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JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019 Feb 21. Epub 2019 Feb 21.

Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria.

Importance: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the esophagus. Prevalence of EoE is on the rise and, owing to its associated extragastrointestinal manifestations and comorbidities, otolaryngologists are increasingly encountering this condition in their practice.

Observations: Symptoms of EoE are vague and vary greatly based on patient's age. Read More

J Paediatr Child Health 2019 Feb 18. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Emergency Department, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Aim: Croup is a major cause of emergency department (ED) presentations, but there remains a paucity of evidence to guide clinical decision-making around which patients require admission. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of patients presenting to the ED with croup and to identify characteristics associated with a need for further intervention.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients presenting to the ED of a tertiary paediatric hospital with croup between 2011 and 2016. Read More

Cureus 2018 Nov 26;10(11):e3639. Epub 2018 Nov 26.

Emergency Medicine, Methodist Hospital, San Antonio, USA.

The use of the heated and humidified high-flow nasal cannula has become increasingly popular in the treatment of patients with respiratory failure through all age groups. This article will examine the main mechanisms of actions attributed to the use of the high-flow nasal cannula and review the indications in adult and pediatric populations (outside of the neonatal period). It is unclear which of the mechanisms of action is the most important, but it may depend on the cause of the patient's respiratory failure. Read More

PLoS One 2019 5;14(2):e0211852. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

CNRS, UMR 6552 Ethologie animale et humaine, Université de Rennes, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France.

Despite the fact that animal posture is known to reflect emotional state, the presence of chronic postures associated with poor welfare has not been investigated with an objective tool for measuring, quantifying and comparing postures. The use of morphometric geometrics (GM) to describe horse posture (profile of the dorsum) has shown to be an effective method of distinguishing populations that are known to differ in terms of welfare states. Here we investigated photographs of 85 riding school horses differing in terms of welfare state, in order to determine if a specific posture (modelled by GM) is associated with altered welfare. Read More

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019 12;7:2050313X18823088. Epub 2019 Jan 12.

Department of Anesthesia, NMC Specialty Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

C-MAC® video-laryngoscope is often used by anesthetists in difficult intubation scenarios primarily in adults. Using this C-MAC® device in two of our pediatric cases, we successfully removed the laryngeal foreign body, while the anesthetist provided the apneic technique. A systematic review of PubMed and Google Scholar for similar cases was conducted. Read More

Anesth Prog 2018 ;65(4):225-230

Dentist Anesthesiologist, Virginia Dental and Anesthesia Associates, Richmond, Virginia.

Dental treatment of young pediatric patients can be confounded by lack of cooperation for dental rehabilitation procedures and even examination and/or radiographs. With the recent US Food and Drug Administration warning applied to many anesthetic/sedative agents for children less than 3 years old, a retrospective review of general anesthesia (GA) cases from 1 private pediatric dental practice was studied for age, gender, body mass index, anesthetic duration, airway management used, extent of dental surgical treatment, recovery time, and cardiac/pulmonary complications. For the 2016 calendar year, 351 consecutive GA cases were identified with patients aged 2-13 years. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2019 Jan;99(2):80

J Equine Sci 2018 Dec 18;29(4):91-96. Epub 2018 Dec 18.

Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 4849167119, Iran.

The Iranian Turkoman horse is considered one of the major categories of Iranian native horses. The aim of this research was to study the genetic and nongenetic factors affecting body conformation traits in Iranian Turkoman horses. For this, measurements were performed on body conformation traits of 121 horses. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Nov 28;11(1). Epub 2018 Nov 28.

University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is one of the the most common malignancies of childhood and can occasionally present as acute airway obstruction. We present the unusual case of a 1-year-old boy who was referred to our Paediatric Otolaryngology (ENT) clinic with a recurrent history of croup. This is the first reported case of localised ALL presenting as a subglottic mass in a paediatric patient. Read More

Ann Emerg Med 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX.

Res Vet Sci 2019 Feb 24;122:124-131. Epub 2018 Nov 24.

Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologías, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.

The International Equestrian Federation (FEI) ranks horses participating in dressage tests resulting in a prestigious list where equestrians would like to see their horses ranked. The main objective of this study was to analyze morphological and genealogical differences between Lusitano horses (LPB) participating at international events and those ranked by FEI, considering pedigree information. For this study, 324 LPB participating in dressage competitions were analyzed. Read More

Turk Pediatri Ars 2018 Sep 1;53(3):185-188. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Chest Diseases, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Respiratory distress and stridor are some of the common presenting symptoms for children in Pediatric Emergency Department. Most of these children are diagnosed as having common illnesses such as laryngitis, croup or laryngomalacia. However, Pediatric Emergency physicians must keep in mind other rare respiratory diseases other than laryngitis or croup in the differential diagnosis of stridor. Read More

Hosp Pediatr 2018 Dec 15;8(12):769-777. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Objectives: To assess (1) the accuracy of child immunization status documented by providers at hospital presentation for acute respiratory illness and (2) the association of provider-documented up-to-date (UTD) status with immunization receipt during and after hospitalization.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of children ≤16 years old treated for asthma, croup, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia at a children's hospital between July 2014 and June 2016. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and provider-documented UTD immunization status (yes or no) at presentation were obtained from the medical record. Read More

Open Access Emerg Med 2018 16;10:141-147. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Objectives: Croup is one of the most common childhood respiratory illnesses. Early dexamethasone administration in croup can improve patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical impact of prehospital administration of dexamethasone to children with croup. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 10 29;10:CD006822. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Background: Croup is an acute viral respiratory infection with upper airway mucosal inflammation that may cause respiratory distress. Most cases are mild. Moderate to severe croup may require treatment with corticosteroids (from which benefits are often delayed) and nebulised epinephrine (adrenaline) (which may be short-lived and can cause dose-related adverse effects including tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension). Read More

Aust Health Rev 2018 Oct 29. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics and prevalence of all-cause unplanned hospital readmissions at a tertiary paediatric hospital in Western Australia from 2010 to 2014. A retrospective cohort descriptive study was conducted. Unplanned hospital readmission was identified using both 28- and 30-day measurements from discharge date of an index hospital admission to the subsequent related unplanned admission date. Read More

Epidemiology 2019 01;30(1):11-19

University Centre of Rural Health, North Coast School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Background: Ambulance data provide a useful source of population-based and spatiotemporally resolved information for assessing health impacts of air pollution in nonhospital settings. We used the clinical records of paramedics to quantify associations between particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetic, cardiovascular, and respiratory conditions commonly managed by those responding to calls for emergency ambulance services. Read More

Respir Med 2018 Oct 1;143:56-60. Epub 2018 Sep 1.

Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: To assess whether differences exist in the epidemiology and the treatment of croup with respect to gender, race, income and geographical location.

Methods: Retrospective weighted analysis of patients under 19 admitted with a diagnosis of croup with a subcohort of patients requiring intubation or diagnostic bronchoscopy from the National Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database from 2003 to 2013. ICD-9 codes and demographics were analyzed; cross tabulations and linear regression modeling were performed. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2018 Sep 25. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

From the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27127.

Background: Emergency providers often attribute stridor to croup in pediatric patients. However, even in children who are having other symptoms of a viral etiology, several other causes need to be considered.

Case: A 6-month-old term male without significant past medical history presented to the emergency department with stridor with likely underlying laryngospasm. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2018 Nov 20;53(11):1587-1591. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an atopic condition diagnosed based on eosinophilic infiltration in the esophagus and symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Typical clinical manifestations of EoE include feeding refusal, vomiting, and dysphagia however recent reports highlight an associations with extraesophageal symptoms. By definition the inflammatory response in EoE is restricted to the esophagus. Read More

Complement Ther Med 2018 Oct 4;40:185-190. Epub 2017 Sep 4.

Department of Pediatrics, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Gerhard-Kienle-Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. Electronic address:

Background: In Europe only few integrative pediatric wards exists and there are two German hospitals focusing on anthroposophic medicine as part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Whilst the most common pediatric diseases are treated here, pseudocroup patients make up a large group in these hospitals, receiving conventional as well as anthroposophic therapies. However, effectiveness of these therapy concepts mostly based on physicians' experiences but clinical studies are hitherto missing. Read More

Open Med (Wars) 2018 8;13:366-373. Epub 2018 Sep 8.

Department of Anesthesiology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Medical University of Anhui, No. 246 Heping Road, Hefei, 230011, Anhui Province, China.

Background: Cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes are commonly used for pediatric patients in surgery and emergency situations. It is still controversial which approach should be adopted. The purpose of the study was to compare the application of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric patients. Read More

J Educ Health Promot 2018 2;7:97. Epub 2018 Aug 2.

Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Some evidence suggests that childhood croup could be associated with increased incidence of adulthood bronchial reactivity, but its significance is uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of early life croup.

Patients And Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2010-2012 in Isfahan, Iran. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2018 Aug;97(8):E25-E30

Texas ENT Specialists, 23920 Katy Fwy., Suite 430, Katy, TX 77494, USA.

Acute croup is a common admitting diagnosis for pediatric patients. If a patient is not responding to medical management for presumed croup, the otolaryngology team is occasionally consulted for direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (DLB) to rule out tracheitis or another airway pathology. We conducted a study to determine if inpatient DLB in acute croup is safe and efficacious and to correlate preoperative vital signs with intraoperative findings. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 08 22;8:CD001955. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Department of Pediatrics and the Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1C9.

Background: Glucocorticoids are commonly used for croup in children. This is an update of a Cochrane Review published in 1999 and previously updated in 2004 and 2011.

Objectives: To examine the effects of glucocorticoids for the treatment of croup in children aged 0 to 18 years. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2018 Aug;34(8):e139-e140

Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Stridor is a common presenting symptom in young children and is produced by turbulent flow through the upper airway or trachea. In children under 12 months of age, stridor is commonly caused by laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, croup, airway foreign body, and/or retropharyngeal abscess. In atypical presentations of stridor, soft tissue neck radiographs can be helpful to determine the underlying etiology. Read More

Folia Med Cracov 2018 ;58(1):69-79

Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. St. Louis Children Hospital in Kraków, Poland.

Background: Air pollution is a severe problem in Poland, with Kraków area being among the regions with the worse air quality. Viral croup or pseudocroup is a common childhood disease that may manifest with severe upper respiratory tract obstruction. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between incidence and severity of viral croup symptoms among children living in Kraków area, Poland, and air pollution. Read More

J Paediatr Child Health 2019 Feb 1;55(2):181-187. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Aim: In children presenting to an emergency department (ED) with an acute coughing illness, the aims of this study were to: (i) describe the frequency of doctor visits and medication use; and (ii) describe management and relate it to current evidence-based guidelines.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in ED of a major teaching hospital (Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia). Participants included 537 children (<15 years) presenting with acute (<2 weeks) cough, with a median age of 2. Read More

Acad Pediatr 2018 Jul 25. Epub 2018 Jul 25.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and the Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.

Objective: Efforts to decrease hospital revisits often focus on improving access to outpatient follow-up. Our objective was to assess the relationship between perceived access to timely office-based care and subsequent 30-day revisits following hospital discharge for 4 common respiratory illnesses.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of children 2 weeks to 16 years admitted to 5 US children's hospitals for asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, or pneumonia between July 2014 and June 2016. Read More

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019 Feb 21;66(2):485-495. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Objective: Croup, a respiratory tract infection common in children, causes an inflammation of the upper airway restricting normal breathing and producing cough sounds typically described as seallike "barking cough." Physicians use the existence of barking cough as the defining characteristic of croup. This paper aims to develop automated cough sound analysis methods to objectively diagnose croup. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018 Jul;37(7):e185-e194

From the Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: The detection of human rhinoviruses (HRV) is highly prevalent in children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis, acute asthma and croup; however, there is also evidence that HRV is common in asymptomatic individuals. The majority of studies on the role of different HRV serotypes during acute respiratory tract infections episodes have limited sample size to fully characterize the epidemiology of HRV infection, including those from low-middle income countries, where the burden of childhood respiratory disease is greatest.

Methods: We systematically reviewed HRV clinical and molecular epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Southeast Asia before November 2015. Read More

J Pediatr 2018 09 7;200:240-248.e1. Epub 2018 Jun 7.

Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Objective: To evaluate and compare readmission causes and timing within the first 30 days after hospitalization for 3 acute and 3 chronic common pediatric conditions.

Study Design: Data from the 2013 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database were used to examine the daily percentage of readmissions occurring on days 1-30 and the leading causes of readmission after hospitalization for 3 acute (appendicitis, bronchiolitis/croup, and gastroenteritis) and 3 chronic (asthma, epilepsy, and sickle cell) conditions for patients aged 1-17 years (n = 2 753 488). Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 4;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 4.

Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey, USA.

An 88-year-old woman presented to our emergency room with complaints of fever, coryza, barking cough and generalised fatigue for 2 days. Physical examination showed stridor, tachypnoea with use of accessory muscles of respiration on admission. Laboratory tests were unremarkable except for monocytosis with a normal total white cell count. Read More

Acad Emerg Med 2018 Dec 4;25(12):1355-1364. Epub 2018 Jul 4.

Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.

Objectives: Differences in emergency care for children exist between general and pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Some pediatric quality measures are available but are not routinely employed nationwide. We sought to create a short list of applied measures that would provide a starting point for EDs to measure pediatric emergency care quality and to compare care between general and pediatric EDs for these measures. Read More

Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2018 Apr;48(4):129-135

The Center for Pediatric Airway Disorders, Division of Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.

Subglottic stenosis refers to narrowing of the airway diameter below the vocal folds and may be congenital or acquired. Typical signs and symptoms range from recurrent croup and exertional stridor to complete airflow obstruction requiring tracheotomy. Management of moderate and severe subglottic stenosis often requires intricate surgical techniques. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2018 May;97(9):Online

Am Fam Physician 2018 May;97(9):575-580

Naval Hospital Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Croup is a common respiratory illness affecting 3% of children six months to three years of age. It accounts for 7% of hospitalizations annually for fever and/or acute respiratory illness in children younger than five years. Croup is a manifestation of upper airway obstruction resulting from swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, leading to inspiratory stridor and a barking cough. Read More

J Gen Virol 2018 Jun 23;99(6):763-767. Epub 2018 Apr 23.

1​Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.

HPIV3 is a respiratory virus causing airway diseases, including pneumonia, croup, and bronchiolitis, during infancy and childhood. Currently there is no effective vaccine or anti-viral therapy for this virus. Studies have suggested that poor T cell proliferation following HPIV3 infection is responsible for impaired immunological memory associated with this virus. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2018 Apr-Jun;61(2):214-218

Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Context: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) causes up to 40% of community-acquired pneumonia in children. It is impossible to identify M. Read More

Paediatr Child Health 2017 Jun 24;22(3):166-173. Epub 2017 May 24.

Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Ottawa, Ontario.

Croup is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction in young children. It is characterized by sudden onset of barky cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor and respiratory distress caused by upper airway inflammation secondary to a viral infection. Published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of croup advise using steroids as the mainstay treatment for all children who present to emergency department (ED) with croup symptoms. Read More

JAMA 2018 03;319(9):906-913

Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland.

Importance: Some parents are concerned that multiple vaccines in early childhood could weaken their child's immune system. Biological data suggest that increased vaccine antigen exposure could increase the risk for infections not targeted by vaccines.

Objective: To examine estimated cumulative vaccine antigen exposure through the first 23 months of life in children with and without non-vaccine-targeted infections from 24 through 47 months of age. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Med Pract 2018 Mar 1;15(3):1-16. Epub 2018 Mar 1.

Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics; Section Chief, Pediatric Emergency Medicine; Medical Director, Upstate Poison Center, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.

Corticosteroids have been used for over half a century to treat various inflammatory disorders; however, their use in many pediatric conditions remains controversial. This issue reviews evidence on corticosteroid treatment in acute asthma exacerbations, croup, acute pharyngitis, anaphylaxis, acute spinal injury, and bacterial meningitis. While corticosteroids are clearly indicated for management of asthma exacerbations and croup, they are not universally recommended for potential spinal cord injury. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Med Pract 2018 Mar 1;15(3 Suppl):1-2. Epub 2018 Mar 1.

Chief Resident, Emergency Medicine ; Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Corticosteroids have been used for over half a century to treat various inflammatory disorders; however, their use in many pediatric conditions remains controversial. This issue reviews evidence on corticosteroid treatment in acute asthma exacerbations, croup, acute pharyngitis, anaphylaxis, acute spinal injury, and bacterial meningitis. While corticosteroids are clearly indicated for management of asthma exacerbations and croup, they are not universally recommended for potential spinal cord injury. Read More

Acta Paediatr 2018 Jun 22;107(6):1011-1019. Epub 2018 Feb 22.

Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.

Aim: This study examined whether prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with lower or upper airway inflammation in infants.

Methods: From 2007 to 2010, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, adjusted for creatinine, to analyse 14 phthalate metabolites and one phthalate replacement in the urine of 1062 Swedish mothers at a median of 10 weeks of pregnancy. This was used to determine any associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and croup, wheezing or otitis in their offspring until 12 months of age, using logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2017 ;59(3):281-287

Division of Pediatric Emergency Care, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.

Üzüm Ö, Çağlar A, Küme T, Sayıner A, Er A, Akgül F, Ulusoy E, Yılmaz D, Duman M. Are cytokines and cortisol important predictors for the severity of pediatric croup: A case control study. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 281-287. Read More

Acta Otolaryngol 2018 Jun 8;138(6):579-583. Epub 2018 Jan 8.

e Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Okayama , Japan.

Objectives: Croup, or laryngotracheobronchitis, is a common disease in childhood. On the other hand, to our knowledge, there are only 14 cases in six English literatures describing adult croup (AC). The clinical features of AC have not been well known. Read More

Harefuah 2017 Dec;156(12):783-785

Department of Pediatrics C, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva.

Introduction: Stridor is a respiratory sound caused by turbulent air flow through narrow airways. The most common cause for acute inspiratory stridor is a viral infection of the upper airways, causing laryngotracheitis (Croup). Other common causes include an allergic reaction, foreign body aspiration and trauma. Read More

Open Nurs J 2017 30;11:241-261. Epub 2017 Nov 30.

Adult Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA. UK, 07976761858.

Background: Many randomised control trials and systematic reviews have examined the benefits of glucocorticoids for the treatment of croup in children, but they have reported mainly on dexamethasone as an oral treatment for croup. No systematic reviews have examined prednisolone alone.

Aim: To determine in a systematic review of the literature whether a single dose of oral prednisolone is as effective as a single dose of dexamethasone for reducing croup symptoms in children. Read More