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Drug Alcohol Depend 2019 Feb 13;197:56-64. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.

Background: Nicotine is the addictive component in cigarettes that maintain cigarette smoking that subsequently leads to morbidity and mortality. Methods for assessing the abuse liability of cigarettes are essential to inform new tobacco product standards. This secondary analysis evaluated the utility of one subjective effects measure, the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ), and one behavioral economic task, the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), for predicting acute relative reinforcing efficacy measured by concurrent choice Self-Administration (SA). Read More

Tob Regul Sci 2018 Nov;4(6):8-17

Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science and CIRNA, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.

Objectives: In this study, we sought to determine how smokers allocate their attention when viewing the 9 cigarette pictorial warning labels (PWLs) proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and identify PWL attributes associated with increased attention.

Methods: Using eye-tracking data from an exploratory within-subject study, we examined smokers' attention (latency, latency duration, and dwell time) to areas of interest (image vs textual warning) for each PWL among 95 daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers (62.1% male, 48. Read More

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019 Feb 14. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address:

Cigarette (CIG) smoking often precedes the use of illegal drugs. Electronic-cigarettes (e-CIGs) have been promoted as a means of stopping smoking and reducing the harmful effects of CIGs on the population. However, although e-CIGs eliminate some of the morbidity associated with combustible tobacco, they are still nicotine-delivery devices. Read More

Vaccine 2019 Feb 13. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

TRIA Bioscience Corp, Suite 260, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. Electronic address:

We have been optimizing the design of a conjugate vaccine for nicotine addiction that employs a peptide-based hapten carrier. This peptide, which is produced by solid-phase protein synthesis, contains B cell and T cell epitope domains and eliminates the non-relevant, but highly immunogenic sequences in microbial carriers. In this report, the amino acid sequences in the T cell domain were optimized for improved vaccine activity and multivalent formulations containing structurally distinct haptens were tested for the induction of additive antibody responses. Read More

Neuropsychopharmacology 2019 Feb 16. Epub 2019 Feb 16.

Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent mental disorder that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple risk variants that show robust association with MDD. Nevertheless, how the identified risk variants confer risk of MDD remains largely unknown. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2019 Jan 17;197:37-41. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; APT Foundation, New Haven, CT, USA.

Background: Although smoking is prevalent among populations with opioid use disorder (OUD), few studies have examined electronic cigarette (EC) use in individuals seeking opioid agonist therapy (OAT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of EC use among individuals seeking OAT.

Methods: 782 patients seeking OAT for OUD completed surveys assessing current and past EC use, reasons for use, current and past cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, psychiatric distress, trauma, and pain. Read More

Nicotine Tob Res 2019 Feb 15. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Introduction: Harmful behavior such as smoking may reflect a disturbance in the balance of goal-directed and habitual control. Animal models suggest that habitual control develops after prolonged substance use. In this study, we investigated whether smokers (N = 49) differ from controls (N = 46) in the regulation of goal-directed and habitual behavior. Read More

Nicotine Tob Res 2019 Feb 15. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Optum Healthcare Analytics.

Introduction: Adults with mental health conditions (MHCs) smoke at higher rates, are more nicotine dependent, and have more trouble quitting smoking than those without MHCs. About half of smokers who call state-funded quitlines report MHCs, and those with such conditions have cessation rates 8-10% lower than those without MHCs. This paper describes a clinical pilot of a tailored protocol for quitline callers with MHCs. Read More

Nicotine Tob Res 2019 Feb 15. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence RI, USA.

Synapse 2019 Feb 14:e22094. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.

The insular cortex plays essential roles in nicotine addiction. However, much is still unknown about its cellular and synaptic mechanisms responsible for nicotine addiction. We have previously shown that in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse insular cortex, activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) suppresses synaptic potentiation through enhancing GABAergic synaptic transmission, although it enhances both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. Read More

Transl Psychiatry 2019 Feb 14;9(1):89. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, USA.

Alcohol exposure triggers changes in gene expression and biological pathways in human brain. We explored alterations in gene expression in the Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) of 65 alcoholics and 73 controls of European descent, and identified 129 genes that showed altered expression (FDR < 0.05) in subjects with alcohol dependence. Read More

Prev Med 2019 Feb 11. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, 433 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10010, United States of America; New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Population Health, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

Adults ≥50 years of age have high rates of prescription opioid use. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence and correlates of prescription opioid misuse among middle-aged and older adults in the United States who use prescription opioids. Data from adults age ≥ 50 from the two most recent cohorts (2015 and 2016) of the National Survey of Drug Use and Health were examined (N = 17,608). Read More

Cogn Behav Ther 2019 Feb 14:1-7. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA.

Refining the mechanisms behind illicit drug use is an important factor for improving the quality of clinical care. Research in alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use disorders have linked coping motives (e.g. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019 Feb 13. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, 320 W. 15th Street, Suite 300B, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA.

Rationale And Objectives: Simultaneous alcohol and nicotine consumption occurs in the majority of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and nicotine dependence. Varenicline (Var) is used to assist in the cessation of nicotine use, while naltrexone (Nal) is the standard treatment for AUD. Despite evidence that ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine (NIC) co-use produces unique neuroadaptations, preclinical research has focused on the effects of pharmacotherapeutics on a single reinforcer. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Feb 13;2:CD003999. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Background: A number of treatments can help smokers make a successful quit attempt, but many initially successful quitters relapse over time. Several interventions have been proposed to help prevent relapse.

Objectives: To assess whether specific interventions for relapse prevention reduce the proportion of recent quitters who return to smoking. Read More

Cancer Discov 2019 Feb 12. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may be an effective tool for smoking cessation. In a randomized trial, researchers found that 18% of those assigned to use e-cigarettes were smoke-free after a year, compared with 9.9% of those assigned to nicotine replacement therapies such as patches and gum. Read More

Nicotine Tob Res 2019 Feb 11. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.

Introduction: One of the most preferable flavors in oral nicotine delivery systems is menthol which masks the harshness of tobacco. However, possible interactions between oral menthol and nicotine on intake and preference remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of menthol on oral nicotine consumption. Read More

Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018 Oct 27;23:150-159. Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90024.

Mesolimbic dopaminergic function influences addiction through effects on reinforcement learning, decision-making, and impulsivity. This review covers sex differences in dopaminergic neurochemistry, their hormonal and genetic determinants, and how differences in dopaminergic tone interact with sex and/or ovarian hormone status to affect cognitive functions. Findings from research on cigarette smoking reveal sex differences in striatal and midbrain dopamine D2-type receptor availability and striatal dopamine release that suggest mechanisms of nicotine dependence, and stronger subjective responses to nicotine and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in male smokers than in their female counterparts. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2019 Feb 5;197:8-14. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.

Background: This study examined the impact of a tobacco-free grounds (TFG) policy and the California $2.00/pack tobacco tax increase on tobacco use among individuals in residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.

Methods: We conducted three cross-sectional surveys of clients enrolled in three residential SUD treatment programs. Read More

JMIR Res Protoc 2019 Feb 11;8(2):e12252. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Smoking cessation treatment programs have been widely available for patients with nicotine dependence. Despite intensive programs, the continuous abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9-12 is still about 50%. Recently, a smartphone app emerged as a novel tool for therapeutic interventions, including nicotine dependence. Read More

Gene 2019 Feb 6;694:93-96. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico. Electronic address:

Objectives: Tobacco smoking is a complex and multifactorial disease involving both environmental and genetic factors. In the Mexican mestizo population, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with cigarette smoking and a greater degree of nicotine addiction have been identified; however, no possible roles have been explored in regard to the age of onset of smoking or in the success of quitting.

Methods: In this study, 151 Mexican mestizo, who smoke cigarettes, were included. Read More

Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019 Feb 5;149:78-88. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.

Tobacco use disorder (TUD), in particular cigarette smoking, contributes significantly to the macro- and micro-vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Persons with DM who regularly use tobacco products are twice as likely to experience mortality and negative health outcomes. Despite these risks, TUD remains prevalent in persons with DM. Read More

J Psychoactive Drugs 2019 Feb 7:1-8. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

e School of Medicine and Public Health/Tobacco Research and Intervention , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI, USA.

Buprenorphine partial opioid agonist pharmacotherapy, a key treatment for opioid use disorders (OUDs), is underutilized in the United States. Qualitative interviews, conducted in 2012/2013 and repeated in 2015, identified systemic barriers to providing buprenorphine treatment in Ohio. A representative sample of Ohio's Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Services (ADAMHS) county boards (n = 18) was selected based on percentage of OUD admissions, density of buprenorphine prescribers, and county board area population. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019 Feb 6. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd, Suite E4.207, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.

Rationale: Since substance use disorders have few or no effective pharmacotherapies, researchers have developed vaccines as immune-therapies against nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids including fentanyl.

Objectives: We focus on enhancing antibody (AB) production through stimulation of toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) during active vaccination. The stimulating adjuvant is Entolimod, a novel protein derivative of flagellin. Read More

West J Nurs Res 2019 Feb 6:193945918825381. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

3 University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

Women who smoke during pregnancy face psychosocial barriers to cessation, and women with opioid use disorder (OUD) face amplified barriers. We pilot tested a Perinatal Wellness Navigator (PWN) program for a group of high-risk perinatal women ( N = 50; n = 42 with OUD) that consisted of (a) one-on-one tobacco treatment, (b) comprehensive assessment of cessation barriers, and (c) linkage to clinical/social services. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Read More

Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019 22;10(1):1562840. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

: Finding precise definitions of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious traumatization, and compassion fatigue is not easy. While some researchers define these terms differentially, others use them interchangeably. In the present review, we refer to all three phenomena as secondary traumatization. Read More

Magnes Res 2018 Aug;31(3):90-98

Department of Pharmacology "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.

Addiction is a dysregulation of brain reward systems that progressively increases, resulting in compulsive drug use and loss of control over drug-taking. Addiction is a brain disease. There is evidence that magnesium deficit is involved in addiction to various addictive substances (heroin, morphine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, and others). Read More

Ethn Dis 2019 17;29(1):23-30. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Moffitt Cancer Center.

Objective: The exclusion criteria of tobacco cessation randomized clinical trials (RCTs) may have unintended consequences on inclusion and cessation disparities. We examined racial/ethnic differences in: a) exclusion from a group-based cessation RCT; and b) reasons for exclusion.

Design: Quasi-experimental. Read More

J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019 Jan 19;64:9-14. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany.

Background And Objectives: According to incentive-sensitization theory (IST), addiction is characterized by the decoupling of two subconsciously operating psychological processes 'wanting' (i.e., incentive salience) and 'liking' (i. Read More

Pharm Biol 2019 Dec;57(1):8-12

a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences , Buies Creek , NC , USA.

Context: Nicotine, a bioactive component of tobacco, is highly addictive. Numerous therapies have been developed for smoking cessation, and all have met with limited success. Our laboratory has previously shown that an extract of Passiflora incarnata Linn. Read More

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019 Feb 1. Epub 2019 Feb 1.

American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.

Although substantial evidence shows that smoking is positively and robustly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the CVD risk associated with the use of new and emerging tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes, hookah and heat-not-burn products remains unclear. This uncertainty stems from lack of knowledge on how the use of these products affects cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular injury associated with the use of new tobacco products could be evaluated by measuring changes in biomarkers of cardiovascular harm that are sensitive to the use of combustible cigarettes. Read More

J Clin Psychopharmacol 2019 Jan 30. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

From the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Background: Guanfacine is Food and Drug Administration approved for hypertension and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and has been used off-label for migraine prophylaxis, heroin withdrawal, and more recently smoking cessation. Previous studies have shown positive effects of 3 mg/d of immediate-release (IR) guanfacine on smoking outcomes, but the dose equivalency of the IR and extended-release (ER) formulations is unknown.

Procedures: A within-subject design was used to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3 mg/d of IR, 4 mg/d of ER, and 6 mg/d of ER guanfacine in adult daily smokers (n = 5). Read More

Subst Use Misuse 2019 Feb 1:1-8. Epub 2019 Feb 1.

b Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York.

Background: Cigarette smoking and chronic pain are prevalent, comorbid conditions with significant consequences for individuals and society. Despite overlap between smoking and chronic pain, and pain's role as a potential barrier to quitting, there are no validated interventions targeted for smokers with chronic pains (SWCPs).

Objective: To compare characteristics of urban inpatient smokers with and without chronic pain to inform the development of SWCP-targeted cessation interventions. Read More

Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019 Feb 1. Epub 2019 Feb 1.

Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, USA.

Aims: CYP2A6 is a genetically polymorphic enzyme resulting in differential substrate metabolism and health behaviors. Current phenotyping probes for CYP2A6 exhibit limitations related to procurement (deuterated cotinine), toxicity (coumarin), specificity (caffeine), and age-appropriate administration (nicotine, NIC). In vitro, CYP2A6 selectively forms 2-hydroxymetronidazole (2HM) from metronidazole (MTZ). Read More

Int J Drug Policy 2019 Jan 28;66:57-63. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704-1365, USA.

Most people who smoke cigarettes begin young. Consequently, public health efforts directed at youth are a priority. The increasing popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth in the United States has raised concerns in the public health community about the potential of ENDS to renormalize cigarette smoking and perpetuate nicotine addiction, creating dual users who both vape and smoke. Read More

Addiction 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Medical University of South Carolina, USA.

Aims: To determine whether a simple combination of level of smoking and level of vaping results in a useful typology for characterising smoking and vaping behaviours.

Methods: Cross-sectional data from adults (≥18 years) in the 2016 Wave 1 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in the United States (n=2291), England (n=3591), Australia (n=1376), and Canada (n=2784) were used. Participants who either smoked, vaped or concurrently used both at least monthly were included and divided into 8 groups based on use frequency of each product (daily, non-daily, no current use). Read More

Addiction 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada.

Background And Aims: The regulatory environment for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) varies widely across countries and this will likely affect the devices used, nicotine content, and usage and hence the ability of NVPs to substitute for cigarettes. We aimed to describe the types of NVPs used by current vapers in four countries with varying regulatory and enforcement approaches toward the marketing and sale of NVPs.

Methods: Data are from Wave 1 (July-November 2016) of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1), conducted among a cohort of current and former smokers, and current NVP users (n=5,147 adults; ≥18 years) in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), England (EN), and the United States (US) reporting either current daily, weekly, or occasional NVP use. Read More

Ann Clin Psychiatry 2019 Feb;31(1):27-35

Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. E-MAIL:

Background: This study examined the prevalence of e-cigarette use ("vaping") among university students and its associations with psychosocial correlates.

Methods: In this study, 9,449 students received a 156-item anonymous online survey assessed the use of e-cigarettes (ever or past year), alcohol and drug use, mental health issues, and impulsive and compulsive traits.

Results: In total, 3,572 university students (57. Read More

World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2019 Jan;10(1):22-28

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.

Background: Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) may be exposed to opioids over their disease duration. The use of such medications carries significant risk, including intestinal dysmotility and potential for addiction. However, the rates of narcotic use and misuse in patients with UC have not been studied extensively. Read More

Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019 Jan 26;179:34-42. Epub 2019 Jan 26.

Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address:

Addiction is a worldwide public health problem and this article reviews scientific advances in identifying the role of neuroinflammation in the genesis, maintenance, and treatment of substance use disorders. With an emphasis on neuroimaging techniques, this review examines human studies of addiction using positron emission tomography to identify binding of translocator protein (TSPO), which is upregulated in reactive glial cells and activated microglia during pathological states. High TSPO levels have been shown in methamphetamine use but exhibits variable patterns in cocaine use. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2018 14;9:1570. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.

Experimental and clinical studies have shown that Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction (THSWD) improved neurological deficits resulting from Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). However, the mechanisms of action of THSWD in MCAO have not been characterized. In this study, the mRNA transcriptome was used to study various therapeutic targets of THSWD. Read More

Addiction 2019 Jan 28. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.

Aims: To determine if there are associations between changes in the explicit (i.e., price) and implicit (i. Read More

Subst Abus 2019 Jan 28:1-7. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

a British Columbia Centre on Substance Use and Excellence in HIV/AIDS , St. Paul's Hospital , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.

Background: Hospital-based clinical addiction medicine training can improve knowledge of clinical care for substance-using populations. However, application of structured, self-assessment tools to evaluate differences in knowledge gained by learners who participate in such training has not yet been addressed.

Methods: Participants (n = 142) of an elective with the hospital-based Addiction Medicine Consult Team (AMCT) in Vancouver, Canada, responded to an online self-evaluation survey before and immediately after the structured elective. Read More

Klin Lab Diagn 2018 ;63(5):290-292

The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "The Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy" of Minselkhoz of Russia, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

The cyto-morphologic analysis of buccal epithelium is one of technique of evaluation of adaptation status of organism and xenogeneic intoxication. The analysis of reactivity of cells of buccal epithelium is used to obtain information concerning genetic alterations in human cells that is extremely important for proper decision making related to issues of population health protection. The smoking results in manifestation of tension of adaptation mechanisms and significant increasing of risk of development cytogenetic disorders in cells of buccal epithelium of oral cavity. Read More

Am J Health Behav 2018 Sep;42(5):54-64

Clinical Research Coordinator, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Whereas controversy about the e-cigarette's effectiveness and safety as a smoking cessation tool continues, e-cigarette use prevalence continues rising. In this study, we sought to describe experiences of adult e-cigarette users and to examine their motivations, beliefs, and use patterns. This qualitative study included one-on-one semi-structured phone interviews with 20 current California e-cigarette users (mean age = 38 ± 9. Read More

Child Abuse Negl 2019 Mar 24;89:165-177. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

University of Southern California, United States.

Background: Although victimization is a known contributor to the development of substance use disorders, no research has simultaneously examined how characteristics of victimization experienced over time, such as the type of abuse, the presence of poly-victimization, closeness to perpetrator(s), life threat or fear, and negative social reactions to disclosing victimization, cluster into profiles that predict substance use disorders.

Objective: The aim of the current study is to assess how profiles of victimization and trauma characteristics are associated with substance use disorders and assess potential gender differences.

Participants And Setting: Participants were 20,092 adolescents entering substance use treatment. Read More

Mov Disord 2019 Jan 25. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Background: Circulating cholesterol levels have been linked to PD, but not directly to brain physiology.

Objective: To assess whether brain cholesterol metabolism is related to PD.

Methods: Sixty PD patients and 64 controls were recruited from an academic movement disorder clinic (2009-2012). Read More

Addiction 2019 Jan 25. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

Aims: This paper presents updated prevalence estimates of awareness, ever-use, and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) from 14 International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) countries that have varying regulations governing NVP sales and marketing.

Design, Setting, Participants And Measurements: A cross-sectional analysis of adult (≥18 years) current smokers and ex-smokers from 14 countries participating in the ITC Project. Data from the most recent survey questionnaire for each country were included, which spanned the period 2013 to 2017. Read More

Presse Med 2019 Jan 21. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Aix-Marseille université, faculté de médecine-Secteur Timone, EA 3279 : CEReSS-Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France.

Objective: To synthetize the data on the prevalence of major depressive disorders (MDD) in France in general population and in specific populations.

Method: A systematic review following the PRISMA criteria has been carried out. MEDLINE, google scholar, Isi web of science, PsychInfo et Cochrane library have been explored, from 2000 to April 2018. Read More

Sociol Health Illn 2019 Jan 24. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

The use of e-cigarettes is increasing, a practice denoted as vaping. We explore user motives, self-identity as vapers and involvement in vaping subcultures, drawing on sociological theory of stigma, subcultures and symbolic boundaries. Based on analyses of semi-structured interviews with 30 Norwegian vapers, we find that there is a vaping subculture in Norway. Read More