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J Infect Chemother 2018 Dec 8. Epub 2018 Dec 8.

Division of Neurology, Sendai City Hospital, 1-1-1 Asutonagamachi, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8502, Miyagi, Japan.

Early neurosyphilis commonly appears in basilar meninges, and its meningeal inflammation can spread to neighboring cranial nerves, resulting in some cranial nerve palsies. Herein, we report a case of a 51-year-old man who presented with right peripheral facial nerve palsy. His symptoms completely disappeared with prednisolone monotherapy without antibiotics use and were not exacerbated during clinical treatment. Read More

Epileptic Disord 2018 Dec 10. Epub 2018 Dec 10.

Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.

Curr Opin Neurol 2019 Feb;32(1):43-48

Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/EBSERH.

Purpose Of Review: To address the important relationships between stroke and infection, focusing on the most frequent infections found in low-income and middle-income countries.

Recent Findings: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with a great proportion of the stroke burden occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases are still a great health problem in developing countries and it is possible that the proportion of infection-related strokes is greater in these nations. Read More

Adv Neonatal Care 2018 Dec;18(6):446-450

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.

Background: There is a global rise in maternal syphilis and infants born with congenital syphilis.

Clinical Findings: This case report presents a 32-week gestation premature male infant with initial clinical findings significant for respiratory failure as well as blueberry muffin spot rash and hepatosplenomegaly, which are consistent with congenital syphilis.

Primary Diagnosis: This case study is unique in that the diagnosis of congenital neurosyphilis was demonstrated despite negative maternal serology because of the prozone phenomenon. Read More

Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018 ;118(10):19-24

Moscow Regional Clinical Skin and Venereal Diseases Clinic, Moscow, Russia.

Aim: The problem of detection and diagnosis of late forms of neurosyphilis remains relevant and to a large extent concerns the field of psychiatry. The autors study of professional activity of psychiatric hospital in this field with use of clinical and statistical data.

Material And Methods: The article presents modern statistical data on the detection of these forms of syphilis in psychiatric hospitals of the Moscow region in comparison with the indicators of 2008-2010. Read More

Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018 ;118(10):14-18

Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Continuing Education, Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk regional dermatovenereologic dispanser, Irkutsk, Russia.

Aim: To study and compare the frequency and types of clinical course of different forms of early neurosyphilis (NS) in patients with HIV infection.

Material And Methods: The results of clinical, laboratory and neuropsychological examinations of two groups of patients: with early NS in combination with HIV infection (n=62) and with early NS without HIV (n=62) were analyzed.

Results And Conclusion: The variants (regressive, stationary, slowly progressive, rapidly progressive) and types (favorable, unfavorable) of clinical course of different forms of early NS were identified in these groups. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(45):e13171

Department of Dermatology.

Resolution of clinical symptoms and at least 4-fold decline in nontreponemal antibody titers after treatment of syphilis is regarded as "proof of cure." However, a substantial proportion of patients demonstrates <4-fold reduction of titers after recommended therapy (serofast state). It remains unclear whether the serofast state is indicative of persistence of bacteria or only a residual immune response. Read More

HIV Med 2018 Nov 7. Epub 2018 Nov 7.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Objectives: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of asymptomatic neurosyphilis; thus, it has been common practice to perform a lumbar puncture (LP) in all PLWH presenting with syphilis regardless of stage, signs or symptoms. However, this practice varies widely among clinicians. Our objective was to elucidate the number of LPs required to diagnose a single case of asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Read More

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Oct 27. Epub 2018 Oct 27.

Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Neurosyphilis (NS) has different clinical manifestations and can appear during any stage of syphilis. We aimed to identify the factors affecting poor outcome in NS patients. Patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, and positive serological serum treponemal or nontreponemal tests were classified as definite NS. Read More

Neurol Clin 2018 Nov;36(4):687-703

Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, NS212A, Campus Box 3206, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Electronic address:

Neuroinfectious diseases continue to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide, with many emerging or reemerging infections resulting in neurologic sequelae. Careful clinical evaluation coupled with appropriate laboratory investigations still forms the bedrock for making the correct etiologic diagnosis and implementing appropriate management. The treating physician needs to understand the individual test characteristics of each of the many conventional candidate-based diagnostics: culture, pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction, antigen, antibody tests, used to diagnose the whole array of neuroinvasive infections. Read More

Cien Saude Colet 2018 Oct;23(10):3421-3431

Centro de Educação de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze. 49100-000 São Cristóvão SE Brasil.

At age 44, after suffering a breakdown in Turin, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was diagnosed with neurosyphilis. There was no necropsy on his body, so this medical diagnosis has been questioned over the time. We conducted a literature review on the medical diagnosis of Nietzsche, which emphasizes three genres of pathographies that emerged successively as alternatives explanations for Nietzsche's breakdown in Turin: (1) narratives about syphilis ("demoniac-pathological"); (2) narratives about functional psychosis ("heroic-prophetic"); (3) other narratives about organic diseases, other than syphilis ("scientific-realistic"). Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Oct 21;2018. Epub 2018 Oct 21.

Department of General Internal Medicine, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan.

Aging Clin Exp Res 2018 Oct 20. Epub 2018 Oct 20.

Department of Medicine III, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.

Introduction: Syphilis is a systemic human disease which is caused by infection with the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is spread worldwide, and there has recently been an increase in its incidence. Neurosyphilis (NS) can have a variety of presentations; meningovascular NS is a specific affection of the Treponema which occurs in an early stage after the primary infection, causing an inflammatory arteriopathy which may result in an ischemic stroke. Read More

Eur Neurol 2018 19;80(1-2):82-86. Epub 2018 Oct 19.

Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen,

Background: The differential diagnosis of general paresis (GP) and non-neurosyphilis (NS) dementia is not clearly defined. The present study examined the differences in clinical and laboratory features of GP and non-NS dementia.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively examined clinical and laboratory features of 85 GP patients and 196 non-NS dementia patients. Read More

Front Neurol Neurosci 2018 18;43:76-84. Epub 2018 Oct 18.

Thomas Mann (1875-1955) is considered one of the most influential writers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In addition to his novels and essays, he was well known for his criticisms of the Nazi party, and particularly against the racial nationalism promoted by Adolf Hitler after the First World War, as well as for his depiction of diseases. Here, we provide a quick sketch of Mann's life and his relationship with nineteenth to twentieth century German society. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2018 Oct 17. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Purpose: Ocular manifestations of syphilis have been reported in 2-10% of systemic infection. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of ocular syphilis and various ocular manifestations, particularly optic nerve involvement, in newly diagnosed cases.

Methods: This was a retrospective study. Read More

Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018 Oct;24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1439-1458

Purpose Of Review: This article presents an overview of the current diagnosis and management of two spirochetal infections of the nervous system, neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) and neurosyphilis, focusing on similarities and differences. Although neuroborreliosis was first identified almost a century ago, much confusion remains about how to accurately diagnose this quite treatable nervous system infection. Well-established diagnostic tools and therapeutic regimens exist for neurosyphilis, which has been well-known for centuries. Read More

Cureus 2018 Jul 22;10(7):e3020. Epub 2018 Jul 22.

Surgery Student, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg , USA.

The number of cases of late and late latent syphilis in the United States is on the rise. This diagnosis is often forgotten when an elderly patient is being worked up for altered mental status. Rarely does a 70-year-old male with neurosyphilis present simply with anxiety. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2018 Sep 26:956462418797873. Epub 2018 Sep 26.

1 Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel.

A previously healthy 35-year-old man suffering from behavioral and mental deterioration for three months was referred to our facility. On admission, the patient was dysphasic and had tonic-clonic seizures. Neurological examination showed mental confusion, euphoric mood, mania, paranoia, and mild motor dysphasia. Read More

J Infect Chemother 2018 Sep 21. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

We present a unique case of symptomatic early neurosyphilis in a non-HIV-infected patient. A 47-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus presented with generalized seizures. He did not manifest any neurological deficits. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan;46(1):41-46

School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.

Background: Early diagnosis of Treponema pallidum infection is helpful for disease management, and conventional PCR is suitable for lesion swabs of patients with probable early syphilis. We thus tested nested and real-time PCR (NR-PCR) in various biosamples from syphilitic patients.

Methods: Samples were collected from syphilis patients before treatment. Read More

Cureus 2018 Jul 16;10(7):e2984. Epub 2018 Jul 16.

Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Neurosyphilis is a dangerous and increasingly more prevalent sexually transmitted infection of the central nervous system caused by the bacterium that can present during the advanced stages of the disease (tertiary syphilis). Health care providers must remain vigilant in screening for syphilis in patients with high-risk behaviors as a delay in diagnosis and treatment may lead to symptom progression and debilitating sequelae years later. To date, there have been no published simulation case studies on neurosyphilis. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018 Sep 19:1-5. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Groote Schuur Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa.

Purpose: To review the clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid findings and outcomes of patients diagnosed with ocular syphilis.

Methods: Retrospective case review of all patients treated with ocular syphilis at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between January 2008 and January 2013.

Results: A total of 77 eyes of 49 patients were included. Read More

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2018 08 30;162. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

Erasmus MC, afd. Oogheelkunde, Rotterdam.

A 29-year-old male presented at the ER with a red and painful left eye with sudden and progressive loss of vision within a week. His visual acuity was 1/60. Slit lamp investigation showed inflammatory cells throughout the anterior chamber and vitreous body, and a hyperaemic and swollen optic disc with retinal lesions, indicating a panuveitis combined with multifocal chorioretinitis. Read More

Intern Med J 2018 08;48(8):992-995

Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

This case report presents the clinical record of a 37-year-old man who presented with a dense right hemiplegia, found to be caused by a left medial medullary stroke. The cause of the stroke was unclear, and bacterial endocarditis was initially suspected. However, he was ultimately found to have neurosyphilis on a background of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus and was treated with benzylpenicillin. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Aug 20;2018. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal.

The Charcot joint or neuropathic osteoarthropathy was first described as an arthritic sequela of neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis). It results in significant joint destruction and instability. Nowadays, it is a very rare condition and represents a considerable challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. Read More

Medicina (B Aires) 2018 ;78(4):286-289

Sexta Cátedra de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as weakness in both proximal and distal muscles with globally diminished or absent reflexes. Insulin neuritis is referred as an acute pain in the extremities, due to the damage of peripheral nerves affecting mainly small fibers, in diabetic patients treated with insulin who achieved rapid glycemic control. Pain is unusual in classic CIDP. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2018 Sep;45(9S Suppl 1):S10-S12

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Despite over a century of clinical experience in diagnosing and managing patients with syphilis, many thorny clinical questions remain unanswered. We focus on several areas of uncertainty for the clinician: the role of serologic tests in diagnosing syphilis and assessing syphilis treatment responses, and the risk of neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis in patients with syphilis. We also address whether clinical approaches should differ in patients who are, and are not, infected with HIV. Read More

AIDS 2019 Jan;33(1):77-81

Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo.

Background: Although doxycycline is widely used as an alternative to benzathine penicillin for the treatment of early and late latent syphilis, data on serological response following treatment with doxycycline among HIV-infected patients are limited.

Methods: In this study, we analysed serological response to syphilis treatment with doxycycline among HIV-infected patients treated during a benzathine penicillin shortage period and compared with treatment response among patients treated with benzathine penicillin. Cases with neurosyphilis and those treated with suboptimal doses or with concurrent medications in association with benzathine penicillin or doxycycline were excluded. Read More

IDCases 2018 12;13:e00426. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.

The incidence of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections is declining and is half of what it was in the mid 1990s. We present a case of newly diagnosed HIV with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Neurosyphilis, Kaposi Sarcoma, and multiple opportunistic infections. Although this type of patient was not uncommon in the pre-antiretroviral era, we do not often see such a constellation of conditions in a single individual. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2018 Nov 3;76:1-3. Epub 2018 Aug 3.

Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.

This report describes a case of neurosyphilis presenting with memory disturbances, attention deficit, and acute psychotic decompensation in an immunocompetent man. Despite the known connection of neurosyphilis with psychiatric symptoms, this cause often remains unrecognized. This report emphasizes the importance of maintaining a suspicion for the disease in patients with vague symptoms and describes the diagnostic difficulties. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018 Aug 31;58(8):499-504. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine.

A 51-year-old man with a cerebral lacunar infarction of the midbrain that had occurred two years before, was transferred from a regional psychiatric hospital with chronic progressive psychiatric symptoms including cognitive decline, irritability and hallucinations. Neurological examinations upon admission revealed cerebellar ataxia including dysarthria, ataxic gait and bilateral intention tremor. Brain FLAIR MRI on day 2 revealed abnormal hyperintense lesions in the bilateral insular cortex and temporal pole. Read More

Sex Transm Infect 2018 Dec 30;94(8):585-588. Epub 2018 Jul 30.

Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

Introduction: Syphilis continues to be a major public health problem and the recent resurgence in syphilis in high-income settings has seen an accompanying increase in cases of neurosyphilis. While the introduction of PCR has had a significant impact on the diagnosis of early syphilis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serological assays remain the most commonly used tests to diagnosis neurosyphilis. We reviewed data on the performance of CSF-PCR for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Jul;97(30):e11661

Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun.

Rationale: We report a rare case of syphilitic meningomyelitis presenting with visceral crisis and possessing characteristic imaging findings.

Patient Concerns: The patient, a 50-year-old woman, complained of pain in the upper abdomen and back. She then developed numbness in both lower extremities and weakness in the left lower limb. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan;46(1):37-40

From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA.

Background: Before penicillin, the syphilis case-fatality rate was 10% within 40 years. Late complications, such as cardiovascular syphilis, were still common in the 1950s but now seem quite rare even though some infections likely go undetected. We studied trends in syphilis mortality as an indicator of trends in severe complications of syphilis. Read More

Neurohospitalist 2018 Jul 22;8(3):156-157. Epub 2017 Jun 22.

Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018 May-Jun;51(3):404

Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018 Jun;76(6):373-380

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brasil.

Background: During the first decade of this century, a significant increase in the incidence of syphilis was documented.

Objective: To study clinical and laboratory characteristics of central nervous system and ocular syphilis.

Methods: A retrospective case series of 13 patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of neurosyphilis and/or ocular syphilis who had been admitted to the Neurology and Neuro-ophthalmology Service of the Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná. Read More

Am J Med 2018 Dec 2;131(12):1516-1519. Epub 2018 Jul 2.

Service de médecine interne, Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, France. Electronic address:

Background: Cerebral vasculitis caused by neurosyphilis is a re-emerging problem with diagnostic and treatment issues, especially for human immunodeficiency virus patients.

Methods: We present a case of relapsing syphilis-associated cerebral vasculitis, despite the recommended first-line antibiotic treatment, that was successfully treated with a second intravenous penicillin G course and corticosteroids.

Results: A 50-year old man went to the emergency department for bilateral episodes of red and painful eyes with progressive but severe visual acuity loss. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2018 Jun 22;41(6):487-491. Epub 2018 Jun 22.

Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 36, rue Laroche, 33000 Bordeaux, France.

Introduction: This is a retrospective case series of three patients presenting with syphilitic chorioretinitis. The diagnosis of syphilis rests on the ophthalmologic clinical exam as well as serologic confirmation. We studied the en face and SD-OCT images upon first consultation and after one month of antibiotic treatment with penicillin G. Read More

Ann Gen Psychiatry 2018 6;17:24. Epub 2018 Jun 6.

Department of Psychiatry, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Background: Neurosyphilis remains a diagnostic challenge in current psychiatric practice because of its pleomorphic psychiatric manifestations. Although neurosyphilis can present with a wide range of psychiatric symptoms, psychotic mania as its solitary manifestation is an unusual phenomenon.

Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man, with no history of any psychiatric disorder, exhibited abruptly developed symptoms of psychotic mania. Read More

Neurologia 2018 Jun 8. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus, Barcelona, España.

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 8;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

We describe a case of a 49-year-old man who presented with recurrent strokes in the left middle cerebral artery territory, manifesting with dysphasia, higher cognitive deficits, motor deficits and subsequent infarcts in the right middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery territories, manifesting with seizures, behavioural and social issues. A key issue of the case was the diagnostic difficulty faced by the physicians. 'Meningovascular syphilis' was subsequently confirmed and appropriate treatment was given but there was subsequent relapse with worsening of the symptoms. Read More

Australas J Dermatol 2018 Jun 8. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and syphilis is associated with rapid progression to tertiary syphilis. This case report describes the early development of gummatous skin disease and suspected neurosyphilis in a patient with untreated HIV and approaches to treatment. Read More

Minerva Med 2018 Dec 7;109(6):491-493. Epub 2018 Jun 7.

Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China -

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018 Jun 1;58(6):395-398. Epub 2018 Jun 1.

Department of Neurology, Nihonseimeisaiseikai Nissay Hospital.

A 52-year-old man presented with progressive dementia and left hemiparesis. He was treated for neurosyphilis at 44 years old in another hospital. An initial MRI revealed a widespread high-intensity area in the right temporal lobe on DWI. Read More

Case Rep Infect Dis 2018 8;2018:3148758. Epub 2018 May 8.

CHI St. Alexius Health, 900 E. Broadway Ave., Bismarck, ND 58503, USA.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the bacterium Syphilis can present as primary, secondary, tertiary, or congenital. It can have an effect on many different organ systems and tissues leading to a wide variety of symptoms and complications; one rare manifestation is bone involvement. The patient in this case was diagnosed with secondary and early neurosyphilis and was also found to have skull lesions that were due to . Read More

Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017 Oct;31(19):1524-1525

A 46-year-old male presented with left ear hearing loss,vertigo,tinnitus and left eye blurred vision. Pure tone audiometry showed left ear had been total deafness. Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay was reactive. Read More

Sex Health 2018 Apr 30. Epub 2018 Apr 30.

Common causes of temporal lobe hyper intensities are central nervous system infections like herpes simplex encephalitis, Lyme disease, limbic encephalitis and vascular pathology like Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. Personal assessment, laboratory data analysis and neuroimaging for the patient who was admitted to a central Pennsylvania tertiary care referral centre were conducted. A 52-year-old male presented with a 1-year history of diffuse dysesthesia in upper and lower extremities with associated intermittent headaches and neck stiffness. Read More

Dement Neuropsychol 2018 Jan-Mar;12(1):92-96

Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.

Sports activities associated with repetitive cranial trauma have become a fad and are popular in gyms and even among children. It is important to consistently characterize the consequences of such sports activities in order to better advise society on the real risks to the central nervous system. We present the case of a former boxer reporting cognitive and behavioral symptoms that began six years after his retirement as a boxer, evolving progressively with parkinsonian and cerebellar features suggestive of probable chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Read More