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Psychol Trauma 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

VA HSR&D Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research.

Objective: Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) smoke at higher rates compared to the general population and experience significant barriers to initiating cessation treatment. Proactive outreach addresses these barriers by directly engaging with smokers and facilitating access to treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a proactive outreach intervention for increasing rates of treatment utilization and abstinence among veteran smokers with and without PTSD. Read More

Front Neurosci 2020 16;14:569. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative affect, and motivation to maintain drug consumption. SUDs are highly prevalent, with 35 million people meeting criteria for SUD. While drug use and addiction are highly studied, most investigations of SUDs examine drug use in isolation, rather than in the more prevalent context of comorbid substance histories. Read More

BMC Public Health 2020 Jul 2;20(1):937. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Background: The study aimed to investigate the associations between physical partner violence victimization (IPV) and/or sexual violence victimization and various health risk behaviours and mental health in university students in 25 countries.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, 18,335 university students with a median age of 20 years from 25 countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia, replied to self-reported measures of interpersonal violence, health compromising behaviours, mental health measures and protective factors.

Results: In adjusted logistic regression analysis, physical IPV and/or sexual violence victimization was associated, among men and/or among women, with sexual risk behaviours (multiple sexual partners, alcohol use in the context of sex, diagnosed with HIV and pregnancy), violence related behaviour (in a physical fight and carrying a weapon), poor mental health (depression, loneliness, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleeping problem and short sleep), addictive behaviour (binge drinking, tobacco and drug use), and other health risk behaviour (skipping breakfast and frequent salt intake). Read More

Adolesc Health Med Ther 2020 18;11:79-87. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Department of Psychiatry, Mettu University, Mettu, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Background: Social anxiety disorder is a serious and disabling mental health problem that begins before or during adolescence, with the potential to significantly interfere with an individual's daily functioning and overall quality of life.

Objective: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence, severity, and quality of life towards social anxiety disorder among students of Mettu University, Ethiopia.

Subjects And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a stratified sample of 523 undergraduate students to identify the prevalence, correlates of social anxiety disorder, and impacts on quality life. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2020 Jun 18;213:108128. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.

Background: Persons with HIV (PWH) are more likely to smoke and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking than persons without HIV. We examined smoking patterns and use of cessation treatment among PWH and persons without HIV in a U.S. Read More

Sci Total Environ 2020 Jun 20;741:140384. Epub 2020 Jun 20.

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address:

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a very useful tool to monitor a population's drug consumption or exposure to environmental and food contaminants. In this work, WBE has been applied to estimate tobacco consumption in seven Spanish regions. To this end, 24 h composite wastewater samples were taken daily for one week in 17 wastewater treatment plants, covering altogether a population of ca. Read More

Prev Med 2020 Jun 27:106183. Epub 2020 Jun 27.

University of Ottawa, Canada.

In this paper we have attempted to identify missed opportunities to change the trajectory of smoking and smoking caused diseases in America over the past 100 years. Many of the missed opportunities identified are due to the actions of cigarette manufacturers who misled the public about the dangers of cigarette smoking, the addictiveness of nicotine, and the feasibility of providing lower risk alternative nicotine delivery products to addicted smokers. An important lesson learned from the past is that treating all tobacco/nicotine products as equivalently harmful is counterproductive to public health as it only serves to protect the most lethal nicotine product - cigarettes. Read More

Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

It is unclear if genetic variants affect smoking cessation treatment response. This study tested whether variants in the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit (CHRNA5) predict response to smoking cessation medication by directly comparing two most effective smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. In this genotype-stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (5/2015-8/2019 in St. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.

Rationale: Agonist-based pharmacologic intervention is an accepted approach in treatment of opioid and tobacco use disorders.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate usefulness of an agonist approach as treatment of (psycho)stimulant use disorder (PSUD).

Methods: We reviewed PubMed/Medline, LILACS, and ClinicalTrials. Read More

Tob Control 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Center for Tobacco Control Research & Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

Background: Philip Morris Products SA (PMPSA) submitted a premarket tobacco application (PMTA) to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking an order permitting it to market IQOS in the USA. US law requires FDA to deny marketing authorisation if applicants fail to demonstrate that their product is 'appropriate for the protection of the public health'. FDA issued a marketing order for IQOS in April 2019, which Philip Morris is using to promote IQOS outside the USA. Read More

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.

There are currently effective Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid use disorders. This article will review the development of eight compounds used in the treatment of drug addiction with an emphasis on pharmacological mechanisms and the utility of preclinical animal models of addiction in therapeutic development. In contrast to these successes, animal research has identified a number of promising medications for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorder, none of which have proven to be clinically effective. Read More

Trials 2020 Jun 29;21(1):592. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Nicotine Dependence Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 175 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P7, Canada.

Background: Medications for smoking cessation are currently only effective in helping a minority of smokers quit. Drug development is slow and expensive; as such, there is much interest in optimizing the effectiveness of existing treatments and medications. Current standard doses of nicotine replacement therapy are not effective for many smokers, and in many cases, the amount of nicotine provided is much less than when a smoker is smoking their usual number of cigarettes. Read More

J Vis Exp 2020 Jun 10(160). Epub 2020 Jun 10.

Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile;

It has been more than a decade since the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback approach was successfully implemented. Since then, various studies have demonstrated that participants can learn to voluntarily control a circumscribed brain region. Consequently, real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) provided a novel opportunity to study modifications of behavior due to manipulation of brain activity. Read More

Prev Med 2020 Jun 25:106175. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

The American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America. Electronic address:

Use of substances other than nicotine in e-cigarettes, especially marijuana, is becoming increasingly popular in the US. However, population-representative data on such poly-use (nicotine and marijuana) remains limited. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional logistic regression analysis of the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System among 16 US states/territories with data on past 30-day marijuana use to describe the emerging dual nicotine and marijuana vaping population. Read More

Addiction 2020 Jun 26. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

Behavioral Health and Wellness Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.

Aims: To compare success rates and characteristics of smokers treated a second time by a smokers' clinic with success rates of their first treatment.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Tobacco Dependence Treatment clinic in Prague, Czech Republic, between 2005 and 2017. Read More

Trends Neurosci 2020 Jun 23. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Institut Pasteur, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France; Collège de France, Paris, France. Electronic address:

Recent studies provided strong evidence that deficits in cholinergic signaling cause disorders of cognition and affect conscious processing. Technical advances that combine molecular approaches, in vivo recordings in awake behaving animals, human brain imaging, and genetics have strengthened our understanding of the roles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the modulation of cognitive behavior and network dynamics. Here, we review the emergent role of nAChRs in high-order cognitive processes and discuss recent work implicating cholinergic circuits in cognitive control, including conscious processing. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2020 Jun 12;213:108113. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Child and Family Policy, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Having more than one drug use disorders (DUDs) is an increasing public health concern, but it has been understudied. The goal of this study is to investigate the prevalence and patterns of coexisting DUD diagnoses among inpatient hospitalizations due to DUD in the United States.

Methods: Data were from the 2016 National Inpatient Sample and included hospitalizations with a principal DUD diagnosis for patients aged ≥18 years (i. Read More

Int J Behav Med 2020 Jun 26. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, USA.

Background: The additive effect of experiencing chronic pain in the context of nicotine addiction places smokers with chronic pain at elevated risk for experiencing physical and mental health problems. Isolating factors that explain linkages between pain and health-related outcomes among smokers with chronic pain is an important next step. Therefore, the current study examined the explanatory role of anxiety sensitivity in relations between pain intensity and current opioid misuse, severity of opioid dependence, tobacco-related problems, and anxiety/depressive symptoms. Read More

J Knee Surg 2020 Jun 24. Epub 2020 Jun 24.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Given a national push toward bundled payment models, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence as well as the effect of smoking on early inpatient complications and cost following elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the United States across multiple years. Using the nationwide inpatient sample, all primary elective TKA admissions were identified from 2012 to 2014. Patients were stratified by smoking status through a secondary diagnosis of "tobacco use disorder. Read More

High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020 Jun 23. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy.

Tobacco use is one of the major public health concerns and it is the most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Smoking cessation reduces subsequent cardiovascular events and mortality. Smoking is a real chronic disorder characterized by the development of an addiction status mainly due to nicotine. Read More

Addict Biol 2020 Jun 23:e12930. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Reducing cigarette nicotine content to nonaddictive levels facilitates smoking cessation; however, very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNCs) may not be equally effective across heterogeneous smokers. We evaluated the impact of acute VLNC smoking versus control (sham puffs) on craving, withdrawal and smoking lapse behaviour and whether genetically influenced differences in nicotine metabolism and individual differences in nicotine dependence moderate observed effects. Thirty-three overnight-abstinent smokers (15 slow vs. Read More

Subst Use Misuse 2020 ;55(9):1528-1532

University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

Indian J Pharmacol 2020 Mar-Apr;52(2):94-101. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Department of Radiology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi Province, China.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a mental illness that poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. is a natural herb that can treat the effects of AD, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential components and pharmacological pathways of in the treatment of AD. Read More

Eur Addict Res 2020 Jun 19:1-10. Epub 2020 Jun 19.

PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, Universidad Carlos Albizu, San Juan, Puerto Rico,

Aims: To examine the role of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and impulsive personality disorders in nicotine addiction severity among treatment-seeking substance use disorder (SUD) patients.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we examined data from the second International ADHD in Substance Use Disorders Prevalence Study (IASP-2) on 402 adults in SUD treatment from Puerto Rico, Hungary, and Australia using diagnostic interviews for ADHD, antisocial (ASP) and borderline (BPD) personality disorders, and the self-report Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We compared SUD patients with and without ADHD on nicotine addiction severity. Read More

Neuropsychopharmacology 2020 Jun 19. Epub 2020 Jun 19.

Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Most cigarette smokers who wish to quit too often relapse within the first few days of abstinence, primarily due to the aversive aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (NWS), which remains poorly understood. Considerable research has suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays a key role in nicotine dependence, with its functional connections between other brain regions altered as a function of trait addiction and state withdrawal. The flow of information between dACC and fronto-striatal regions is secured through different pathways, the vast majority of which are glutamatergic. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2020 Jun 12;213:108118. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL USA; Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Introduction: Given the recent dramatic increase among adolescents in the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), there is a growing need to identify outcome expectancies that influence the initiation or continued use of e-cigarettes. While a self-report measure exists for assessing adolescent outcome expectancies for cigarette use, there is currently not one available for e-cigarette use. Validation and use of such a measure would provide insight into the growing popularity of e-cigarettes. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020 Jun 16. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.

Rationale: Oleoyl glycine, a little studied fatty acid amide similar in structure to anandamide, interferes with nicotine addiction in mice and acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD) in rats. Because endogenous oleoyl glycine is subject to rapid enzymatic deactivation, we evaluated the potential of more stable analogs to interfere with opiate withdrawal.

Objectives: The potential of monomethylated oleoyl glycine (oleoyl alanine, HU595) to interfere with somatic and aversive effects of acute naloxone-precipitated MWD, its duration, and mechanism of action was assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats. Read More

Nicotine Tob Res 2020 Jun 18. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Objective: To test whether urges to smoke and perceived addiction to smoking, have independent predictive value for quit attempts and short-term quit success over and above the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI).

Methods: Data were from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 (2016) and Wave 2 (2018) surveys. 3661 daily smokers (daily vapers excluded) provided data in both waves. Read More

PLoS One 2020 18;15(6):e0234561. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with an increased risk of tobacco smoking, and more difficulties with smoking cessation compared to non-ADHD individuals. Women with ADHD may therefore show elevated rates of smoking during pregnancy.

Aims: To examine the association between ADHD and smoking habits among pregnant women in Sweden and Norway. Read More

Schizophr Res 2020 Jun 15. Epub 2020 Jun 15.

INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69000, France; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron F-69678, France; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada; Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.

Objective: DSM-5 Substance Use Disorders (SUD) are frequent and debilitating comorbidities displayed by patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). One crucial feature of SUD is drug craving, an intense desire to consume a substance, commonly divided into reward and relief dimensions. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies investigating craving in individuals with both SUD and SZ in order to examine whether these patients exhibit a distinct pattern of craving as compared to patients with SUD without SZ. Read More

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020 Jun 16. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Background: Chronic placental inflammation is associated with preterm birth (PTB) and perinatal mortality. Ferritin is often elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions, but prior studies of its relation to PTB were restricted to ferritin measurement within pregnancy, were underpowered to detect rarer outcomes, and did not account for pre-existing maternal inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel or rheumatological disease.

Objectives: To evaluate whether an elevated ferritin level prior to pregnancy is associated with major adverse pregnancy outcomes. Read More

Tob Prev Cessat 2020 18;6:20. Epub 2020 Mar 18.

Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States.

Introduction: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are a relatively new type of nicotine-containing product that has risen greatly in use within the past decade, displacing conventional tobacco products as the dominant source of nicotine exposure by many groups. Among those impacted are large sections of US youth. Though health outcomes associated with ENDS use are still being assessed, several potential harms have been noted in the extant literature. Read More

Tob Prev Cessat 2020 6;6:18. Epub 2020 Mar 6.

Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Introduction: Tobacco smoking is a major preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of tobacco smoking among acute medically ill patients admitted to a Moscow hospital, and the association between smoking and alcohol use.

Methods: Patients admitted to the V. Read More

Neuropsychopharmacology 2020 Jun 16. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.

The debate about electronic cigarettes is dividing healthcare professionals, policymakers, manufacturers, and communities. A key limitation in our understanding of the cause and consequences of vaping is the lack of animal models of nicotine vapor self-administration. Here, we developed a novel model of voluntary electronic cigarette use in rats using operant behavior. Read More

Neurosurgery 2020 Jun 15. Epub 2020 Jun 15.

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is typically associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Recent studies, however, have suggested that hypercapnia and chronic intermittent hypoxia may potentially provide protection against ischemic events like stroke.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of OSA with presentation, hospital course, and treatment outcomes of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Read More

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020 Jun 12. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata of Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and CIBERSAM Spain, Spain.

The relationship between childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (c-ADHD) and psychosis has been understudied. Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of both disorders, but no previous study has investigated whether first-episode psychosis (FEP) with c-ADHD (FEP-ADHD) presents a different cognitive profile than FEP without c-ADHD (FEP-ADHD). One hundred and thirty-three FEP outpatients were screened for c-ADHD through a diagnostic interview and underwent a comprehensive clinical and cognitive assessment with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Read More

Brain Stimul 2020 Jun 10;13(5):1271-1279. Epub 2020 Jun 10.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.

Background: Previous studies have found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) transiently reduces smoking craving, decreases cigarette consumption, and increases abstinence rates.

Objective: We investigated whether 10 daily MRI-guided rTMS sessions over two weeks to the LDLPFC paired with craving cues could reduce cigarette consumption and induce smoking cessation.

Methods: We enrolled 42 treatment-seeking nicotine-dependent smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day) in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Read More

JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e207247. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Importance: Persons with serious mental illness have a cardiovascular disease mortality rate more than twice that of the overall population. Meaningful cardiovascular risk reduction requires targeted efforts in this population, who often have psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of an 18-month multifaceted intervention incorporating behavioral counseling, care coordination, and care management for overall cardiovascular risk reduction in adults with serious mental illness. Read More

Environ Health Prev Med 2020 Jun 11;25(1):19. Epub 2020 Jun 11.

National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, 5-3-1 Nobi, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-0841, Japan.

Background: In areas affected by the tsunami of the great East Japan Earthquake, smoking behavior may have deteriorated due to high stress and drastic changes in living environment. Surveys were conducted to reveal changes in smoking behaviors among victims.

Methods: A population-based random-sample home-visit interview survey of victims in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures affected by the tsunami disaster was conducted in 2012 (n = 1978), while a population-based nationwide survey was conducted in 2013 (n = 1082). Read More

Cancer Epidemiol 2020 Jun 7;67:101736. Epub 2020 Jun 7.

National Cancer Institute, Brazil; The Johns Hopkins University. Electronic address:

Background: Brazil experienced a robust decline in smoking prevalence rates as a consequence of public policies. Since lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking, trends in lung cancer mortality rates may be used as a delayed effectiveness indicator of smoking prevention interventions.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate lung cancer mortality trends from 1980 through 2017 and to predict temporal trends in lung cancer mortality rates, in Brazil from 2016 through 2040. Read More

J Behav Addict 2020 Jun 5. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Background: Although family history of psychiatric disorders has often been considered potentially useful in understanding clinical presentations in patients, it is less clear what a positive family history means for people who gamble in the general community. We sought to understand the clinical and cognitive impact of having a first-degree relative with a substance use disorder (SUD) in a sample of non-treatment seeking young adults.

Methods: 576 participants (aged 18-29 years) who gambled at least five times in the preceding year undertook clinical and neurocognitive evaluations. Read More

J Physiol 2020 Jun 9. Epub 2020 Jun 9.

Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.

Tobacco smoking is highly addictive and causes respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and multiple types of cancer. Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are non-combustible tobacco alternatives that aerosolize nicotine and flavoring agents in a propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) vehicle. They were originally envisaged as a tobacco cessation aid, but whether or not they help people to quit tobacco use is controversial. Read More

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020 Jun 8. Epub 2020 Jun 8.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA.

While commendable strides have been made in reducing smoking initiation and improving smoking cessation rates, current available smoking cessation treatment options are still only mildly efficacious and show substantial interindividual variability in their therapeutic responses. Therefore, the primary goal of preclinical research has been to further the understanding of the neural substrates and genetic influences involved in nicotine's effects and reassess potential drug targets. Pronounced advances have been made by investing in new translational approaches and placing more emphasis on bridging the gap between human and rodent models of dependence. Read More

Health Psychol Res 2020 May 27;8(1):9042. Epub 2020 May 27.

Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

This narrative review focuses on the topic of tobacco smoking amongst people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo and Scopus databases for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and smoking and included articles about the epidemiology of tobacco smoking in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, examining the relationship between smoking and mental health. This narrative review describes that a higher prevalence, frequency and impact of both high nicotine dependence and its harmful effects in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders compared with those in the general population. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2020 Mar 26;9(3):1538-1543. Epub 2020 Mar 26.

Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.

Context: Identification and documentation of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among an 'invisible community' like the transgenders (TGs) will throw light on the prevailing health status of one of the most marginalized populations in India, thereby paving way for initiating measures that would cater to their healthcare needs.

Aims: To estimate prevalence of risk factors for NCDs among TGs registered in a community-based organization in Puducherry.

Settings And Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study among adult (≥18 years) TGs in a community-based organization in Puducherry. Read More

Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020 Jun 6. Epub 2020 Jun 6.

Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Rational: The ability of conditioned stimuli to affect instrumental responding is a robust finding from animal as well as human research and is assumed as a key factor regarding the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour.

Objectives: While it is well known that stress is an important factor for relapse after treatment, little is known about the impact of stress on conditioned substance-associated stimuli and their influence on instrumental responding.

Methods: We administered in the present study a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm with stimuli associated with smoking- and chocolate-related rewards using points in a token economy to light to moderate smokers who also indicated to like eating chocolate. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2020 May 28;290:113121. Epub 2020 May 28.

Dept. of Psychiatry, De-addiction Services & Resource Center for Tobacco Control, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, ABVIMS Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road, New Delhi, India 110001. Electronic address:

About 14.2% of women in the general Indian population and 4.8% in Delhi use tobacco but its use among women with Major Mental Illness (MMI) in developing countries has not been adequately studied. Read More

Spine J 2020 Jun 2. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, 740 S Limestone, K403, Lexington, KY 40536-0284.

Background Context: Pre-existing comorbid psychiatric mood disorders are a known risk factor for impaired health-related quality of life and poor long-term outcomes after spine surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-existing mood disorders on (1) pre- and post-operative patient-reported outcomes, (2) complications, and (3) pre- and post-operative opioid consumption in patients undergoing elective cervical or lumbar spine surgery.

Study Design/setting: Retrospective review at a single academic institution from 2014-2017. Read More

Early Interv Psychiatry 2020 Jun 4. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the substance use of participants who are at-risk for serious mental illness (SMI).

Method: The Canadian Psychiatric Risk and Outcome study (PROCAN) is a two-site study of 243 youth and young adults aged 13 to 25 years, categorized into four groups: healthy controls (n = 42), stage 0 (asymptomatic individuals with risk of SMI typically family high risk; n = 41), stage 1a (distress disorder or mild symptoms of anxiety or depression; n = 53) and stage 1b (attenuated syndromes, including bipolar disorder or psychosis; n = 107). Substance use measures were administered at baseline, 6- and 12-months. Read More