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Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019 Feb 8;29(2):329-336. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Department of Οrthopedics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Avenue, 45500, Ioannina, Greece.

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy is a devastating complication after a difficult delivery. The incidence of this injury has not significantly decreased over the past decades, despite all the advances in perinatal care. Although primary repair of the nerves with microsurgical techniques is the common treatment strategy nowadays, there are late cases in which secondary procedures in tendons or bones are necessary. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2019 Feb 4;35(2):349-354. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

Peripheral Nerve Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Purpose: The outcome from microsurgical reconstruction of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) varies, and comparison between different series is difficult, given the differences in preoperative evaluation, surgical strategies, and outcome analysis. To evaluate our results, we reviewed a series of children who underwent surgical treatment in a period of 14 years.

Methods: We made a retrospective review of 104 cases in which microsurgical repair of the brachial plexus was performed. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Nov 8;2018. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Regina General Hospital, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) and phrenic nerve injury can sometimes occur concurrently in neonates following difficult deliveries like breech presentation, shoulder dystocia, forceps or vacuum extraction. Phrenic nerve palsy should be suspected in a newborn with respiratory distress and an elevated hemidiaphragm on the imaging studies in presence of the associated risk factors. The right side is affected more often than the left side and most of it is associated with BPBI. Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019 Jan 6;28(1):28-35. Epub 2018 Sep 6.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: Latissimus dorsi (LD) and teres major (TM) tendon transfers are effective surgical procedures to improve shoulder abduction and external rotation for children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). Open pectoralis major (PM) tendon Z-plasty and arthroscopic subscapularis (SS) release are 2 options for the release of internal rotation contractures to enhance muscle transfers. This study compared the functional results of LD and TM tendon transfers with open PM tendon Z-plasty or arthroscopic SS release. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2018 Sep 6;118:139-141. Epub 2018 Jul 6.

Gynecologic and Obstetric Department, Nuovo Ospedale delle Apuane, Via Enrico Mattei 21, Massa Carrara, Italy.

Shoulder dystocia is a rare but severe obstetric complication associated with an increased risk of brachial plexus palsies, fractures of the clavicle and humerus, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and, rarely, neonatal death. Here we describe a fatal case of shoulder dystocia in a term newborn, although labor was uneventful, fetal heart rate tracing was normal until the delivery of the head and the head-to-body delivery interval (HBDI) occurred within 5 min. Full resuscitation was performed for 35 min without success. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 May 12;2018. Epub 2018 May 12.

Vidant Medical Center, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.

We report a preterm neonate born with respiratory distress. The neonate was found to have diaphragmatic palsy and brachial palsy. The neonate was born by caesarean section and there was no history of birth trauma. Read More

Hand (N Y) 2019 Mar 13;14(2):150-154. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

1 University of Florida Health, Gainesville, USA.

Background: Most brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) are caused by traction on the brachial plexus during a difficult delivery. Fortunately, the possibility of complete recovery from such an incident is relatively high, with only 10% to 30% of patients having prolonged and persistent disability. These patients have muscle imbalances and co-contractions typically localized around the shoulder and elbow. Read More

Childs Nerv Syst 2017 Sep 24;33(9):1571-1574. Epub 2017 Jun 24.

Peripheral Nerve Surgery Unit, Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01060-970, Brazil.

Purpose: Ulnar and median nerve transfers to arm muscles have been used to recover elbow flexion in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy, but there is no direct outcome comparison with the classical supraclavicular nerve grafting approach.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with C5-C7 neonatal brachial plexus palsy submitted to nerve surgery and recorded elbow flexion recovery using the active movement scale (0-7) at 12 and 24 months after surgery. We compared 13 patients submitted to supraclavicular nerve grafting with 21 patients submitted to distal ulnar or median nerve transfer to biceps motor branch. Read More

J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2017 Sep 19;42(7):706-709. Epub 2017 Jun 19.

Scottish National Brachial Plexus Injury Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.

In this study, we report the outcome for spontaneous recovery of elbow flexion in obstetric brachial plexus injury managed without nerve reconstruction. Excluding those with transient paralysis, our records revealed 152 children with obstetric brachial plexus injury born before our unit routinely offered brachial plexus reconstruction. Five had had nerve repairs. Read More

J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017 May;99(9):778-783

1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.S.B.) and Clinical Research Center (L.A.K.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 3University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 4Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Sacramento, California.

Background: Early detection of posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is essential, but it may be difficult to accomplish with physical examination alone. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of shoulder dislocation in patients with BPBP using ultrasound and to identify which physical examination measurements correlated most with dislocation in these patients.

Methods: This study was a retrospective review of data obtained in an ultrasound screening program of infants with BPBP born from January 2011 to April 2014. Read More

Ir Med J 2016 Aug 8;109(7):434. Epub 2016 Aug 8.

UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.

J Child Neurol 2016 12 21;31(14):1628-1630. Epub 2016 Sep 21.

Department of Obstetrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Data of 829 infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy were reviewed to identify any cases that could not be fitted into the any of the well-known types of palsy. These unusual cases were studied in detail with regard to clinical presentation and electrophysiological findings as well as management and spontaneous motor recovery. Erb's, extended Erb's, and total palsies were seen in 42. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016 10;35(10):1151-3

From the *Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, †Department of Pediatric Pharmacology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; ‡Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; and §Department of Neuropediatrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.

Osteoarticular infections in the newborn period are rare. A serious complication is paralysis of the affected extremity resulting from either pain or direct involvement of the nerve. We report a newborn with combined osteomyelitis and suppurative arthritis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes presenting with right brachial plexus palsy. Read More

J Neuroimaging 2017 03 8;27(2):248-254. Epub 2016 Sep 8.

Boston Children's Hospital, Orthopedic Center, Boston, MA.

Background And Purpose: The current prognostic biomarker of functional outcome in brachial plexus birth palsy is serial clinical examination throughout the first 6 months of age. This can delay surgical treatment and prolong parental anxiety in neonates who will recover spontaneously. A potentially superior biomarker is a volumetric proton density MRI performed at clinical presentation and within the first 12 weeks of life, providing a high spatial and contrast resolution examination in 4 minutes. Read More

PM R 2017 Apr 9;9(4):383-391. Epub 2016 Aug 9.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800(∗∗). Electronic address:

Background: Currently, no published, validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) exist for use with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). NBPP is a debilitating condition that occurs during the perinatal period, resulting in paralysis/paresis and loss of sensation in the affected arm. Commonly used NBPP measures are not comprehensive and do not fully account for clinically meaningful changes in function or progression of the disorder. Read More

Pediatr Neurol 2016 09 11;62:e1. Epub 2016 Jun 11.

Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Pediatr Neurol 2016 Mar 24;56:42-47. Epub 2015 Dec 24.

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Background: Routine sensory assessments in neonatal brachial plexus palsy are infrequently performed because it is generally assumed that sensory recovery exceeds motor recovery. However, studies examining sensory function in neonatal brachial plexus palsy have produced equivocal findings. The purpose of this study was to examine hand sensorimotor function in older children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy using standard clinical and research-based measures of tactile sensibility. Read More

West Indian Med J 2015 Sep 26;64(4):424-8. Epub 2015 Jun 26.

Dr Paul Brand Centre for Hand and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, India-632004.

Objective: Birth palsy, otherwise known as obstetric brachial plexus paralysis (OBPP), is a closed stretch injury to the brachial plexus of nerves during the birth process resulting in varying degree of paralysis and contractures of the upper limb. The study aimed to find out the susceptibility of humans and small-bodied primates to birth palsy.

Method: A comparative study on parturition in modern humans, hominoids, hominids, small-bodied primates and great apes was done to determine if the changes in female pelvis and neonatal head and shoulder during human evolution is the real cause for OBPP. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2015 13;21:283. Epub 2015 Aug 13.

Service de Dermatologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc.

J Hand Surg Am 2015 Dec 3;40(12):2345-51.e1. Epub 2015 Nov 3.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA. Electronic address:

Purpose: To evaluate the presence and degree of glenohumeral dysplasia (GHD) in infants undergoing surgical exploration for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) and to identify potential predictive factors of early maladaptive shoulder morphology.

Methods: We included all consecutive patients with NBPP who underwent surgical exploration of their brachial plexus and who had a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan at our institution over a 3-year period. Demographic, therapy, and surgical data were collected. Read More

J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2015 ;8(3):167-85; quiz 185-6

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Background: Symptoms of a neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) can vary widely among individuals and numerous clinical studies have been performed to identify the natural history and to improve treatment. The aim of this study was to identify and describe all outcome measures used in clinical studies on patients with an NBPP and categorize these outcome measures according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

Method: Electronic searches of different databases were carried out. Read More

PM R 2015 Dec 21;7(12):1235-1242. Epub 2015 May 21.

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Rm 3552 TC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5338.

Background: Children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) are often prescribed shoulder range of motion (ROM) exercises; however, the extent and timing of exercise implementation remains controversial in the context of shoulder joint integrity. The association of ROM exercises to delayed posterior shoulder subluxation (PSS) is unknown.

Objective: To determine prevalence of PSS in children with NBPP who began full passive ROM exercises before 6 months of age, and characteristics associated with development or absence of PSS in children. Read More

J Hand Surg Am 2015 Jun 1;40(6):1246-59. Epub 2015 May 1.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Nerve transfers have gained popularity in the treatment of adult brachial plexus palsy; however, their role in the treatment of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remains unclear. Brachial plexus palsies in infants differ greatly from those in adults in the patterns of injury, potential for recovery, and influences of growth and development. This International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand committee report on NBPP is based upon review of the current literature. Read More

J Hand Surg Am 2015 Jun 25;40(6):1177-83. Epub 2015 Mar 25.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Rehabilitation Services, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of pain experienced by children who have had microsurgical reconstruction for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP).

Methods: A prospective case series study was conducted of 65 children aged 6 to 18 years with a diagnosis of OBPP and who had microsurgery at less than 12 months of age with nerve grafting or transfer. A total of 28 patients (43%) had upper OBPP and 37 (57%) had total OBPP. Read More

World J Orthop 2015 Jan 18;6(1):156-60. Epub 2015 Jan 18.

Rahul K Nath, Chandra Somasundaram, Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States.

Aim: To systematically review and analyze the overall impact and effectiveness of bony surgical procedures, the triangle tilt and humeral surgery in a comparative manner in permanent obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients.

Methods: We conducted a literature search and identified original full research articles of OBPI patients treated with a secondary bony surgery, particularly addressing the limitation of shoulder abduction and functions. Further, we analyzed and compared the efficacy and the surgical outcomes of 9 humeral surgery papers with 179 patients, and 4 of our secondary bony procedure, the triangle tilt surgical papers with 86 patients. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2014 3;18:184. Epub 2014 Jul 3.

Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisie.

Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014 Nov-Dec;39(6):502-5

From the Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.

Background And Objectives: A practice advisory on regional anesthesia in children in 2008, published in this journal, supported the placement of regional blocks in children under general anesthesia (GA). Interscalene brachial plexus (IS) blocks were specifically excluded, based on case reports (level 3 evidence) of injury, which occurred predominantly in heavily sedated or anesthetized adult patients. Apart from case reports, there is a paucity of data that explore the safety of IS blocks placed in patients under GA, and the level of evidence available on which to base recommendations is limited. Read More

Acta Orthop 2014 Dec 19;85(6):633-40. Epub 2014 Sep 19.

Departments of Orthopedic Surgery.

Background And Purpose: The frequency and severity of a permanent lesion after brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) and its impact on activities of daily living are not well documented. We therefore investigated the outcome of BPBP in adolescents, regarding arm function and consequences for activity and participation.

Participants And Methods: Of 30,574 babies born at St. Read More

PLoS One 2014 21;9(5):e97375. Epub 2014 May 21.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.

Muscle forces are necessary for the development and maintenance of a mineralized skeleton. Removal of loads leads to malformed bones and impaired musculoskeletal function due to changes in bone (re)modeling. In the current study, the development of a mineralized junction at the interface between muscle and bone was examined under normal and impaired loading conditions. Read More

J Biomech 2014 Jul 26;47(10):2314-20. Epub 2014 Apr 26.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address:

Mechanical stimuli are required for the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Removal of muscle forces during fetal or early post-natal timepoints impairs the formation of bone, tendon, and their attachment (the enthesis). The goal of the current study was to examine the capacity of the shoulder to recover after a short duration of neonatal rotator cuff paralysis, a condition mimicking the clinical condition neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Read More

Obstet Gynecol 2014 Jun;123(6):1288-93

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, and the Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas.

Objective: To report the incidence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy with and without ipsilateral clavicle fracture in a population of newborns and to compare the prognosis between these subgroups.

Methods: This was a retrospective review of 3,739 clavicle fractures and 1,291 brachial plexus palsies in neonates over a 24-year period from a geographically defined health care system with reference to county-wide population data.

Results: A referral clinic for children with brachial plexus palsies evaluated 1,383 neonates, of whom 320 also had ipsilateral clavicular fracture. Read More

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014 Jun 18;177:110-4. Epub 2014 Apr 18.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tampere, PL 2000, Tampere 33521, Finland. Electronic address:

Objectives: To examine the clinical risk factors and complications of shoulder dystocia today and to evaluate ultrasound methods predicting it.

Study Design: Retrospective, matched case-control study at a University Hospital with 5000 annual deliveries. The study population consisted of 152 deliveries complicated by shoulder dystocia over a period of 8. Read More

J Pak Med Assoc 2014 Feb;64(2):179-83

Objective: To evaluate the degree of consistency between the referral diagnosis and that based on electroneuromyography.

Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Paediatric Neurology Laboratory of Mersin University School of Medicine, Turkey, and comprised all electroneuromyographies carried out between January 2005 and December 2010. Demographic data, referral diagnosis and post-procedure diagnosis were recorded for each patient, and were classified into groups. Read More

J Child Neurol 2014 Oct 21;29(10):1356-9. Epub 2014 Jan 21.

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Horner syndrome may be seen in infants with extended Erb obstetric brachial plexus palsy. However, its prognostic value in these infants has not been previously investigated. A total of 220 infants with extended Erb palsy were included and divided into 2 groups: group I (n = 209) were infants with extended Erb palsy without Horner syndrome, and group II (n = 11) were infants with extended Erb palsy and concurrent Horner syndrome. Read More

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014 Jun 19;35(6):1209-13. Epub 2013 Dec 19.

From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., M.I., H.A.P.)

Background And Purpose: Despite recent improvements in perinatal care, the incidence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy remains relatively common. CT myelography is currently considered to be the optimal imaging technique for evaluating nerve root integrity. Recent improvements in MR imaging techniques have made it an attractive alternative to evaluate nerve root avulsions (preganglionic injuries). Read More

J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014 Feb 13;13(2):238-42. Epub 2013 Dec 13.

School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit; and.

Object: Perinatal disorders are prone to malpractice litigation. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) results from stretching the nerves in the perinatal period and may lead to paresis or paralysis and sensory loss in the affected arm. Little is known about the key factors associated with malpractice litigation by families of patients with NBPP and whether these factors reflect the practice environment or are inherent to the condition. Read More

West Indian Med J 2013 Jan;62(1):45-7

The University of the West Indies Office, Bungalow 5, Port-of-Spain General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago.

Birth injuries are devastating to parents and carers alike. They carry the possibility of residual loss of function to the infant and thus the potential for litigation. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Erb-Duchenne's palsy and the identification of any contributing factors. Read More

J Child Neurol 2014 Jul 17;29(7):920-3. Epub 2013 Jul 17.

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Previous bio-engineering studies showed that intrapartum peak forces applied by the clinician were lower in routine deliveries than difficult deliveries. A total of 751 cases of obstetric brachial plexus palsy were included and divided into two groups: group I (248 patients) were born following routine deliveries and group II (503 patients) were born following difficult deliveries. Both groups were compared regarding the type of palsy and the rate of good/poor spontaneous motor recovery from the palsy. Read More

Ginecol Obstet Mex 2013 Jun;81(6):297-303

Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad 23, Hospital de Ginecologia y Obstetricia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL.

Background: The proper prenatal care for pregnant women is crucial to quickly identify risk factors for birth trauma.

Objective: To identify risk factors for neonatal birth trauma.

Patients And Method: Case-control study that included a patient in the case group for every two controls. Read More

J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014 Feb 23;27(3):252-6. Epub 2013 Jul 23.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clintec, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge , Stockholm .

Objective: Since it is difficult to identify women at increased risk of fetal brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) during labor and delivery, we aimed to construct and validate a risk score.

Methods: A retrospective case-control study was undertaken in 2001 and 2006 in an urban context in Malmö, Sweden. A risk score was constructed for all women who had received routine municipal maternal health care at Skåne University Hospital (n = 10 459). Read More

Bone 2013 Jul 29;55(1):44-51. Epub 2013 Mar 29.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Muscle forces are essential for skeletal patterning during development. Eliminating muscle forces, e.g. Read More

Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2013 Mar;40(1):59-67

Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

The frequency of shoulder dystocia in different reports has varied, ranging 0.2-3% of all vaginal deliveries. Once a shoulder dystocia occurs, even if all actions are appropriately taken, there is an increased frequency of complications, including third- or fourth-degree perineal lacerations, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal brachial plexus palsies. Read More

Injury 2013 Mar 23;44(3):293-8. Epub 2013 Jan 23.

Orthopaedic Research & Education Center, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece. Electronic address:

Obstetrical branchial plexus paralysis is a serious and possibly disabling disorder. While thoroughly described as a clinical entity, much concerning its pathogenesis is still unknown. Basic science studies alongside with studies on functional neuroanatomy of peripheral and central nervous system and their interactions lead to deeper understanding of its pathology. Read More

Rev Neurol 2012 Nov;55(10):619-25

Departamento de Fisioterapia, Terapia Ocupacional, Rehabilitación y Medicina Física, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Espana.

Introduction: Lesions of the peripheral nerves have been known since ancient times, but there are few references to the treatments that were used in the past. AIM. To analyse obstetric brachial palsy and its treatments throughout history. Read More

Pediatr Int 2012 Dec;54(6):881-4

Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the impact of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) on parents and to investigate the effect of the severity of OBPP and the age of the children on parents.

Methods: A total of 106 parents (with a mean age of 30.14 ± 5. Read More

Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013 Jan 13;17(1):64-7. Epub 2012 Sep 13.

Molecular Genetics Lab, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.

Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy is a rare autosomal dominant disorder involving recurrent episodes of painful brachial plexus neuropathies. Involvement of other nerves has been described in some families. The age of onset is from infancy to adulthood. Read More

Sao Paulo Med J 2012 ;130(4):242-7

Department of Nutrition, Universidade Paulista, Goiânia, Brazil.

Context And Objective: Excessive gestational weight gain is related to many complications (both maternal and fetal), such as macrosomia. The most common complications in macrosomic fetuses include: increased risk of intrauterine death, need for intensive care, fractures, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, paralysis of the brachial plexus and obesity in childhood and adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between gestational and fetal weight gain and the incidence of macrosomia in two maternity hospitals. Read More

Obstet Gynecol 2012 Sep;120(3):539-41

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Objective: Neonatal brachial plexus palsy frequently is described in conjunction with shoulder dystocia complicating a vaginal delivery. In this study, we present a series of cases of severe brachial plexus palsy that occurred without shoulder dystocia.

Methods: Cases were identified from deliveries at the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center. Read More

Am J Perinatol 2013 Apr 16;30(4):303-7. Epub 2012 Aug 16.

Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Objective: Shoulder dystocia (SD) and brachial plexus palsy (BPP) are complications of childbirth that can result in significant long-term sequelae. The purpose of the present study was to analyze risk factors in cases of SD and BPP.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of laboring women who delivered a singleton, term, live-born infant at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center from 1995 to 2004. Read More

Dev Med Child Neurol 2012 Sep 16;54(9):807-8. Epub 2012 Jul 16.

Karolinska Institutet - Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Neuropediatric Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.