Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

J Neurol 2018 Dec 17. Epub 2018 Dec 17.

Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.

To define the prevalence and characteristics of single ocular motor nerve palsy (OMNP) associated with positive serum anti-GQ1b antibody. We performed a prospective multicenter study that recruited 82 patients with single OMNP without identifiable causes from the history and neuroimaging in six neurology clinics of university hospitals. We measured serum anti-GQ1b antibody in all participants. Read More

eNeurologicalSci 2019 Mar 19;14:28-30. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Salus University, Neuro-ophthalmic Disease Department, 8360 Old York Rd, Elkins Park, PA 19027, United States.

A 66 year-old woman presented with a pupil-sparing partial third cranial nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion in the right cavernous sinus, demonstrating signal characteristics consistent with arachnoid cyst. Oculomotor synkinesis and a pupil-sparing third cranial nerve palsy from an arachnoid cyst of the cavernous sinus have not been previously reported. Read More

Neuroophthalmology 2018 Oct 9;42(5):316-317. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Lesions of the central nucleus of the third cranial nerve in midbrain leads to bilateral ptosis. We present a case of a 14 year old boy, who was found to have B/L non-correctable ptosis and medial rectus palsy. There was a ring enhancing lesion in the midbrain in contrast MRI which resolved with treatment. Read More

J Neurosurg 2018 Oct 1:1-9. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

OBJECTIVEOcclusive treatment of posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms has been seen as a fairly uncomplicated procedure. The objective here was to determine the radiological and clinical outcome of patients after PCoA aneurysm rupture and treatment and to evaluate the risk factors for impaired outcome.METHODSIn a retrospective clinical follow-up study, data were collected from 620 consecutive patients who had been treated for ruptured PCoA aneurysms at a single center between 1980 and 2014. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2018 Oct-Dec;13(4):1269-1272

Department of Neurosurgery, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Cranial nerve schwannomas usually arise from sensory nerve and the occurrence of schwannoma in a motor nerve is rare, especially in sporadic cases. Oculomotor nerve schwannomas (ONS) are rare and they are unique as they arise from motor nerve. ONS palsy may or may not be the presenting feature of oculomotor schwannoma. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2018 Oct-Dec;13(4):1148-1157

Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.

Introduction: Basilar aneurysms represent 5%-7% of all intracranial aneurysms. The main goal of open surgery is to achieve complete obliteration of the aneurysmal sac using minimal invasive technique while emphasizing on avoidance of complication.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of nine cases of unruptured basilar tip aneurysm referred to the Fujita Health University Banbuntane-Hotokukai Hospital, Japan. Read More

MBio 2018 Nov 20;9(6). Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common prion disease in humans and has been iatrogenically transmitted through corneal graft transplantation. Approximately 40% of sCJD patients develop visual or oculomotor symptoms and may seek ophthalmological consultation. Here we used the highly sensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to measure postmortem prion seeding activities in cornea, lens, ocular fluid, retina, choroid, sclera, optic nerve, and extraocular muscle in the largest series of sCJD patient eyes studied by any assay to date. Read More

No Shinkei Geka 2018 Nov;46(11):1007-1012

Department of Neurosurgery, Odawara Municipal Hospital.

Benedikt syndrome is caused by a rare type of brain damage to the red nucleus and nearby locations. Clinically, it presents as ipsilateral oculomotor palsy and specific contralateral involuntary movement. These involuntary movements may affect activities of daily living(ADLs)in affected patients. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2018 Nov 16. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, China. Electronic address:

The recovery of oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) due to posterior communicating aneurysm (PComAA) remains largely undefined. This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate predictors of nerve recovery in patients with ONP due to PComAA. A total of 102 patients with ONP due to PComAA who had undergone either endovascular coiling (63 cases) or surgical clipping (39 cases) between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Nov 15. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Neurosurgical Institute of Shanghai, Neurosurgical Institute of PLA, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:

This operative video demonstrates a transclinoid-transcavernous approach for the resection of a cavernous sinus hemangioma. The patient is a 42-yr-old female who presented with headache and blurred vision. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an enhancing mass in the right-side cavernous sinus and sella. Read More

Headache 2018 Nov 15. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.

Magn Reson Med Sci 2018 Nov 9. Epub 2018 Nov 9.

Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital.

World Neurosurg 2018 Oct 31. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.

Background: Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysm arising from the SCA itself is rare and treatment of this aneurysm is challenging because of the important anatomical structures, such as the perforating arteries to the brainstem and the cranial nerves. We describe a successful coil embolization with LVIS Jr stent for the proximal SCA dissecting aneurysm.

Clinical Description: A 50-year-old woman presenting right oculomotor nerve palsy and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Read More

Epilepsy Behav 2018 Dec 26;89:37-41. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Stanford Neurosurgery, 213 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive alternative with less cognitive risks compared with traditional surgery for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.

Objective: We describe seizure outcomes and complications after LITT in our cohort with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).

Material And Methods: We prospectively tracked Stanford's MTLE cases treated with LITT from October 2014 to October 2017. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 Oct;59(12):5201-5209

Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

Purpose: Proper control of eye movements is critical to vision, but relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate development and axon guidance in the ocular motor system or cause the abnormal innervation patterns (oculomotor synkinesis) seen in developmental disorders and after oculomotor nerve palsy. We developed an ex vivo slice assay that allows for live imaging and molecular manipulation of the growing oculomotor nerve, which we used to identify axon guidance cues that affect the oculomotor nerve.

Methods: Ex vivo slices were generated from E10. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018 Nov 27;58(11):668-672. Epub 2018 Oct 27.

Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University.

A 56-year-old man noted sudden onset of headache, fever, right pupil-spared oculomotor nerve palsy and consciousness disturbance. Swelling of pituitary with T high intensity on brain MRI suggested the diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy. Considering significant decrease of pituitary anterior lobe hormone and central diabetes insipidus, high dose of hydrocortisone was administered. Read More

Clin Interv Aging 2018 12;13:1981-1985. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,

Background: Whether conservative treatment or surgical management is the most appropriate treatment for pituitary apoplexy (PA) is controversial. In general, if severe symptoms of compression occur, such as oculomotor nerve palsy, neurosurgery is performed to relieve the compression of anatomical structures near the PA.

Case Description: We describe the case of a 79-year-old man who was found to have an intrasellar pituitary incidentaloma. Read More

NMC Case Rep J 2018 Oct 20;5(4):111-113. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Department of Neurosurgery, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

Dermoid tumors originating from the cavernous sinus are typically intradural, and thus, presentation with ophthalmoplegia is uncommon. Infantile dermoid tumors originating from the interdural space of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus are also very rare. We herein present a 4-year-old infantile case of a dermoid cyst that was embedded in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Read More

Brain Dev 2018 Oct 6. Epub 2018 Oct 6.

Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address:

Objectives: Defects in DNA damage responses or repair mechanisms cause numerous rare inherited diseases, referred to as "DNA-repair defects" or "DNA damage deficiency", characterized by neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and/or cancer predisposition. Early accurate diagnosis is important for informing appropriate clinical management; however, diagnosis is frequently challenging and can be delayed, due to phenotypic heterogeneity. Comprehensive genomic analysis could overcome this disadvantage. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2018 Jul-Sep;13(3):555-559

Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.

Introduction: Surgical oculomotor nerve palsy(ONP), defined by ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, diplopia and pupillary dilatation, is associated with intracranial aneurysms, especially posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms. Treatment of PcomA aneurysms include endovascular coiling and surgical clipping. This study retrospectively compared the recovery of ONP in patients who underwent endovascular coiling or surgical clipping. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Jan 27;121:e475-e480. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Background: Pupillary light reflex examinations are intrinsic to any good neurological examination. Consistent evidence has shown that automated pupillometry assessments provide superior accuracy and interrater correlation compared with bedside eye examinations. Pupillary indexes such as the neurological pupil index (NPI) can also provide several hours of warning before the advent of herniation syndromes or third nerve palsy. Read More

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018 Oct 16;79(Suppl 4):S311-S315. Epub 2018 Jul 16.

Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

 The main purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness and safety of surgery via the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for cavernous sinus (CS) lesion in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA).  Retrospective study.  Keio University Hospital. Read More

Intern Med 2018 Sep 12. Epub 2018 Sep 12.

Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.

An otherwise healthy 44-year-old woman exhibited isolated unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy accompanied by an influenza A infection. An intra-orbital MRI scan revealed that her right third intracranial nerve was enlarged and enhanced. She recovered completely during the first month after treatment with oseltamivir phosphate. Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018 Nov 8;160(11):2187-2189. Epub 2018 Sep 8.

Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Via Tesserete 46, 6903, Lugano, Switzerland.

Background: Posterior communicating artery aneurysms sometimes present with partial or complete oculomotor nerve palsy, due to direct oculomotor nerve compression, irritation by subarachnoid blood, or both. Superiority of surgical clipping over endovascular coiling in terms of postoperative outcome is still controversial.

Method: Direct oculomotor nerve decompression by opening of the anterior petroclinoid ligament during aneurysm clipping is performed as a simple and feasible surgical maneuver which allows to improve the decompression effect obtained by aneurysm exclusion. Read More

Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018 Aug 30. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.

Brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) account for 15% to 18% of all intracranial CMs1 and 13% of all cerebrovascular pathology in the posterior fossa.1,2 This video demonstrates the resection of a pontomesencephalic CM through a pretemporal approach through the oculomotor-tentorial triangle (OTT).3 A 49-yr-old woman presented with an acute onset of left hemiparesis, diplopia, vertigo, partial oculomotor, and facial palsy. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Sep 2;117:413-418. Epub 2018 Jul 2.

Department of Neurology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address:

Background: Central nervous system tuberculoma is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis with high mortality. Cavernous sinus tuberculoma (CST) is a very rare central nervous system tuberculoma with few cases reported in the literature.

Case Description: A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with acute diplopia and headache limited to the right side. Read More

Neural Regen Res 2018 Oct;13(10):1851-1856

Ocular Motility Disorder Treatment & Rehabilitation Center, Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.

Objective and accurate assessment of the degree of ocular motor nerve palsy is helpful not only in the evaluation of prognosis, but also for the screening of treatment methods. However, there is currently no comprehensive measure of its severity. In this study, we designed the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale and investigated its validity and reliability. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 09;66(9):1367-1369

Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.

Isolated schwannomas of motor nerves to extraocular muscles are uncommon. In addition, most previous studies on oculomotor nerve schwannoma discuss adult patients, and pediatric cases are rare. We report a 10-year-old girl who developed recurrent oculomotor nerve palsy caused by schwannoma without any vascular malformation. Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2018 Aug 11;53(4):e138-e140. Epub 2017 Dec 11.

Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Case Rep Neurol Med 2018 9;2018:9720843. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA.

Early disseminated Lyme disease typically presents with cardiac, rheumatologic, or neurologic symptoms. Though uncommon, can invade the central nervous system and cause neuroborreliosis. In these patients, facial palsy, headache, and stiffness of the neck are the most common presenting symptoms. Read More

Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018 Nov 12;62(6):659-666. Epub 2018 Aug 12.

Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.

Purpose: We evaluated the background and characteristics of elderly patients with binocular diplopia including diseases caused by abnormalities in orbital pulleys.

Study Design: Retrospective.

Methods: The participants were 236 patients aged 60 years or older who visited Kitasato University Hospital complaining of binocular diplopia. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Nov 6;119:142-145. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Oculomotor nerve palsy is occasionally a key indicator of an internal carotid posterior communicating (ICPC) artery bifurcation aneurysm. The interval between the onset of palsy and the time of surgery is considered to be the most important factor affecting recovery from oculomotor nerve palsy. We encountered a rare case of oculomotor nerve palsy due to compression by the infundibular dilatation of the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) rather than by an ICPC aneurysm. Read More

Neurocirugia (Astur) 2018 Nov - Dec;29(6):314-317. Epub 2018 Jul 29.

Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, Quito, Ecuador.

Isolated traumatic oculomotor nerve (ON) palsy is an uncommon clinical presentation of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). There are very few cases in which it has been possible to demonstrate the isolated damage of the ON by avulsion of the roots, accompanied with traumatic axonal injury and intraneural microhemorrhage. We present a 23-year-old female who, after mild TBI, began to experience right ptosis, binocular diplopia, and photophobia. Read More

Ophthalmology 2018 Dec 25;125(12):1937-1952. Epub 2018 Jul 25.

Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Purpose: Joubert syndrome (JS) is caused by mutations in >34 genes that encode proteins involved with primary (nonmotile) cilia and the cilium basal body. This study describes the varying ocular phenotypes in JS patients, with correlation to systemic findings and genotype.

Design: Patients were systematically and prospectively examined at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center in the setting of a dedicated natural history clinical trial. Read More

Neuroophthalmology 2018 Aug 12;42(4):229-232. Epub 2017 Oct 12.

Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Cavernous angiomas of the cranial nerves are extremely rare, and those of the oculomotor (third) cranial nerve are rarer still, with no previous cases having been reported in the literature. We report herein the first case of a presumed cavernous angioma involving the subarachnoid portion of the left third nerve presenting as an acute left third nerve palsy in an infant. The child was followed without intervention and the palsy completely resolved. Read More

Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2018 Apr-Jun;8(2):108-110

Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.

We report a case presenting with bilateral oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) resulting from a midbrain hemorrhage. The patient visited the ophthalmological clinic due to the sudden onset of horizontal diplopia for a week. Bilateral ONP spared the left eye levator and bilateral pupils were found while the remaining results of examinations were unremarkable. Read More

Agri 2018 07;30(3):146-149

Department of Neurology, University of Kyrenia Faculty of Medicine, North Cyprus.

The abrupt onset of acute, high-intensity headache, unlike any experienced before, can be an urgent medical condition, which requires attention. A 32-year-old female patient developed thunderclap headache attacks had applied with increasing intensity and frequency since 1 week. She had visited the emergency department several times, and cranial computed tomography findings were normal. Read More

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2018 Jul;38(7):757-60

The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300381.

It was to introduce professor 's experience in the treatment of oculomotor nerve palsy with acupuncture based on the interactions of twelve muscle regions and opposing needling theory. In the treatment, the TCM syndrome differentiation is taken as the general principle, the theory of the interactions of twelve muscle regions and opposing needling as the specific feature. The contrary needling is used at Hanyan (GB 4) and Juliao (ST 3) on the healthy side. Read More

Strabismus 2018 09 9;26(3):145-149. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

b Department of Ophthalmology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.

Introduction: Multiple different procedures have been proposed to address complete sixth nerve palsy with severe abduction limitation. In this study, we report a modification of the Hummelsheim's procedure. It is in fact muscle pulley transposition that obviates the need for tenotomy or muscle splitting. Read More

Neurohospitalist 2018 Jul 7;8(3):NP4-NP5. Epub 2018 May 7.

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

J Neurosurg 2018 Jun 29:1-11. Epub 2018 Jun 29.

Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.

OBJECTIVE Pathology in the region of the basilar quadrifurcation, anterolateral midbrain, medial tentorium, and interpeduncular and ambient cisterns may be accessed anteriorly via an orbitozygomatic (OZ) craniotomy. In Part 1 of this series, the authors explored the anatomy of the oculomotor-tentorial triangle (OTT). In Part 2, the versatility of the OTT as a surgical workspace for treating vascular pathology is demonstrated. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 07;66(7):1049-1050

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Center and Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Handb Clin Neurol 2018 ;155:73-89

Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Recessive ataxias (spinocerebellar ataxias, recessive or SCARs) are a heterogeneous group of rare, mostly neurodegenerative genetic disorders which usually start in childhood or early adult life. They can be subdivided into two major groups: predominant sensory or afferent ataxias, which are disorders mainly of the peripheral input to the cerebellum, and predominant cerebellar ataxias, in which the cerebellum is primarily affected. Next-generation sequencing technology has enabled the identification of >100 novel SCAR genes in the last 5 years, although most of them are ultrarare. Read More

J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2018 Sep 11;79(5):391-397. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Department of Neurosurgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany.

Background:  Discharge to rehabilitation is reported in large studies as one important outcome parameter based on hospital codes. Because neurologic outcome scores (e.g. Read More

Can J Neurol Sci 2018 07 8;45(4):483-484. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

6Department of Pediatrics,Division of Child NeurologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-JustineMontreal,Quebec,Canada.

Acta Neurol Belg 2018 Jun 5. Epub 2018 Jun 5.

Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 76031, Rouen Cedex, France.

Pediatr Neurol 2018 Aug 19;85:43-50. Epub 2018 Apr 19.

Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York.

Background: Traumatic visual pathway injuries are often associated with severe head trauma and can have profound deleterious effects in developing children and their rehabilitation. We sought to elucidate the epidemiology of pediatric visual pathway injuries in the United States.

Materials And Methods: This study is a retrospective evaluation of pediatric patients (less than 21 years of age) with visual pathway injuries that were submitted to the National Trauma Data Bank between 2008 to 2014. Read More

Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2018 Feb 9;2(1):93-94. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Broward Health, Imperial Point Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 May 30;18(1):128. Epub 2018 May 30.

Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.

Backgound: To identify and compare specific protein levels between overacting inferior oblique (IO) muscles in superior oblique (SO) palsy patients and normal IO muscles.

Methods: We obtained 20 IO muscle samples from SO palsy patients with IO overaction ≥ + 3 who underwent IO myectomies (IOOA group), and 20 IO samples from brain death donors whose IO had functioned normally, according to their ophthalmological chart review (control group). We used MyoD for identifying satellite cell activation, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) for IGF effects, thioredoxin for oxidative stress, and p27 for satellite cell activation or oxidative stress in both groups. Read More