched eight databases (inception to June 25, 2019) to identify studies that quantified tuberculosis reactivation rates occurring more than 2 years after infection (late reactivation), with a focus on identifying untreated study cohorts with defined timing of LTBI acquisition (PROSPERO registered: CRD42017070594). Read More

Metabol Open 2021 Jun 26;10:100090. Epub 2021 Mar 26.

Department of Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.

Background And Aim: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) decreases significantly in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) after pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin (PR) or direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) therapy. We follow-up a single cohort of CHC patients to identify risk factors associated with HCC development post-SVR.

Method: CHC patients with SVR in Beijing/Hong Kong were followed up at 12-24 weekly intervals with surveillance for HCC by ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Apr 20;14(4). Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.

We present a HIV-infected patient who developed severe anaemia due to chronic parvovirus B19 infection and subsequently had an unplanned pregnancy. This is in the context of poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and significant immunosuppression; there was a delay in diagnosis of chronic parvovirus infection due to attribution of anaemia to HIV. She received immunoglobulin therapy and effective antiretroviral therapy, with reduction in parvovirus load and improvement in anaemia. Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2020 Dec;37(6):775-779

Departamento de Anatomía patológica, Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira, Valparaíso, Chile.

Acute parvovirus B19 infection is a self-limiting disease in patients with normal immune response. However, in patients with blood dyscrasias, it is possible to present with an aplastic crisis. We present the case of a 48-year-old man who had developed an aplastic crisis as a result of an acute parvovirus B19 infection with an undiagnosed hereditary spherocytosis. Read More

Rev Chilena Infectol 2021 Feb;38(1):114-118

Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital de Barbastro, España.

Human parvovirus B19 infection is one of the common complications of patients diagnosed with Sickle cell disease (SCD). Parvovirus infections are characterized by a severe anemia with reticulocytopenia, sometimes presenting with other clinical manifestations. The infection can occur simultaneously in patient's cohabitants also diagnosed with SCD. Read More

Ital J Pediatr 2021 Apr 9;47(1):87. Epub 2021 Apr 9.

Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Korczak Paediatric Center, Piłsudskiego 71 Str, 90-329, Lodz, Poland.

Background: Cystic Fibrosis newborn screening (CFNBS) is the optimal method to diagnose the disease during the asymptomatic period. The aim of the study was to determine how CFNBS affects long term clinical outcomes.

Methods: Data from infants who were born in Lodz Voivodship, referred to CF center as a part of CFNBS according to IRT/DNA protocol were compared to the data of children with established CF diagnosis before the start of NBS in Poland (Group CF, n = 52). Read More

Lancet Rheumatol 2021 Jun 30;3(6):e447-e459. Epub 2021 Mar 30.

Danish Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Danmark.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 2 million deaths globally. Two interconnected stages of disease are generally recognised; an initial viral stage and a subsequent immune response phase with the clinical characteristics of hyperinflammation associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, many immune modulators and immunosuppressive drugs, which are widely used in rheumatological practice, have been proposed as treatments for patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. Read More

Viruses 2021 03 24;13(4). Epub 2021 Mar 24.

Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.

Human parvovirus (B19V) is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum in children and is linked to a wide range of clinical manifestations. Studies related to B19V prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and other parts of Asia are very scarce. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence (anti-B19V IgM and IgG), the viremia rate (B19V DNA), and the circulating genotypes of B19V among blood donors in Qatar. Read More

CJC Open 2021 Mar 13;3(3):345-353. Epub 2020 Nov 13.

Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Background: Fetuses of diabetic mothers develop left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and are at increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease. In our previous longitudinal study from midgestation to late infancy we showed persistence of LV hypertrophy and increased aortic stiffness compared with infants of healthy mothers, the latter of which correlated with third trimester maternal hemoglobin A1c. In the present study, we reexamined the same cohort in early childhood to determine if these cardiovascular abnormalities persisted. Read More

Front Immunol 2021 11;12:605945. Epub 2021 Mar 11.

Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and often associated with other features, such as bronchiectasis and autoimmunity. As the ILD term encompasses different acute and chronic pulmonary conditions, the diagnosis is commonly made based on imaging features; histopathology is less frequently available. From a cohort of 637 patients with CVID followed at our center over 4 decades, we reviewed the data for 46 subjects (30 females, 16 males) who had lung biopsies with proven ILD. Read More

Mol Genet Metab 2021 Mar 13. Epub 2021 Mar 13.

National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address:

Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability of childhood describing a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that cause activity limitation, but often are accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication and behavior, or by epilepsy. Inborn errors of metabolism have been reported in the literature as presenting with features of cerebral palsy. We reviewed and updated the list of metabolic disorders known to be associated with symptoms suggestive of cerebral palsy and found more than 150 relevant IEMs. Read More

Iran J Kidney Dis 2021 Mar;1(2):101-108

Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.

Introduction: We conducted a cross-sectional study on children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in a single center in Southern China.

Methods: A total of 166 SRNS cases in the Paediatric Nephrology Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from September 1, 2006, to August 31, 2016 were retrospectively analysed. The inclusion criteria were: 1) age ≤ 14 years, 2) diagnosed with SRNS, and 3) without purpura nephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, lupus nephritis, or another secondary nephritis. Read More

J Dermatol 2021 May 18;48(5):e236-e237. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.

Pediatr Res 2021 Mar 17. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Background: Few studies have characterized follow-up after pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI). Our aim was to describe outpatient AKI follow-up after pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission.

Methods: Two-center retrospective cohort study (0-18 years; PICU survivors (2003-2005); noncardiac surgery; and no baseline kidney disease). Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Mar;100(11):e24894

Department of Infectious Disease, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Objectives: Refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in children has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate large-scale evidence on the risk factors of RMPP to provide suggestions on prevention and controlling for children.

Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang (Chinese) were searched to identify relevant articles. Read More

Metab Brain Dis 2021 06 15;36(5):859-863. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

Department of Pediatric Neurology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy.

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) is a monogenic leukodystrophy with pediatric onset, clinically characterized by a variable degree of neurologic impairment. It belongs to a group of condition called type I interferonopathies that are characterized by abnormal overproduction of interferon alpha, an inflammatory cytokine which action is mediated by the activation of two of the four human Janus Kinases. Thanks to an ever-increasing knowledge of the molecular basis and pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease, Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKIs) have been proposed as a treatment option for selected interferonopathies. Read More