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Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019 Apr 6. Epub 2019 Apr 6.

Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, India 226014.

Background: Patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC) may have an increased frequency of migraine. We studied the characteristics of migraine attacks in patients with calcified NCC on brain imaging.

Methods: Of 350 migraine patients who visited our outpatient department from January 2016 through June 2018, 166 had undergone brain imaging. Read More

BMC Neurol 2019 Apr 3;19(1):52. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.

Background: Parenchymal neurocysticercosis is a frequent cause of seizures in areas endemic for Taenia solium. At present there is scarce data on the evolution of the levels of circulating metacestodal antigen before, during and after treatment with anthelmintic drugs.

Case Presentation: A patient with paucisymptomatic neurocysticercosis (NCC) diagnosed by Ag-ELISA, and confirmed by MRI images, was treated with praziquantel, albendazole and dexamethasone. Read More

J Assoc Physicians India 2019 Jan;67(1):78-79

Visiting Consultant, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Superspeciality Hospital, Kakryal, Jammu.

J Hist Neurosci 2019 Apr 1:1-13. Epub 2019 Apr 1.

b NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre , UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London , UK.

Neurocysticercosis, or brain infestation with the larval stage of Taenia solium, is the most common risk factor for epilepsy in many endemic regions of the world. Hardly any cases are seen in Western developed countries, including Britain. However, a sizeable number (n = 450) was seen among British soldiers returning from deputation to India, then a British colony, first reported by Col. Read More

Genomics Inform 2019 Mar 31;17(1):e7. Epub 2019 Mar 31.

Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.

Cysticercosis, a parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium metacestode (TsM), has a major global public health impact in terms of disability-adjusted life years. The parasite preferentially infects subcutaneous tissue, but may invade the central nervous system, resulting in neurocysticercosis (NC). NC is an important neglected tropical disease and an emerging disease in industrialized countries due to immigration from endemic areas. Read More

N Engl J Med 2019 Mar;380(13):1267

ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India

World Neurosurg 2019 Mar 15. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.

Purpose Of The Review: To discuss relevant data on the epidemiology of hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis, the new knowledge coming from experimental studies, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, and the controversies regarding clinical and surgical management.

Recent Findings: Hydrocephalus is present at the onset of the disease in 16-51% of patients with neurocysticercosis and in 64-72% of patients with the extraparenchymal form of the disease. Animal models have successfully reproduced the disease and open new therapeutic approaches perspectives. Read More

Parasitol Res 2019 Mar 15. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.

Herein, we evaluate a mimotope-based synthetic peptidenamed NC1 to diagnose neurocysticercosis (NC), a neglected parasitic disease and a major cause of epilepsy worldwide. NC1 synthetic peptide was evaluated to diagnose NC, and total saline extract from Taenia solium metacestodes (SE) was used as control. Serum samples from patients with NC (n = 40), other parasitic diseases (n = 43), and healthy individuals (n = 40) were tested. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 03 14;13(3):e0007261. Epub 2019 Mar 14.

Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.

Taenia solium is known to cause human cysticercosis while T. saginata does not. Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the oncosphere and the postoncospheral (PO) forms of T. Read More

Neurol India 2019 Jan-Feb;67(1):136-141

Department of Radiology and Imaging, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Background: Perilesional gliosis is an important substrate for seizures in patients harboring a calcified neurocysticercosis (NCC) lesion and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for evaluating gliosis.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of double-inversion recovery (DIR) sequence for identifying perilesional gliosis.

Settings And Design: Hospital-based cross-sectional study. Read More

Neurol India 2019 Jan-Feb;67(1):74-75

Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Radiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019 Feb 7;4:e00093. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

Background & Methods: a zoonotic tapeworm, responsible for neurocysticercosis in humans is a major public health threat, being a leading cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions. Eastern and southern African nations have experienced a recent rapid growth in pig production, including small-scale, free-range systems, with an accompanying increased risk of transmission. Seven hundred blood samples were collected from randomly selected pigs presented for slaughter at one of the largest porcine abattoir supplying unprocessed pork to Nairobi city and its surroundings. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Mar 4;16(5). Epub 2019 Mar 4.

Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) significantly contributes to morbidity in developing countries. We recently published a study of prevalence and risk factors in school-aged children in three mountainous areas in Sichuan province of western China. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) on data from that study to guide intervention planning, here we examine risk factors grouped into three broad interventional categories: sociodemographics, human behavior, and sources of pork and pig husbandry. Read More

Pediatr Rev 2019 Mar 1;40(3):138-141. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN.

J Glob Infect Dis 2019 Jan-Mar;11(1):50-51

Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

World Neurosurg 2019 Feb 26;122:e647-e654. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Background: Around 7%-33% of cases of neurocysticercosis (NCC) have intraventricular involvement, and the fourth ventricle is the most frequent site. Medical management and various surgical approaches have been described for treating this disease. The objective of this study was to describe technical modification for endoscopic fourth ventricular NCC removal in a series of 5 cases. Read More

Theor Biol Med Model 2019 02 26;16(1). Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Theoretical Biology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CDMX, Mexico.

Background: The application of effective vaccines against pig cysticercosis and mass chemotherapy against pig cysticercosis and human taeniasis have shown the feasibility of interrupting the parasite's life cycle in endemic areas.

Methods: A mathematical model that divides the population into susceptible, infected, and vaccinated individuals is formulated. The model is based upon the life cycle of the parasite. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 02 25;13(2):e0006838. Epub 2019 Feb 25.

Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee Victoria, Australia.

Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes human neurocysticercosis. Pigs transmit the parasite by acting as the intermediate host. An intervention was implemented to control transmission of T. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Apr;100(4):780-782

School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

A panel of experts from the Infectious Disease Society of America and The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene recently published guidelines for management of neurocysticercosis, showing that clinical manifestations as well as the stage of involution and the anatomical location of parasites must be taken into account before the start of a rational therapy. Soon thereafter, isolated opinions attempted to discredit these guidelines, arguing insufficient or inadequate evidence and suggesting that they should not be followed worldwide. In view of these conflicting reports, it is appropriate to review the origin and evolution of the controversy on the medical treatment of neurocysticercosis. Read More

Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2018 31;5(1):000762. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.

Cysticercosis is triggered by infection with the larval form of the tapeworm . The usual sites for the development of cyscticerci are the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis - NCC), subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and the eye. Ocular cysticercosis is caused by the growth of the larvae within ocular tissues. Read More

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019 Apr 27;63(4). Epub 2019 Mar 27.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease that frequently involves the human central nervous system (CNS), and current treatment options are limited. Oxfendazole, a veterinary medicine belonging to the benzimidazole family of anthelmintic drugs, has demonstrated substantial activity against the tissue stages of and has potential to be developed as an effective therapy for neurocysticercosis. To accelerate the transition of oxfendazole from veterinary to human use, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oxfendazole were evaluated in healthy volunteers in this phase 1 first-in-human (FIH) study. Read More

Open Forum Infect Dis 2019 Jan 14;6(1):ofy349. Epub 2018 Dec 14.

Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de Caen, Caen, France.

Cerebral alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is rare and mostly associated with liver involvement. We report an exceptional case of a 62-year-old man with a hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia harboring a primary cerebral AE mimicking neurocysticercosis with >100 cerebral lesions and without liver involvement. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Feb;100(2):323-326

Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.

Mechanisms implicated in the association between neurocysticercosis (NCC) and cognitive impairment remain unknown. Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 40 years with calcified NCC were identified as case patients and paired 1:1 to age- and gender-matched controls. The selection process generated 79 pairs. Read More

Ann Afr Med 2019 Jan-Mar;18(1):51-53

Department of General Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Cysticercosis is a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. It is caused by the larvae of the cestode Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It usually presents as a solitary lesion in the muscle or brain (neurocysticercosis). Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2019 Feb 2. Epub 2019 Feb 2.

School of Public Health and Administration (GA, AGL), Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences and Center for Global Health (JAB, HHG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.

Background: Albendazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis, although its efficacy is suboptimal. Plasma levels of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX), the active metabolite of albendazole, are highly variable among patients. We hypothesized that high ASOX plasma levels during albendazole therapy may be associated with an increased antiparasitic efficacy. Read More

Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019 Mar;33(1):153-168

Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address:

Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The combination of modern diagnostic tests, use of antiparasitic drugs, improved anti-inflammatory treatments, and minimally invasive neurosurgery has improved outcomes in patients with neurocysticercosis. This parasitic infection is complex in both the clinical presentation and the treatment approach, which depends on the number of cysts, location in the brain, stage of degeneration, and host inflammatory response. Read More

Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2019 Jan-Mar;22(1):67-72

Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Background And Purpose: Differentiating between neurocysticercosis (NCC) and neurotuberculosis has serious therapeutic implications and this distinction relies heavily on neuroimaging. Few case reports discuss the conglomeration of ring-enhancing lesions (RELs) in patients with solitary NCC. The aim of our study is to describe the imaging findings of conglomerate RELs in a cohort of patients with solitary NCC, emphasizing the frequency of conglomeration. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Jan 24. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

Department of Neurosurgery, SGPGI, Lucknow, India. Electronic address:

Background: Poor sanitation, poor hygiene, and archaic cooking practices have led to neurocysticercosis (NCC) being endemic in India. Apart from a cortical location that leads to seizures, intraventricular NCC can present with hydrocephalus and sudden deterioration in sensorium. Consequently, endoscopic excision plays an important role in its treatment because a dilated ventricle offers a minimally invasive and less traumatic route to the pathology. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 01 24;13(1):e0007101. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro SANOU, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

Background: Individuals diagnosed with neurocysticercosis often present with epilepsy and sometimes with progressively worsening severe chronic headaches (WSCH). While cross-sectional associations between seropositivity to cysticercal antigens and epilepsy have been reported, few large scale studies have been conducted in West Africa and none have measured the association between seropositivity to cysticercal antigens and headaches. This study aimed at filling these knowledge gaps by estimating the strength of the cross-sectional association between seropositivity to cysticercal antigens and the prevalence of epilepsy and WSCH in 60 villages of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Read More

J Neurovirol 2019 Jan 23. Epub 2019 Jan 23.

Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

The presence of eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should always be considered abnormal. This study aimed to evaluate the causes of eosinophils in the CSF of patients who are HIV positive and HIV negative. This is the first study of eosinophils in the CSF of patients who are HIV-positive. Read More

Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019 Feb 19;4:e00082. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.

The taeniosis/cysticercosis neglected zoonotic disease complex is caused by , and is associated with significant economic and public health impacts. This paper reviews the current knowledge on in Zambia and the control strategies already studied, covering almost 20 years of research, and explores the way forward. Studies on occurrence of porcine cysticercosis indicated very high prevalences, ranging from 15 to 34% based on detection of circulating antigens, and of 46% to 68% based on full carcass dissection in slaughter age pigs. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 01 17;13(1):e0007109. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.

Background: Epilepsy and progressively worsening severe chronic headaches (WSCH) are the two most common clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis, a form of cysticercosis. Most community-based studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) use a two-step approach (questionnaire and confirmation) to estimate the prevalence of these neurological disorders and neurocysticercosis. Few validate the questionnaire in the field or account for the imperfect nature of the screening questionnaire and the fact that only those who screen positive have the opportunity to be confirmed. Read More

Brain Pathol 2019 Jan 13. Epub 2019 Jan 13.

School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo - Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador.

Brain Pathol 2019 Jan 13. Epub 2019 Jan 13.

Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.

Neurosurg Focus 2019 Jan;46(1):E12

OBJECTIVEAlthough parasitic infections are endemic to parts of the developing world and are more common in areas with developing economies and poor sanitary conditions, rare cases may occur in developed regions of the world.METHODSArticles eligible for the authors' literature review were initially searched using PubMed with the phrases "parasitic infections" and "spine." After the authors developed a list of parasites associated with spinal cord infections from the initial search, they expanded it to include individual diagnoses, using search terms including "neurocysticercosis," "schistosomiasis," "echinococcosis," and "toxoplasmosis. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Mar;100(3):483-484

Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Mar;100(3):609-616

Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Manifestations of neurocysticercosis (NCC) are primarily due to host inflammatory responses directed at drug-damaged or naturally degenerating metacestodes (cysts) of the tapeworm . Prolonged high-dose corticosteroids are frequently required to control this inflammation in complicated disease, often causing severe side effects. Studies evaluating alternatives to corticosteroids are lacking. Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2018 May-Jun;8(3):89-91

Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Manipal Academy Of Higher Education Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Introduction: Cysticercosis is more commonly seen in developing countries like India caused by larval stage of Taenia solium. Neurocysticercosis is more commonly seen than isolated muscle involvement. There are very few sporadic cases of isolated biceps muscle involvement, but most of them are managed medically. Read More

Zoonoses Public Health 2019 02 21;66(1):140-154. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Department of Community and Public Health, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

Background: The aim of this review was to establish the current epidemiology of taeniosis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis among humans and animals in Iran by carrying out a comprehensive assessment of published articles reporting on these foodborne zoonotic diseases across the country.

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used in the search for relevant published articles reporting on cysticercosis, taeniosis and trichinellosis in Iran using a number of appropriate key words. The search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, SCOPUS, WHOLIS, FAO and CDC. Read More

Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018 Nov;76(11):783-790

NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.

Objective: Neurocysticercosis is one of the most common risk factors for epilepsy but its association with drug-resistant epilepsy remains uncertain. Conjectures of an association with drug-resistant epilepsy have been fueled by reports of an association between calcific neurocysticercosis lesions (CNL) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) from specialized epilepsy centers in Taenia solium-endemic regions.

Methods: The debate arising from these reports is whether the association is causal. Read More

Acta Trop 2019 Feb 13;190:361-364. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, CEP: 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil. Electronic address:

Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent helminthiasis of the central nervous system and is caused by the presence of Taenia solium cysticerci. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an antifolate containing the pyrrolopyrimidine-based nucleus that exerts its antiprotozoal activity due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of NTZ on the energetic metabolism of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci intracranially inoculated BALB /c mice. Read More

J Clin Imaging Sci 2018 15;8:43. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current imaging tool of choice in the investigation of patients with seizures. The advent of high-resolution MRI with a dedicated seizure protocol has significantly increased the chances of identifying a cause, resulting in a positive clinical impact on the management of these patients.

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of standard MRI, identify whether there is an increase in the diagnostic yield with the addition of dedicated seizure protocol, and compare the diagnostic yields of MRI and electroencephalogram (EEG) individually and in combination. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2018 Dec 13;11(1):890. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the extent and health burden of neurocysticercosis in the general community of the Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. About 1051 randomly select participants were screened for human cysticercosis. The Cysticercus Western Blot IgG and Computed Tomography scan were used to detect infection by cysticerci. Read More

Heliyon 2018 Dec 1;4(12):e00991. Epub 2018 Dec 1.

Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.

The role of immunologic tests in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis (NC) is controversial and few studies have made comparisons among them. The objective of this study was to compare immunological tests in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of NC. We conducted a case-control study in Cuenca, Ecuador, enrolling patients with NC (N = 24) and matching them with other neurosurgical patients (N = 18). Read More

Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018 Oct-Dec;21(4):300-303

Department of Pediatrics, Pt B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) produces a progressive organic brain damage by altering brain function with alterations in memory, difficulties in learning, and behavioral changes. The present study was designed to compare the cognitive and behavioral profile of school-going children aged 6-14 years with newly diagnosed NCC with their age-matched controls.

Materials And Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6-14 years with newly (<7 days) diagnosed NCC. Read More

Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018 Oct-Dec;21(4):263-269

Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.

Objectives: Many community-based and hospital-based studies across the world have yielded contradictory results regarding association of positive serology and epilepsy. The present study was planned to analyze disease burden of epilepsy in rural community of North India and its association with exposure to in this part of the world.

Methods: A door-to-door screening survey was carried out in the rural community using a validated questionnaire for epilepsy by trained field workers, which was finally confirmed by trained neurologists. Read More

Acta Trop 2019 Feb 7;190:329-338. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.

Human and porcine cysticercosis is endemic in West Africa, where epilepsy is relatively common, but rarely reported due to fear of stigmatization. Neurocysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium, tends to affect the poor in developing countries and control is hampered by inadequate infrastructure and financial resources coupled with lack of adequate information about its significance and distribution. The risk factors for human cysticercosis are closely associated with the characteristics of smallholder or backyard pig farming systems prevalent in this region. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Feb;100(2):327-329

W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), caused by larvae that reside in the central nervous system, results in serious public health and medical issues in many regions of the world. Current diagnosis of NCC is complex requiring both serology and costly neuroimaging of parasitic cysts in the brain. This diagnostic pipeline can be problematic in resource-constrained settings. Read More

Front Immunol 2018 16;9:2652. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/ Facultad de Medicina UNAM / Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico.