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Crit Care 2019 Apr 16;23(1):120. Epub 2019 Apr 16.

Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, F-69004, Lyon, France.

Respir Med 2019 Apr 6;150:8-14. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Background: Bronchiectasis is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by progressive and irreversible bronchial dilatation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the etiologies and clinical features of bronchiectasis in Korean children.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records for children diagnosed with bronchiectasis between 2000 and 2017 at 28 secondary or tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Read More

BMJ Paediatr Open 2019 4;3(1):e000409. Epub 2019 Mar 4.

Paediatric Department, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of under-five mortality globally. In Kenya, the reported prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in single-centre studies has varied widely. Our study sought to determine the prevalence of RSV infection in children admitted with ARI fulfilling the WHO criteria for bronchiolitis. Read More

Thorax 2019 May 4;74(5):430-431. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy

Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019 Apr 1. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), belonging to the Parvoviridae family, was discovered in 2005, in nasopharyngeal samples from children with respiratory tract infections. Three additional bocaviruses, HBoV2-4, were discovered in 2009-10. These viruses have mainly been found in faecal samples and their role in human diseases is still uncertain. Read More

PLoS One 2019 1;14(4):e0214647. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of CT-based quantitative airway and air-trapping measurements and to assess their correlation with pulmonary function in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO).

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study approved by the institutional review board included chest CT scans and pulmonary function tests (PFT) completed between January 2005 and December 2016 in children diagnosed with PIBO. The quantitative analysis of segmental and subsegmental bronchi was performed on each chest CT scan, measuring the areas or diameters of lumens, walls, or the entire airway. Read More

PLoS One 2019 1;14(4):e0214197. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: Ethnic disparities have been shown in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. However, it is unclear whether such differences are related to access to care. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics of Arab and Jewish children hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis in Israel, a country with universal health insurance. Read More

J Hosp Med 2019 Apr;14(4):212-217

Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.

Objective: This study aims to assess whether secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has an impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with acute respiratory illness (ARI).

Methods: This study was nested within a multicenter, prospective cohort study of children (two weeks to 16 years) with ARI (emergency department visits for croup and hospitalizations for croup, asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia) between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2016. Subjects were surveyed upon enrollment for sociodemographics, healthcare utilization, home SHS exposure (0 or ≥1 smoker in the home), and child HRQOL (Pediatric Quality of Life Physical Functioning Scale) for both baseline health (preceding illness) and acute illness (on admission). Read More

JAMA Pediatr 2019 Apr 1. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Importance: Rhinovirus infection in early life, particularly with allergic sensitization, is associated with higher risks of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma. While emerging evidence links different rhinovirus species (eg, rhinovirus C) to a higher severity of infection and asthma exacerbation, to our knowledge, little is known about longitudinal associations of rhinovirus C infection during infancy with subsequent morbidities.

Objective: To examine the association of different viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], rhinovirus species) in bronchiolitis with risks of developing recurrent wheeze. Read More

Indian J Pediatr 2019 Mar 30. Epub 2019 Mar 30.

Department of Pediatrics, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Sadiq Road, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India.

Acta Paediatr 2019 Mar 28. Epub 2019 Mar 28.

Centre for Child Health, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.

Aim: This paper summarises variations in the genes encoding toll-like receptors (TLRs) in relation to the aetiology and outcome of infant bronchiolitis. It compares the literature with research carried out by our group.

Methods: A mini review was conducted to provide context for a study carried out at the Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Read More

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2019 Mar-Apr,;33(2):409-413

Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.

Bronchiolitis is a widespread lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, and is closely related to the incidence of asthma, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a role in its pathogenesis. Read More

Respir Care 2019 Mar 26. Epub 2019 Mar 26.

Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York.

Background: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), a form of noninvasive respiratory support, is effective for the treatment of respiratory distress in ICUs. Although HFNC has been used outside of the ICU, there is little research that examines its safety in this less-monitored setting.

Methods: Children ≤ 24 months old admitted with bronchiolitis to a pediatric floor at a tertiary care center from April 1 2013, to March 31 2015, were identified by using standard diagnostic codes. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2019 Mar 25. Epub 2019 Mar 25.

University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Dermatology, Southampton, UK.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) are characterised by widespread skin and mucosal necrosis and are infrequently reported in children. Triggers and long-term sequelae differ to those reported for adult cases. Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rarely reported complication but is associated with significant long-term morbidity. Read More

Acta Med Port 2019 Feb 28;32(2):101-110. Epub 2019 Feb 28.

Departamento de Medicina Geral e Familiar. Unidade de Saúde Familiar Viseu-Cidade. Agrupamento Centros de Saúde Dão Lafões. Viseu. Portugal.

Introduction: Respiratory tract infections represent the most frequent conditions in pediatric clinical practice that motivate antibiotic prescribing. The objective was to identify the frequency and pattern of antibacterial prescribing in respiratory diseases.

Material And Methods: Over a period of two years (divided by the presentation of the clinical guideline standards) data was collected from clinical records of children with respiratory disease. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2019 Mar 18. Epub 2019 Mar 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Objective: We aimed to compare the heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) flow rate of 1-L·kg·min (1 L) with 2-L·kg·min (2 L) in patients with severe bronchiolitis presenting to the pediatric emergency department.

Study Design: We performed a study in which all patients were allocated to receive these two flow rates. The primary outcome was admitted as treatment failure, which was defined as a clinical escalation in respiratory status. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2019 Mar 18. Epub 2019 Mar 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Background: Heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy has been used in children with severe bronchiolitis. No data exists in children with mild to moderate bronchiolitis requiring lower flows of heated and humidified oxygen therapy.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized pilot study of standard dry oxygen (control) versus heated and humidified low flow nasal cannula (HHLFNC), <4 liters per minute (LPM) oxygen, (treatment) in healthy children ≤24 months old with bronchiolitis. Read More

Hosp Pediatr 2019 Apr 8;9(4):300-304. Epub 2019 Mar 8.

Regional Affiliations and Outreach,University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, California.

Background: Our 121-bed children's hospital is a quaternary care referral center for a 33-county region. Referring hospitals asked for Pediatric Acute Care Education Sessions (PACES). To determine which topics to prioritize for these sessions, nominal group technique (NGT) methods were used to obtain stakeholder-prioritized consensus on education topics. Read More

PLoS One 2019 7;14(3):e0213501. Epub 2019 Mar 7.

Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis during the first year of life, when infections by other viruses, such as rhinovirus, also occur and are clinically indistinguishable from those caused by HRSV. In hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis, the analysis of gene expression profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may be useful for the rapid identification of etiological factors, as well as for developing diagnostic tests, and elucidating pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different viral agents. In this study we conducted a comparative global gene expression analysis of PBMC obtained from two groups of infants with acute viral bronchiolitis who were infected by HRSV (HRSV group) or by HRV (HRV group). Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2019 Mar 5. Epub 2019 Mar 5.

Department of Pediatrics, Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.

Objective: Respiratory tract infections are among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is the leading cause of hospital admission among infants. Clinical scores have proven to be inaccurate in predicting prognosis. Read More

Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019 Mar;20(3):301-302

Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.

Arch Pediatr 2019 Apr 1;26(3):174-175. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

Pediatric intensive care unit, hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104, boulevard Raymond-Poincaré, 92370 Garches, France; Versailles Saint-Quentin University, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, 2, avenue de la source de la Biévre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France. Electronic address:

Over the past 10 years, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has revolutionized the prognosis and management of bronchiolitis patients hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is emerging as an alternative to CPAP. Despite encouraging results of several clinical and physiological studies, HFNC use remains controversial and its indications heterogeneous. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 Feb;98(8):e14537

Department of Infectious Disease.

Rationale: Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is an uncommon type of acute lung injury associated with infection, connective tissue disorders, drug exposure, and hematologic malignancies.

Patient Concerns: A 53-year-old female presented with intermittent fever, chills, and dry cough since 10 days. Chest computed tomography scan showed multiple bilateral patchy infiltrates. Read More

Sudan J Paediatr 2018 ;18(2):20-24

Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.

The current study aims to evaluate the prevalence of the utilization of various herbal remedies in children hospitalized with lower respiratory illnesses and assess the different herbal products which are most commonly used. Moreover, the indications of usage and the route and frequency of administration are also highlighted. All children who were hospitalized in three centers, through the period of 18 months, due to acute bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or bronchial asthma were included in this study. Read More

Pulmonology 2019 Mar - Apr;25(2):122-125. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Pediatrics Department, Santa Maria Hospital - CHLN, Lisbon Medical Academic Centre (CAML), Lisbon, Portugal.

J Infect Dis 2019 Feb 19. Epub 2019 Feb 19.

Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK.

Isr Med Assoc J 2019 Feb;21(2):110-115

Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related bronchiolitis is a common cause of morbidity in young infants. The recommendations for its passive prevention by palivizumab are currently under intensive debate.

Objectives: To elucidate the optimal prevention strategy by studying the morbidity of RSV disease under the current recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis in Israel. Read More

J Med Virol 2019 Feb 14. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.

Background: Patients with pediatric cancer have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality because of respiratory viral infections than other patient populations.

Objectives: To investigate the causative viruses of respiratory infections and their burden among patients with pediatric cancer in Lebanon.

Study Design: Nasopharyngeal swabs along with clinical and demographic data were collected from patients with pediatric cancer presenting febrile episodes with upper respiratory tract symptoms. Read More

Pediatrics 2019 Mar 13;143(3). Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Background: Monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; palivizumab) is recommend for prophylaxis of high-risk infants during bronchiolitis seasons but not for RSV bronchiolitis treatment. Our aim was to determine if palivizumab would be helpful in young infants with acute RSV bronchiolitis.

Methods: Eligible infants ≤3 months old presenting to the pediatric emergency service with RSV-positive bronchiolitis requiring inpatient admission underwent double-blind random assignment to single-dose intravenous palivizumab (15 mg/kg) or placebo. Read More

Am J Transplant 2019 Feb 12. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following allotransplant. Activated donor effector T cells can differentiate into pathogenic T helper (Th)-17 cells and germinal center (GC)-promoting T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, resulting in cGVHD. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-δ (PI3Kδ), a lipid kinase, is critical for activated T cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Read More

Eur J Pediatr 2019 May 12;178(5):623-632. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

Emergency Pediatric Department, Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.

Bronchiolitis is the most common cause of hospitalization of children in the first year of life. The lung ultrasound is a new diagnostic tool which is inexpensive, non-invasive, rapid, and easily repeatable. Our prospective study was conducted in the emergency department and all patients underwent a routine clinical evaluation and lung ultrasound by the pediatricians who defined the clinical and the ultrasound score. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Feb 11. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Univ Michigan, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States ;

Rationale: "Non-infectious" pulmonary complications are significant causes of morbidity and mortality post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Early onset viral reactivations or infections are common after transplant. Whether the first onset viral infection causes "non-infectious" pulmonary complications is unknown. Read More

Emerg Med J 2019 Mar 6;36(3):148-153. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Background: Serious bacterial infections in young infants with bronchiolitis are rare. Febrile infants <1 month old with bronchiolitis often receive a lumbar puncture (LP), despite limited data for this practice and lack of clinical practice guidelines for this population. The primary objective was to investigate practice patterns in performance of LPs in the ED management of febrile infants aged ≤30 days with bronchiolitis. Read More

Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019 Feb;20(2):128-135

All authors: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH.

Objectives: Initial respiratory support with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula may prevent the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in PICU patients with bronchiolitis. However, it is not clear whether the initial choice of respiratory support modality influences the need for subsequent invasive mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of subsequent invasive mechanical ventilation after initial support with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula in children with bronchiolitis. Read More

Pediatrics 2019 Feb;143(2)

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 01 31;1:CD010473. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 110029.

Background: Acute bronchiolitis is one of the most frequent causes of emergency department visits and hospitalisation in children. There is no specific treatment for bronchiolitis except for supportive treatment, which includes ensuring adequate hydration and oxygen supplementation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) aims to widen the lungs' peripheral airways, enabling deflation of overdistended lungs in bronchiolitis. Read More

JAMA Pediatr 2019 Jan 28. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.

Importance: Concomitant urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent concern in febrile infants with bronchiolitis, with a prior meta-analysis suggesting a prevalence of 3.3%. However, the definition of UTI in these studies has generally not incorporated urinalysis (UA) results. Read More

Hosp Pediatr 2019 Feb;9(2):121-128

Division of Hospitalist Medicine and.

Objectives: Hospitals are employing more nurse practitioners and physician assistants on inpatient pediatric units. With this study, we compared patient outcomes in high-volume inpatient diagnoses on pediatric hospital medicine services staffed by attending physician hospitalists and residents (hospitalist and resident service [HRS]) with 1 staffed by attending physician hospitalists and advanced practice providers (HAPPS).

Methods: A historical cohort study was implemented by using administrative data for patients admitted to HRS and HAPPS from 2007 to 2011 with asthma, bronchiolitis, cellulitis, and pneumonia with severity levels 1 and 2 for all-patient refined diagnosis-related groups. Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2019 Jan 22. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Disorders Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Objectives: Although progress has been made in the standardized interpretation of nocturnal oximetry in children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), no evidence exists on oximetry abnormalities in other respiratory disorders. We aimed to compare obstructive lung disease (OLD) and SDB regarding nocturnal oximetry parameters.

Methods: We analyzed oximetry recordings from children with (i) OLD (obliterative bronchiolitis; cystic fibrosis); (ii) snoring and adenotonsillar hypertrophy (SDB); and (iii) no respiratory disorder (controls). Read More

JMIR Med Inform 2019 Jan 22;7(1):e12591. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.

Background: In children below the age of 2 years, bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization. Each year in the United States, bronchiolitis causes 287,000 emergency department visits, 32%-40% of which result in hospitalization. Due to a lack of evidence and objective criteria for managing bronchiolitis, clinicians often make emergency department disposition decisions on hospitalization or discharge to home subjectively, leading to large practice variation. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019 Jan 17. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

One-fourth of patients with bronchiolitis seen in US emergency departments between 2007 and 2015 received antibiotics; 70% of them had no documented bacterial coinfection. Macrolides were prescribed in 38% of the cases. Antibiotic use did not decrease after national recommendations against routine prescribing. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 18. Epub 2019 Jan 18.

Vanderbilt University, Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.

Allergy 2019 Jan 17. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019 Jan 14. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

Hosp Pediatr 2019 Feb 15;9(2):79-86. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Divisions of Pediatric Hospital Medicine.

Objectives: To assess pediatric providers' perceptions on viral testing and to determine barriers to minimizing respiratory viral testing (RVT) in bronchiolitis.

Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted and included 6 focus group discussions with pediatric providers. Questions were focused on identifying factors associated with obtaining RVT. Read More

J Paediatr Child Health 2019 Jan 6. Epub 2019 Jan 6.

Department of Paediatrics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.

Aim: Bronchiolitis is one of the most common lower respiratory tract infections in young children, associated with significant morbidity, but limited therapeutic options. Nebulised hypertonic saline (HS) has been a supportive treatment until current guidelines advised against its routine use. Accordingly, the University Hospital of Antwerp recently changed their policies to stop using it, allowing us to evaluate retrospectively if HS influences the duration of respiratory support. Read More

Dev Period Med 2018 ;22(4):323-328

Department of Pediatrics, Chair of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.

Objective: Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the adherence to the 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for bronchiolitis.

Patients And Methods: Material and methods: The study measured the utility of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with the first episode of bronchiolitis in their lives hospitalized at the University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Poland, between September 2014 and March 2015. The results were compared with the achievable benchmarks of care (ABCs) for hospitalized children with bronchiolitis. Read More

Health Sci Rep 2018 Jun 24;1(6):e38. Epub 2018 May 24.

Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Turku University Turku Finland.

Background And Aim: Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants and is associated with a risk of subsequent asthma. The innate immunity genes, such as those encoding toll-like receptors (TLRs), are likely to play a role in bronchiolitis and post-bronchiolitis outcome. Thus far, only one study has considered TLR5 genes in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Read More

Health Sci Rep 2018 Dec 12;1(12):e91. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA.

Aim: We sought to determine the proportion of bronchiolitis episodes attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among ICD-9 coded infant bronchiolitis episodes which were tested for RSV.

Methods: Bronchiolitis healthcare encounters were extracted from Kaiser Permanente Northern California databases for years 2006 to 2009. We used ICD-9 codes for bronchiolitis to capture bronchiolitis-related healthcare encounters including hospital admissions (Hospitalization), emergency department visits (EDV), and outpatient visits (OPV). Read More

Pediatr Pulmonol 2019 Mar 6;54(3):297-302. Epub 2019 Jan 6.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

Background: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is the leading cause of child mortality, especially in the developing world. Polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene have been linked to a variety of human diseases.

Objectives: To investigate whether the IL-4 -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism could be a genetic marker for susceptibility to ALRIs in young Egyptian children. Read More