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Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 02 7;17(3). Epub 2020 Feb 7.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.

Oral mucosal lesions (OML) can decrease oral health-related quality of life and some have the potential to become malignant. The aim of the present study was to report the prevalence of OML in relation to age, sex, and serum cotinine levels in a population with mixed ancestry from South Africa. This study is part of the Cape Town Vascular and Metabolic Health (VHM) study, conducted between 2014-2016. Read More

J Evid Based Dent Pract 2019 12 8;19(4):101318. Epub 2019 Apr 8.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Introduction: The increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) in young people and the lack of knowledge of the health effects of smoking in the short and long term are worrying. Although the oral cavity is the first to interact directly with the e-cig aerosol, studies on potential oral cavity lesions are still limited and there is some controversy about safety.

Objective: To perform a systematic review to evaluate the adverse effects of e-cigs on oral health. Read More

J Prosthet Dent 2020 Jun 6;123(6):875-879. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Professor, Biomedical and Applied Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind.

Statement Of Problem: Candida albicans has been implicated in denture stomatitis, and this effect is exacerbated by nicotine exposure. However, studies have also suggested that caffeine exposure inhibits the growth of C. albicans. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2019 Oct 6;81(4):1001-1007. Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address:

Background: Electronic cigarette use continues to rise, yet there are no reviews summarizing dermatologic manifestations associated with electronic cigarettes in the literature.

Objective: To review the literature regarding cutaneous manifestations associated with electronic cigarette use and increase awareness of side effects associated with this rapidly developing public health epidemic.

Methods: The PubMed database was searched for related literature. Read More

Dent Med Probl 2018 Oct-Dec;55(4):405-410

Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.

Background: The morbidity of certain oral pathologies, for example denture-related stomatitis, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and benign neoplasms is higher in the elderly. It is necessary to periodically assess the changes in the profile of the occurrence of these diseases and determine the dominant risk factors associated with their incidence.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal pathologies (in particular, potentially malignant and cancerous disorders) in a randomly selected population of 65-74-year-old residents of Wrocław and Oława, Poland. Read More

J Prosthodont 2020 Feb 20;29(2):173-178. Epub 2018 Jul 20.

Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN.

Purpose: Smokers have increased denture stomatitis caused primarily by Candida albicans. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the impact of a wide range of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) concentrations on biofilm formation and metabolic activity of C. albicans on acrylic denture material. Read More

Acta Odontol Scand 2018 Apr 21;76(3):226-228. Epub 2017 Nov 21.

a Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health , Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy.

Objectives: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have become very popular in recent years. However, many uncertainties remain about their side effects. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) in former smokers compared to ECs consumers. Read More

J Prosthodont 2019 Aug 9;28(7):790-796. Epub 2017 Jun 9.

Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN.

Purpose: Denture stomatitis is a condition of painless inflammation of denture-bearing mucosa. Reports indicate that nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, increases growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in denture biofilm. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of nicotine on coaggregation of C. Read More

Przegl Lek 2016;73(7):516-9

Tobacco is the most popular overused substance in the world. There are two types of tobacco products: smoke and smokeless ones. The aim of this article is to explain the impact of tobacco on mucosa and describe the most common diseases of oral cavity among the tobacco users. Read More

Semin Cutan Med Surg 2015 Dec;34(4):161-70

Departments of Orofacial Sciences, Radiation Oncology, and Pathology, and the Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

White lesions in the oral cavity are common and have multiple etiologies, some of which are also associated with dermatological disease. While most intraoral white lesions are benign, some are premalignant and/or malignant at the time of clinical presentation, making it extremely important to accurately identify and appropriately manage these lesions. Due to their similar clinical appearances, it may be difficult sometimes to differentiate benign white lesions from their premalignant/malignant counterparts. Read More

Australas J Dermatol 2015 May;56(2):143-4

Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

J Contemp Dent Pract 2014 Jul 1;15(4):466-72. Epub 2014 Jul 1.

Private Practitioner, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Introduction: Tobacco usage in different forms is the single most common etiological factor responsible for oral cancers. The aim of the present study was to record various mucosal lesions associated with tobacco usage and to ascertain the prevalence of dysplasia in them by histopathological evaluation and to compare the extent of dysplastic features seen among patients associated with a habit of smoked and smokeless form of tobacco.

Materials And Methods: Seventy-six patients with the clinical diagnosis of tobacco related lesions (Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Nicotina stomatitis, Tobacco pouch keratosis) were selected. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2012 Mar;51(3):250-62

Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Cigarette smoking has been associated with significant morbidity affecting all systems of the body, including the integumentary system. We review the many dermatologic hazards of tobacco use. It is important to distinguish between the effects of tobacco smoke from effects of pure nicotine on the skin. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2011 Aug 5;77(2):185-7. Epub 2011 May 5.

Dept. of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinoutpally, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh 521286, India.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common ulcers affecting the oral cavity. Though it is known that RAS affects only the lining (non-keratinized) mucosa sparing the masticatory (keratinized) mucosa and is unlikely to be seen in smokers, no concrete explanations have been put forward. A hypothesis is proposed that the keratin layer blocks the ingress of antigens and prevents the occurrence of RAS on masticatory mucosa. Read More

J N J Dent Assoc 2010 ;81(1):15, 19

J Dermatolog Treat 2010 Sep;21(5):317-8

The Tudor Centre for Sexual Health, The Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.

Complex aphthosis, the occurrence of recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulceration without manifestations of systemic disease, is relatively uncommon and of unknown aetiology. We describe a case of complex aphthosis which began within weeks of stopping smoking. After failing to respond to conventional agents, the patient was successfully treated with nicotine lozenges. Read More

Quintessence Int 2009 Jul-Aug;40(7):537-40

Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil-Campus Cahoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Objective: The etiology of nicotinic stomatitis is strongly linked with nicotine compounds; however, high temperature can be synergistic to the damage of tobacco compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the separate and combined effects of smoking and heat applied by hot drinks as predictors for the development of nicotinic stomatitis in a population from southern Brazil.

Method And Materials: In a case-control study, 53 patients of both sexes with a median age of 43 years (18 to 83 years) with the clinical diagnosis of nicotinic stomatitis were selected consecutively. Read More

Actas Dermosifiliogr 2008 Apr;99(3):173-84

Servei de Dermatologia. Fundació Salut Empordà. Hospital de Figueres. Gerona. España.

Smoking is the main modifiable cause of disease and death in the developed world. Tobacco consumption is directly linked to cardiovascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and many malignant diseases. Tobacco also has many cutaneous effects, most of which are harmful. Read More

Clin Oral Investig 2007 Jun 2;11(2):149-53. Epub 2007 Feb 2.

Meram Medical Faculty, Department of Family Medicine, Selçuk University, Aile Hekimliği AD, Konya, Turkey.

This study was aimed to evaluate the frequency of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) within the 6-week period after quitting smoking. The study group consisted of 90 subjects. Oral, medical findings and tobacco habits were recorded for all subjects. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2004 Apr;3(2):107-11

The Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.

Smoking is without doubt one of the greatest causes of avoidable illness and death in the modern world. Most well known is the relationship between smoking and numerous cancers, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Smoking and most especially nicotine, are, however, sometimes beneficial in certain diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, allergic alveolitis, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, fibroids, carcinoma of body of uterus, ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, aphthous stomatitis and ulceration, pemphigus, herpes simplex and acne. Read More

Drug News Perspect 2006 Jun;19(5):295-8

Prous Science, Barcelona, Spain.

Chronicles in Drug Discovery features special interest reports on advances in drug discovery. This month we highlight new options to prevent oral mucositis, a treatment-limiting adverse effect of chemotherapy. Studies are currently focusing on mechanism-based therapies to prevent or repair DNA damage to epithelial and submucosal cells and the cascade or events that follow to cause tissue damage or analgesics to ease the associated oral cavity pain. Read More

J Oral Pathol Med 2003 Nov;32(10):571-5

Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Background: Oral prevalence studies are important to know the state of health and the needs of treatment. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and associated factors among aging Chileans.

Methods: A random sample by age, gender, and socioeconomic status was obtained, comprising 889 individuals older than 65 years. Read More

Am J Med Sci 2003 Oct;326(4):179-82

Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.

Tobacco is a delivery system for the addictive agent nicotine. The dental profession is encouraged to perform oral examinations that focus on oral cancer detection, but other oral changes occur with tobacco use. The oral mucosa is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and masticatory/keratinized (hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and keratinized gingival) and lining mucosa (floor of the mouth, ventrolateral surface of the tongue, soft palate complex, labial vestibule, and buccal mucosa). Read More

Tob Control 2003 Mar;12(1):86-8

Department of Psychology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, UK.

Objective: To examine changes in reports of common cold symptoms and mouth ulcers following smoking cessation. It was hypothesised that reports of these symptoms would increase on stopping smoking.

Design: Smokers were assessed one week before stopping smoking (baseline), then after one, two, and six weeks of smoking abstinence. Read More

Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001 Sep-Oct;19(5 Suppl 24):S77-8

J Mass Dent Soc 2001 ;50(1):8-12

Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, USA.

N Engl J Med 2000 Dec;343(24):1816-7

J Can Dent Assoc 2000 May;66(5):252-6

Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontics Clinic, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

The excessive use of tobacco products has been associated with various lesions in the oral cavity. Tobacco-associated lesions include tooth stains, abrasions, smoker's melanosis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and other periodontal conditions, burns and keratotic patches, black hairy tongue, nicotinic stomatitis, palatal erosions, leukoplakia, epithelial dysplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma. A routine intraoral examination by a dental health professional can reveal most of these lesions at an early stage, and early intervention may prevent serious sequelae. Read More

J Gt Houst Dent Soc 1998 Jan;69(6)

Department of Stomatology, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Dental Branch, USA.

Rev Med Liege 1996 Sep;51(9):582-85

Université de Liège, Service de Dermatopathologie.

J Mass Dent Soc 1996 ;45(2):44-5

Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, USA.

Indian J Dent Res 1996 Apr-Jun;7(2):55-7

Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Yenepoya Dental College and College of Dental Surgery, Mangalore, India.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992 Oct;74(4):463-5

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco.

Aphthous stomatitis is a common, recurrent, painful ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa. Cigarette smoking has been reported to protect against aphthous ulcers. To determine whether smokeless tobacco use also protects against aphthous ulcers, we examined the oral mucosa in 1456 professional baseball players, about half of whom were smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Read More

Med J Aust 1991 Apr;154(7):471-2

Smokers' Clinic, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nicotine, in the form of Nicorette tablets, on aphthous ulcers in non-smoking patients. The study was prompted by the observations that smokers are less likely to suffer from mouth ulcers, that some smokers on quitting develop them, and that patients on nicotine replacement therapy are less likely to develop ulcers than those having other types of smoking cessation therapy.

Clinical Features: The three non-smoking patients who were selected for the study each had a long history of recurrent aphthous ulcers with no remissions. Read More

RDH 1991 Mar;11(3):10-1

Department of Diagnostic Services, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990 Nov;70(5):597-9

Department of Diagnostic Services, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pa.

A palatal lesion resembling "nicotine" stomatitis was found in a woman who did not smoke. However, the patient frequently drank extremely hot beverages. After she was instructed to reduce the temperature of the beverages, the lesion almost completely resolved. Read More

Br Dent J 1990 Jan;168(2):71-3

Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School.

Darier's disease, a genetically transmitted, autosomal dominant hyperkeratosis is a condition only occasionally described in the dental literature. A familial study is presented, which highlights the autosomal dominant inheritance mode of the condition and emphasises the similarity between the palatal lesions and nicotinic stomatitis. Read More

Dent J Malays 1988 May;10(1):38-41

A study on the oral health status of 198 factory workers (in Antara Steel, Pasir Gudang, Johor) was carried out in November 1986. The subjects were predominantly male (94%) and Malay (91%) with an average age of 27.4 years. Read More

Gen Dent 1987 Nov-Dec;35(6):514, 516

J Indiana Dent Assoc 1986 Jul-Aug;65(4):27, 29

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985 Aug;13(4):247-8

The study consisted of 674 consecutive examinations done on patients on their first visit the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, over a 1-yr period starting January 1983. Men outnumbered women and 69% of the patients were Saudi Arabian nationals. Oral cancer was seen in one non-Saudi, whereas the overall prevalence of leukoplakia was 1. Read More

Ann Dent 1984 ;43(1):6-14

J Am Dent Assoc 1980 Aug;101(2):293-4

Dental practitioners should be familiar with Darier's disease because oral lesions of the disease may resemble other diseases. Differential diagnosis should include papillary hyperplasia of the palate, acanthosis nigricans, Cowden's disease, nicotine stomatitis, and condyloma acuminatum. Careful observation of the oral and skin lesions and consideration of the medical and family history should assist in diagnosis. Read More

Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 1979 Sep;86(9):317-20

Dent J 1979 Mar;45(3):107-15

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974 Oct;38(4):570-83

Indian J Cancer 1974 Sep;11(3):272-9

J Dent Res 1973 Jul-Aug;52(4):711-8

Odontostomatol Proodos 1973 Jul-Aug;27(4):189-201

Trib Odontol (B Aires) 1972 Oct-Dec;56(10):225-8