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J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2018 11;8(6):363-367. Epub 2018 Dec 11.

HCA-West Florida Division, Tampa, FL, USA.

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory granulomatous multisystem disease with an unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis is a cryptogenic neuroinflammatory manifestation of sarcoidosis. We describe a case of neurosarcoidosis with initial presentation as confusion. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Dec;97(50):e13667

Rationale: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas. The nervous system is involved in 5 to 16% of the patients. However, neurosarcoidosis in the medulla oblongata presenting as hiccough is remarkably rare. Read More

Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2018 ;73(5-6):189-197

Aim: To introduce the range of eye changes in sarcoidosis in the individual casuistics.

Materials: At the Ophthalmic Clinic of Teaching Hospital Královské Vinohrady in Prague were examined and treated six patients with ocular forms of sarcoidosis in the years from 1998 to 2015. Three patients were unilateral lesions of the lacrimal gland without systemic symptoms. Read More

OTO Open 2017 Oct-Dec;1(4):2473974X17742633. Epub 2017 Nov 15.

Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

Neurology 2018 Nov;91(22):1020-1021

From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle.

eNeurologicalSci 2018 Dec 2;13:21-23. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 1 Medical Center Drive, NH 03756, Lebanon.

In this case report we compare two patients presenting with similar symptoms of a brainstem syndrome including ataxia, dysarthria, and diplopia. Their MRIs showed hyperintense FLAIR signal changes with patchy areas of contrast enhancement within the brainstem particularly the pons and cerebellum. The broad differential diagnosis of this brainstem pathology included rhomboencephalitis, neurosarcoidosis, lymphoma, vasculitis, infection, and paraneoplastic or autoimmune process. Read More

Int J Neurosci 2018 Nov 15:1-4. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

a Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA.

Introduction: CNS involvement in sarcoidosis is seen in 5-10% of cases. Long term treatment involves steroids and other immunomodulatory agents, including infliximab. Chronic immunosuppression can result in increased patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Read More

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018 Nov 1. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa. Electronic address:

Introduction: Venous phlebitis in Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is rare but is often associated with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Imaging findings in such cases have been recently described on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).

Case Presentation And Outcome: We report a patient who presented with ICH. Read More

Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018 26;11:1756286418805732. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Department of Neurology at Katholische Kliniken Ruhrhalbinsel Essen, Essen, Germany.

Background: Neurosarcoidosis occurs in about 5-15% of patients with sarcoidosis. Therapy with corticosteroids is generally accepted as the first-line medication, followed by various immunomodulating and cytotoxic agents or combined therapy. However, some patients show an unsatisfactory outcome or have adverse events and require novel treatment strategies. Read More

Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018 Sep;115(38):635

Neurol Clin 2018 Nov 20;36(4):831-849. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Department of Neurology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA.

Chronic meningitis is defined as cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis that persists for at least 4 weeks without spontaneous resolution. The differential diagnosis of chronic meningitis is broad, encompassing 4 main categories, including infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and idiopathic. Up to one-third of cases have no discernible cause, making chronic meningitis a diagnostic dilemma for many clinicians. Read More

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018 Oct 26:3489418808814. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Introduction:: The presentation, course, and management of a rare laryngeal manifestation of neurosarcoidosis due to central nervous system (as opposed to peripheral nervous system) injury are described.

Methods:: The authors present 3 cases of vocal cord paralysis as the initial symptom of isolated neurosarcoidosis at a tertiary care laryngology clinic.

Results:: Laryngoscopy diagnosed unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Oct 23;12(1):307. Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual science, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.

Background: Neurosarcoidosis is a rare complication, and cranial neuropathy is the most frequent manifestation of this disease. However, few cohesive reports have discussed multiple cranial neuropathies in Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. The present report discusses the case of a patient with sarcoid uveitis and multiple neurological findings. Read More

Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018 Nov 26;5(6):e506. Epub 2018 Sep 26.

Department of Neurology (Y.W., A.W.), University of Washington; Division of Rheumatology (J.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington; and Department of Pathology (P.J.C.), University of Washington, Seattle.

Pan Afr Med J 2018 28;30:67. Epub 2018 May 28.

Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Militaire Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Maroc.

We report the case of a 37-year old patient with right optic neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed T2 hypersignal in the midline, enhanced after gadolinium injection (figure 1). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed lymphocytic meningitis with 64 white blood cells associated with hyperproteinorachy. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Nov/Dec;34(6):e197-e201

Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science.

A 61-year-old man with well-controlled diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis from hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, and portal hypertension presented with painful vision loss and left orbital swelling. Imaging showed diffuse orbital, perineural, and pachymeningeal inflammation. He was initially diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis. Read More

Neuroradiol J 2018 Oct 12:1971400918806634. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

Neuroradiology Department, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA.

Purpose Spinal sarcoidosis, referring to involvement of the spine in sarcoidosis, is relatively rare and may mimic other neurological disease affecting the spine. The authors present a clinic radiological review of 18 spinal sarcoidosis patients who presented to a tertiary hospital, with emphasis on initial imaging and radiological response to treatment. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed our departmental imaging archives over a 15-year period and found 49 cases of neurosarcoidosis out of which 18 patients had spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Read More

Br J Neurosurg 2018 Oct 8:1-5. Epub 2018 Oct 8.

d Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.

Objective: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause which affects the lung or bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in over 90% of the cases. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is rare and accounts for approximately 5 - 15% of the cases. Involvement of all parts of the central and peripheral nervous system is possible with various clinical symptoms, e. Read More

J Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep 21. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Emory University Atlanta, GA

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018 Nov 20;39(11):2045-2050. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

We describe the prevalence and potential significance of deep medullary vein engorgement on SWI in patients with neurosarcoidosis, a finding that has not been described previously. Engorgement was evaluated for possible associations with meningeal or perivascular disease, intracranial hemorrhage, and venous thrombosis, as well as with modified Rankin Scale scores at the time of MR imaging and at follow-up. Deep medullary vein engorgement was seen in 7 of 21 patients and was more common in men. Read More

Nervenarzt 2018 Oct;89(10):1095-1105

Institut für klinische Neuroimmunologie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). They may cause inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. Both conditions must be differentiated from CNS manifestations of other systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, autoinflammtory diseases and sarcoidosis, since amongst others myelitis and optic nerve inflammation may also occur in these conditions. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2018 Sep 10;6(9):1718-1722. Epub 2018 Jul 10.

Department of Neurology Royal Free Hospital London UK.

Neurosarcoidosis represents a significant diagnostic challenge, as clinical features overlap with other neuroinflammatory conditions, and biopsy of affected neuronal tissue is often high risk or not feasible. Here we highlight application of the modified Zajicek criteria to diagnose probable spinal neurosarcoidosis in the absence of histology from affected neuronal tissue. Read More

Turk J Ophthalmol 2018 Aug 4;48(4):202-205. Epub 2018 Sep 4.

University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, İstanbul, Turkey.

In this study, we present a case of bilateral optic neuropathy and macular ischemia in the right eye associated with neurosarcoidosis. A 26-year-old woman presented to our clinic with complaints of bilateral blurred vision. Bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis, vitritis, optic neuropathy, and macular ischemia were detected in the right eye in slit-lamp examination. Read More

Case Rep Oncol 2018 May-Aug;11(2):521-526. Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer care by enhancing anti-tumor immunity. However, by virtue of stimulating the immune system, they can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Neurologic irAEs are uncommon but are becoming increasingly recognized and can be quite serious or even fatal. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2018 Nov;43(11):840-841

Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, and.

We present a 45-year-old man with newly generalized tonic-clonic seizures due to a contrast-enhancing frontal lesion with perifocal edema suggestive for high-grade glioma (HGG). For further evaluation, a dynamic F-FET PET scan was performed, which showed high F-FET-uptake with early peak and constantly decreasing time-activity curves, a characteristic feature of HGG. Stereotactic biopsy and histological evaluation excluded a neoplastic lesion but confirmed a manifestation of neurosarcoidosis with strong expression of the L-amino-acid-transporter considered responsible for F-FET-uptake. Read More

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018 10 24;25:297-299. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine (ACOM), United States.

JAMA Neurol 2018 Dec;75(12):1546-1553

Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Importance: The Neurosarcoidosis Consortium Consensus Group, an expert panel of physicians experienced in the management of patients with sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis, engaged in an iterative process to define neurosarcoidosis and develop a practical diagnostic approach to patients with suspected neurosarcoidosis. This panel aimed to develop a consensus clinical definition of neurosarcoidosis to enhance the clinical care of patients with suspected neurosarcoidosis and to encourage standardization of research initiatives that address this disease.

Observations: The work of this collaboration included a review of the manifestations of neurosarcoidosis and the establishment of an approach to the diagnosis of this disorder. Read More

Case Rep Med 2018 6;2018:9496149. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital, Saitama, Japan.

We treated a patient with neurosarcoidosis, which caused the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), in whom diagnosis was performed using neuroendoscopy. The patient was a 56-year-old female who was hospitalized for hyponatremia and diagnosed with SIADH based on a detailed examination. During the course, she developed impaired consciousness due to acute hydrocephalus, which improved after ventricular drainage. Read More

Intern Med 2018 Aug 24. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

Department of Pathology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Japan.

A 58-year-old Japanese woman complained of unstable gait and dizziness lasting for a month. She had been diagnosed histologically with pulmonary and cutaneous sarcoidosis and attended outpatient clinics for routine checkups. Head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a contrast-enhanced lesion in the cerebral aqueduct. Read More

J Neurol 2018 Oct 14;265(10):2333-2341. Epub 2018 Aug 14.

Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut e3m, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France.

Objectives: Clinical involvement of the nervous system is uncommon during sarcoidosis. Cerebrovascular events are rarely reported during sarcoidosis and may be confused with primary angiitis of the central nervous system. The characteristics and outcomes of cerebrovascular events during sarcoidosis have not been well-evaluated. Read More

Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018 Oct 4;173:101-104. Epub 2018 Aug 4.

Department of Neurology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan.

Neurosarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose, because definite diagnosis requires detailed histology of the central nervous system. Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (CE-FLAIR) is more useful for detecting leptomeningeal lesions compared with 3D CE-T1 weighted imaging. However, the clinical diagnostic utility of 3D CE-FLAIR for neurosarcoidosis is unclear. Read More

Neurol Sci 2018 Oct 7;39(10):1725-1733. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.

Neurosarcoidosis is relatively rare and has diverse manifestations. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for neurosarcoidosis in China are poorly understood. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, laboratory and imaging results, treatment, and outcomes in patients who met the criteria for definite or probable neurosarcoidosis in Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University from 2000 to 2015. Read More

J Immunother Cancer 2018 Jul 31;6(1):77. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment landscape for many cancers, including metastatic melanoma, but have also opened the door for a diverse variety of immune-related adverse effects.

Case Presentation: We describe the first reported case of presumed neurosarcoidosis as an immune-related adverse effect that developed nearly a year after discontinuation of treatment with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab for recurrent metastatic melanoma. The patient was noted to develop clinical signs consistent with systemic sarcoidosis shortly after the initiation of treatment and underwent a biopsy of hilar lymphadenopathy that confirmed sarcoidosis and after which immunotherapy was discontinued. Read More

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018 Oct 25;27(10):e230-e232. Epub 2018 Jul 25.

Neurological Institute's Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address:

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that can cause a wide range of neurologic symptoms. Leptomeningeal enhancement is frequently described but reports of stroke-like symptoms or the appearance of ischemia on magnetic resonance imaging are rare. We present a case of a patient with both leptomeningeal enhancement and multifocal restricted diffusion in a patient with sarcoidosis. Read More

Clin Radiol 2018 Oct 30;73(10):907.e15-907.e23. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Division of Neuroradiology, Michigan Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Aim: To determine the occurrence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic events in patients with neurosarcoidosis at presentation and follow-up and to evaluate its association with perivascular enhancement.

Materials And Methods: The MRI findings in patients with neurosarcoidosis who presented to our institute from 2002-2017 were retrospectively reviewed, with emphasis on cerebrovascular events. A chi-squared test was used to evaluate the statistical association with presence of perivascular enhancement. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Oct 30;118:e346-e355. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: Meckel's cave is a dural-lined cavity in the middle fossa skull base in which lies the Gasserian ganglion, a potential site for tumors and inflammatory lesions. A variety of lesions can be predominantly isolated to Meckel's cave, including extension from head and neck cancers, other malignant tumors, as well as benign lesions. Clinical presentation and imaging findings are often insufficient to establish a diagnosis. Read More

Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018 Jul 30;58(7):445-450. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Department of Neurology, Osaka City University.

We report the case of a 42-year-old female with neurosarcoidosis who was hospitalized in year 2017 for gait disturbance. In 2011, she suddenly had vertigo that lasted for a few days. In 2013, she noticed left hemiplegia. Read More

J Neurol 2018 Aug 19;265(8):1906-1915. Epub 2018 Jun 19.

Centre for Neurosarcoidosis, Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.

Objective: Neurological complications of systemic sarcoidosis are uncommon and the natural history and optimal treatments under-researched. With the advent of modern biological therapies, it is important to define the clinical characteristics and immunopathology of the disease.

Methods: Patients referred to and treated within the Centre for Neurosarcoidosis over a 15 year period who had biopsy-proven "highly probable" disease of the central nervous system were studied prospectively. Read More

BMC Neurol 2018 May 29;18(1):77. Epub 2018 May 29.

Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ disease of unknown etiology characterised by the presence of epithelioid granulomas, without caseous necrosis. Systemic sarcoidosis is rare among children, while neurosarcoidosis in children is even rarer whether it is systemic or not.

Case Presentation: We described the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented with monocular vision loss accompanied by unusual MRI features of an extensive meningeal infiltrating mass lesion. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Aug 16;116:329-332. Epub 2018 May 16.

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Background: Arachnoid cysts are a relatively common finding in adult patients, especially with the advent of advanced imaging techniques. The overall incidence ranges from 1%-2%, and the majority are clinically silent. Arachnoid cysts are postulated to arise by congenital anomalies or trauma. Read More

Clin Rheumatol 2018 May 17. Epub 2018 May 17.

Rheumatology Division, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.

Neurosarcoidosis is uncommon with an incidence of approximately 5 to 15%. Central nervous system involvement can be divided into brain and spinal cord neurosarcoidosis. Spinal cord sarcoidosis is extremely rare, occurring in less than 1% of all sarcoidosis cases. Read More

Clin Drug Investig 2018 Aug;38(8):653-671

Department of Clinical Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.

The process of finding new therapeutic indications for currently used drugs, defined as 'repurposing', is receiving growing attention. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, with an original indication to prevent or cure malaria, have been successfully used to treat several infectious (HIV, Q fever, Whipple's disease, fungal infections), rheumatological (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome), and other immunological diseases. Indeed, they have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, anti-infective, antithrombotic, and metabolic effects. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 Oct 8;159(4):643-649. Epub 2018 May 8.

2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Objectives Primary skull base lymphoma (PSBL) represents a rare manifestation of extranodal lymphoma. Presenting with nonspecific symptomatology and imaging findings, PSBL often masquerades as more common cranial base pathology and thus can present a diagnostic challenge. The objectives of this study were to characterize the manifestations and clinical outcomes of PSBL. Read More

Mult Scler 2018 May 1:1352458518771518. Epub 2018 May 1.

Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Spinal neurosarcoidosis is a rare form of neurosarcoid which can be challenging to diagnose given its clinical or radiographic findings are often indistinguishable from other causes of spinal demyelinating disease. We present a series of three patients with spinal neurosarcoid, all of whom demonstrated concurrent longitudinally enhancing transverse myelitis as well as spinal nerve root enhancement. These findings may be suggestive of spinal neurosarcoid and may help clinicians make the diagnosis as well as reduce the need for invasive biopsy. Read More

Mult Scler 2018 May 1:1352458518771873. Epub 2018 May 1.

Translational Neuroradiology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.

Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018 Jul 21;23:7-8. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

Departments of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address:

Longitudinally-extensive T2-hyperintense spinal cord lesions (≥3 vertebral segments) are associated with neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorder but occur with other disorders including spinal cord sarcoidosis. When linear dorsal subpial enhancement is accompanied by central cord/canal enhancement the axial post-gadolinium sequences may reveal a "trident" pattern that has previously been shown to be strongly suggestive of spinal cord sarcoidosis. We report a case in which the patient was initially diagnosed with neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorder, but where the "trident" sign ultimately led to the correct diagnosis of spinal cord sarcoidosis. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2018 Dec 21;151(11):464-465. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Molecular Imaging Group - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.

J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2018 Apr 18;8(1). Epub 2018 Apr 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.

Background: Sarcoidosis, a multisystem, granulomatous disorder, sometimes manifests with a neuro-ophthalmic subtype. The latter can pose a diagnostic challenge, especially when ocular symptoms appear before systemic involvement, as the clinical picture then can be non-specific and systemic laboratory and standard imaging investigations can be negative.

Findings: A 71-year-old woman presented with a 4-month history of sudden-onset visual loss in the left eye. Read More

Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018 Jun 22;169:103-106. Epub 2018 Mar 22.

Department of Neuropathology, Royal Free Hospital London, United Kingdom. Electronic address:

Objective: To present and review the vascular consequences of arteritis in neurosarcoidosis.

Patient And Methods: neurosarcoidosis is typically an inflammatory disorder of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Although inflammation of small and medium sized vessels is seen pathologically and vasculitis is occasionally described, a large intracerebral arteritis has not previously been reported. Read More